Unity (game engine)

Unity is a cross-platform game engine developed

Unity
by Unity Technologies, first announced and
released in June 2005 at Apple Worldwide
Developers Conference as a Mac OS X game
engine. The engine has since been gradually
extended to support a variety of desktop, mobile,
console, augmented reality, and virtual reality Developer(s) Unity Technologies
platforms. It is particularly popular for iOS and Initial release 1.0 / June 8, 2005
Android mobile game development, is considered Stable release 6000.0.5f1 (Tech Stream)
easy to use for beginner developers, and is 2023.2.20f1 (LTS) /
popular for indie game development.[6] June 4, 2024[1]
April 9, 2024[2]
The engine can be used to create three-
dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) Preview release Unity 6000.0.0 Beta 15
games, as well as interactive simulations.[7][8] The (Beta)
engine has been adopted by industries outside 2023.2.0a22 (Alpha) /
video gaming, such as film, automotive, April 13, 2024[3]
architecture, engineering, construction, and the July 10, 2023[4]
United States Armed Forces.[9] Written in C++ (runtime)[5]
C# (Unity Scripting API)
Platform See § Supported platforms
History
License Proprietary software
The Unity game engine launched in 2005, aiming Website unity.com (https://unity.com)
to "democratize" game development by making it
accessible to more developers.[7][10] It was shown at Worldwide Developers Conference 2005 by
Scott Forstall on Mac OS X.[11] The next year, Unity was named runner-up in the Best Use of
Mac OS X Graphics category in Apple Inc.'s Apple Design Awards.[12] Unity was initially
released for Mac OS X, later adding support for Microsoft Windows and Web browsers.[13]

Unity 2.0 (2007)

Unity 2.0 launched in 2007 with approximately 50 new features. DirectX support was added in
2.0.[14] The release included an optimized terrain engine for detailed 3D environments, real-
time dynamic shadows, directional lights and spotlights, video playback, and other features.[14]
The release also added a version control system to allow developers to collaborate more easily.
[14] It included a Networking Layer for developers to create multiplayer games based on the

User Datagram Protocol, offering Network Address Translation, State Synchronization, and
Remote Procedure Calls.[14] When Apple launched its App Store in Release timeline
2008, Unity added support for the iPhone.[13] Unity 2.5, released in
March, 2009, added editor support for Windows.[15] 2005 Unity 1.0
2006
2007 Unity 2.0
Unity 3.0 (2010)
2008
Unity 3.0 launched in September 2010 with features expanding the
2009
engine's graphics features for desktop computers and video game
2010 Unity 3.0
consoles.[16] In addition to Android support, Unity 3 featured
integration of Illuminate Labs' Beast Lightmap tool, deferred 2011

rendering, a built-in tree editor, native font rendering, automatic UV 2012 Unity 4.0
mapping, and audio filters, among other features.[16] In 2012 2013
VentureBeat wrote, "Few companies have contributed as much to the 2014
flowing of independently produced games as Unity Technologies. [...] 2015 Unity 5
More than 1.3 million developers are using its tools to create gee-whiz
graphics in their iOS, Android, console, PC, and web-based games. 2016
Unity wants to be the engine for multi-platform games, period."[17] A 2017 Unity 2017
May 2012 survey by Game Developer magazine indicated Unity as its 2018 Unity 2018
top game engine for mobile platforms.[18]
2019 Unity 2019
2020 Unity 2020
Unity 4.0 (2012) 2021 Unity 2021
In November 2012, Unity Technologies delivered Unity 4.0.[19] This 2022 Unity 2022
version added DirectX 11 and Adobe Flash support, new animation 2023 Unity 2023
tools called Mecanim, and access to the Linux preview.[19] 2024 Unity 6

Facebook integrated a software development kit for games using the

Unity game engine in 2013.[20] This featured tools that allowed tracking advertising campaigns
and deep linking, where users were directly linked from social media posts to specific portions
within games, and easy in-game-image sharing.[20] In 2016, Facebook developed a new PC
gaming platform with Unity.[21] Unity provided support for Facebook's gaming platforms, and
Unity developers could more quickly export and publish games to Facebook.[21]

Unity 5 (2015)
The Verge said of 2015's Unity 5 release: "Unity started with the goal of making game
development universally accessible. [...] Unity 5 is a long-awaited step towards that future."[22]
With Unity 5, the engine improved its lighting and audio.[23] Through WebGL, Unity developers
could add their games to compatible Web browsers with no plug-ins required for players.[23]
Unity 5.0 offered real-time global illumination, light mapping previews, Unity Cloud, a new
audio system, and the Nvidia PhysX 3.3 physics engine.[23] The fifth generation of the Unity
engine also introduced Cinematic Image Effects to help make Unity games look less generic.[24]
Unity began offering an experimental and unsupported Linux editor build in August 2015.[25]
Unity 5.6 added new lighting and particle effects, updated the engine's overall performance, and
added native support for Nintendo Switch, Facebook Gameroom, Google Daydream, and the
Vulkan graphics API.[26] It introduced a 4K video player capable of running 360-degree videos
for virtual reality.[26]

However, some gamers criticized Unity's accessibility due to the high volume of quickly
produced games published on the Steam distribution platform by inexperienced developers.[27]
Former CEO John Riccitiello said in an interview that he believes this to be a side-effect of
Unity's success in democratizing game development: "If I had my way, I'd like to see 50 million
people using Unity – although I don't think we're going to get there any time soon. I'd like to see
high school and college kids using it, people outside the core industry. I think it's sad that most
people are consumers of technology and not creators. The world's a better place when people
know how to create, not just consume, and that's what we're trying to promote."[28]

Annual releases (2017–2023)

In December 2016, Unity Technologies announced that they would change the version
numbering system for Unity from sequence-based identifiers to year of release to align the
versioning with their more frequent release cadence; Unity 5.6 was therefore followed by Unity
2017.[29] Unity 2017 tools featured a real-time graphics rendering engine, color grading and
worldbuilding, live operations analytics and performance reporting.[30] Unity 2017.2
underscored Unity Technologies' plans beyond video games.[30] This included new tools such as
Timeline, which allowed developers to drag-and-drop animations into games, and
Cinemachine, a smart camera system within games.[30] Unity 2017.2 also integrated Autodesk's
3DS Max and Maya tools into the Unity engine for a streamlined asset sharing in-game iteration
process.[31]

Unity 2018 featured the Scriptable Render Pipeline for developers to create high-end graphics.
[32] This included the High-Definition Rendering Pipeline for console and PC experiences, and

the Lightweight Rendering Pipeline (later renamed to the Universal Render Pipeline[33]) for
mobile, virtual reality, and augmented reality.[32] Unity 2018 also included machine learning
tools, such as Imitation Learning, whereby games learn from real player habits, support for
Magic Leap, and templates for new developers.[32]

The C# source code of Unity was published under a "reference-only" license in March 2018,
which prohibits reuse and modification.[34]

As of 2020, software built with Unity's game engine was running on more than 1.5 billion
devices. According to Unity, apps made with their game engine account for 50 percent of all
mobile games, and are downloaded more than 3 billion times per month, and approximately
15,000 new projects are started daily with its software.[35][36] Financial Times reported that
Unity's engine "powers some of the world's most lucrative mobile games", such as Pokémon Go
and Activision's Call of Duty Mobile.[37]

In June 2020, Unity introduced the Mixed and Augmented Reality Studio (MARS), which
provides developers with additional functionality for rules-based generation of augmented
reality (AR) applications.[38] Unity released Unity Forma, an automotive and retail solution
tool, on December 9, 2020.[39]
In June 2020, Unity announced the Unity Editor will support Apple Silicon. The first beta
version shipped later that year.[40][41]

Unity 2021 brought multiple new features such as Bolt, Unity's Visual Scripting system, a new
multiplayer library to support multiplayer games, improved Il2cpp runtime performance,
Volumetric clouds for the High Definition Render pipeline.[42] Shadow caching and Screen
Space Global Illumination for HDRP.[43] For the Universal Render Pipeline it added new
features such as point light shadows, Deferred renderer and general core engine improvements
and fixes.[44][45] Full Apple Silicon support was also added in Unity 2021.2. Unity Hub support
for Apple Silicon editors arrived in version 3.0 in January 2022.[46]

Changes to Unity 2022 were intended to improve productivity by reducing the time required to
enter play mode and import files, and implementing visual search queries and multi selection in
the package manager.[47] For 2D projects, changes focused on accelerating core software,
import, animation, and physics. Sprite atlasing was revised. Support for PSD extension files and
layer management were added to the 2D PSD Importer, and Delaunay tessellation for 2D
physics was added.[47]

Unity 6 (2024)
On November 16, 2023, Unity announced that the next version of the engine would be called
Unity 6, reverting to the previous version numbering convention. Unity 6 launched on October
17, 2024, with new features including new generative AI tools called Unity Muse and Unity
Sentis.[48][49] Unity also announced plans for a revised licensing agreement, including a
runtime-fee (see #Runtime fee reception).[50] In response to backlash, Unity canceled this
runtime fee in September 2024.[51]

Features
Unity gives users the ability to create games and experiences in both 2D and 3D, and the engine
offers a primary scripting API in C# using Mono, for both the Unity editor in the form of
plugins, and games themselves, as well as drag and drop functionality.[52] Prior to C# being the
primary programming language used for the engine, it previously supported Boo, which was
removed with the release of Unity 5,[53] and a Boo-based implementation of JavaScript called
UnityScript, which was deprecated in August 2017, after the release of Unity 2017.1, in favor of
C#.[54][55]

Within 2D games, Unity allows importation of sprites and an advanced 2D world renderer. For
3D games, Unity allows specification of texture compression, mipmaps, and resolution settings
for each platform that the game engine supports,[56] and provides support for bump mapping,
reflection mapping, parallax mapping, screen space ambient occlusion (SSAO), dynamic
shadows using shadow maps, render-to-texture and full-screen post-processing effects.[57]

Two separate render pipelines are available, High Definition Render Pipeline (HDRP) and
Universal Render Pipeline (URP, previously LWRP), in addition to the legacy built-in pipeline.
[58][59] All three render pipelines are incompatible with each other.[60] Unity offers a tool to
upgrade shaders using the legacy renderer to URP or HDRP.

Creators can develop and sell user-generated assets to other game makers via the Unity Asset
Store. This includes 3D and 2D assets and environments for developers to buy and sell.[61]
Unity Asset Store launched in 2010. By 2018, there had been approximately 40 million
downloads through the digital store.[62]

Supported platforms
Unity is a cross-platform engine.[63] The Unity editor is supported on Windows, macOS, and the
Linux platform, while the engine itself currently supports building games for more than 19
different platforms, including mobile, desktop, consoles, and virtual reality.[64][65] Unity 2022.3
LTS officially supports the following platforms:[66]

Mobile platforms iOS,[67] iPadOS, Android[67] (Android TV[68]), tvOS;[69]

Desktop platforms Windows[67] (Universal Windows Platform[70]), Mac,[10] Linux;,[71]
ChromeOS
Web platform WebGL;[65]
Console platforms PlayStation 4,[67] PlayStation 5,[72] Xbox One,[10] Xbox Series X/S,[73]
Nintendo Switch;[67]
Virtual/Extended reality platforms Oculus,[67] PlayStation VR,[74] PlayStation VR2, Google's
ARCore,[75] Apple's ARKit,[76] Windows Mixed Reality[77] (HoloLens[78]), Magic Leap,[79]
and via Unity XR SDK[80] Steam VR,[81] Google Cardboard.[82]
Formerly supported platforms are Wii,[83] Wii U,[84] PlayStation 3,[85] Xbox 360,[85] Tizen,[86]
PlayStation Vita,[87] 3DS,[88] BlackBerry 10,[89] Windows Phone 8,[89] Samsung Smart TV,[90]
Gear VR,[65] Daydream,[91] Vuforia,[75] Facebook Gameroom,[91] and Stadia.[92] Unity formerly
supported other platforms including its own Unity Web Player, a Web browser plugin.[71]
However, it was deprecated in favor of WebGL.[93] Since version 5, Unity has been offering its
WebGL bundle compiled to JavaScript using a 2-stage language translator (C# to C++ and
finally to JavaScript).[94]

Unity was the default software development kit (SDK) used for Nintendo's Wii U video game
console, with a free copy included by Nintendo with each Wii U developer license. Unity
Technologies called this bundling of a third-party SDK an "industry first".[17][95]

In August 2023, Unity China announced that it would soon launch a Chinese edition called
Tuanjie Engine (Chinese: 团 结 引 擎 ; pinyin: Tuánjié Yǐnqíng) based on Unity 2022 LTS,
which includes support for Chinese platforms like Weixin Mini Game, OpenHarmony and
AliOS.[96]

Licensing
During its first ten years as a product, the paid versions of Unity were sold outright; in 2016, the
corporation changed to a subscription model.[91] Unity has free and paid licensing options. The
free license is for personal use or smaller companies generating less than $100,000 annually,
later raised to $200,000, and the subscriptions are based on revenues generated by the games
using Unity.[97][65] The subscription-based versions also include additional features geared
towards professional projects, including analytics, performance analysis and error reporting,
and Cloud Build among others.[98]

The paid option, Unity Pro, had been required for developers that had over $200,000 in annual
revenue, but this also could have been provided for console developers through a Preferred
Platform License from the console manufacturer. The Unity Pro keys would have been part of
the other SDK from the console manufacturer that the developer paid for. In May 2016, Unity
released "Unity Plus", a mid-range tier between Personal and Pro that provides tools and
benefits oriented towards "first-time commercial developers".[99]

In June 2021, Unity changed its licensing terms to require any developer making games on the
closed console systems (PlayStation, Nintendo Switch, and Xbox) regardless of revenue to have
a Unity Pro license or a Preferred Platform License Key from the manufacturers. Sony and
Nintendo provide this as part of the SDK, but Microsoft had yet to implement this functionality
for their SDK.[100] The engine source code is licensed on a "per-case basis via special
arrangements".[101]

Runtime fee reception

On September 12, 2023, Unity announced that use of the engine would become subject to
royalties (referred to as a "runtime fee") beginning in January 2024, calculated per-installation
and charged monthly, if the product reaches specific revenue and lifetime installation
thresholds. Unity states that monetizing the runtime in this manner is required to "allow
creators to keep the ongoing financial gains from player engagement."[102][103]

The new terms faced criticism from game developers who had been using Unity for years,
particularly regarding how this fee would be calculated and enforced, and the implications for
demos, freemium games and bundles distributed for charitable causes.[104][105][106] The change
was considered to be contradictory to statements made by former CEO John Riccitiello in 2015
when Unity originally announced its shift to free and subscription-based models, stating that all
users would "get the full power of Unity for free", and that there would not be royalties (in
contrast to Unreal Engine, which had recently switched to free distribution but with royalties
paid above a specific revenue threshold).[107][98]

Unity subsequently issued a statement clarifying the definition of a chargeable "installation",

and announced that the fee would not apply to charity games or bundles.[108][109] Many indie
developers, including Among Us developer Innersloth[110] and Slay the Spire developer Mega
Crit,[111] announced that they would switch to other game engines.

An analysis by Ars Technica found that several older versions of Unity's terms of service would
allow developers to continue to release their software without having to pay the new fee, as long
as they did not update their project after the January 1, 2024 date.[107] Ars Technica also
discovered that Unity had apparently removed a GitHub repository that permitted developers to
track changes in Unity's terms of service;[107] Mega Crit accused Unity of having done so to
apply their new financial model to games retroactively.[112][113] An analysis by Game Developer
came to the conclusion that the changes were intended to encourage games with large install
bases such as Genshin Impact, Subway Surfers and Hearthstone to migrate to Unity services in
order to get a fee reduction. The article noted that the Operate Solutions division, handling in-
app-purchase services for example, was far more profitable than the Create division, and added
that "The many indie developers who will be left by the roadside are completely incidental to
Unity's goals, and are not going to be a significant factor in its future decision making."[114]
Gameindustry.biz described the move as "self-combustion" and identified the changes as an
example of enshittification.[115]

In response to this negative feedback, Unity Technologies introduced revised runtime fee terms
on September 22, 2023. These included removing any fees for uses of Unity Personal for
projects funded up to $200,000 (an increase from the previous $100,000 threshold), fees
would only apply to games developed with Unity 2024 and beyond without any retroactive fees,
and the fee would be based on the lesser of 2.5% of monthly revenue or a calculated value based
on monthly engagements, both which rely only on self-reporting of these numbers.[116][117]
Unity Technologies faced a 60% decline in stock price over the year to May 2024, partially
attributed to the runtime fee policy.[118] Usage of Unity waned after these licensing decisions
within the indie game community. The use of Unity at the 2023 Global Game Jam was 61%; this
declined to 36% for 2024. A similar decline was recorded by the GMTK Game Jam.[119][120]

CEO Matthew Bromberg announced in September 2024 that the company was discontinuing
the runtime fee model of licensing, and instead would annually increase the price of existing
plans.[51]

Usage

Video games
The engine is used in games including Pokémon Go, Monument Valley, Call of Duty: Mobile,
Beat Saber and Cuphead according to the Financial Times in 2020.[121] Some early commercial
games in 2007 include Splume (Flashbang Studios), Magical Flying Pink Pony Game (Starscene
Software) and Global Conflicts: Palestine (Serious Games Interactive).[122]

As of 2018, Unity had been used to create approximately half of the mobile games on the market
and 60 percent of augmented reality and virtual reality content,[123] including approximately 90
percent on emerging augmented reality platforms, such as Microsoft HoloLens, and 90 percent
of Samsung Gear VR content.[97] Unity technology is the basis for most virtual reality and
augmented reality experiences, and Fortune said Unity "dominates the virtual reality business".
[124][125][126]

Machine learning
Unity allows researchers in the field of deep reinforcement learning to train agents inside Unity-
created environments.[127] Unity Machine Learning Agents can act as virtual characters or
robots to learn creative strategies to interact with simulated real-world environments.[127] The
software is used, for example, to develop robots and self-driving cars.[127][128]

Non-gaming industries
In the 2010s, Unity Technologies used its game engine to transition into other industries using
the real-time 3D platform, including film and automotive.[129][130] Unity first experimented in
filmmaking with Adam, a short film about a robot escaping from prison. Later, Unity partnered
with filmmaker Neill Blomkamp, whose Oats Studios used the engine's tools, including real-
time rendering and Cinemachine, to create two computer-generated short films, Adam: The
Mirror and Adam: The Prophet.[129] At the 2017 Unite Europe conference in Amsterdam, Unity
focused on filmmaking with Unity 2017.1's new Cinemachine tool.[61] In 2018, Disney
Television Animation launched three shorts, called Baymax Dreams, that were created using the
Unity engine.[131] The Unity engine was also used by Disney to create backgrounds for the 2019
film The Lion King.[132] Automakers use Unity's technology to create full-scale models of new
vehicles in virtual reality, build virtual assembly lines, and train workers.[130] Unity is also
developing solutions in the fields of architecture, engineering, and construction.[133]

Unity's engine is used by DeepMind, an Alphabet Inc. company, to train artificial intelligence.
[128] Other uses being pursued by Unity Technologies include architecture, engineering, and

construction.[133]

Mascot
On December 16, 2013, Unity Technologies Japan revealed an official mascot character named
Unity-chan ( , Yuniti-chan), real name Kohaku Ōtori ( , Ōtori
Kohaku) (voiced by Asuka Kakumoto). The character's associated game data was released in
early 2014.[134][135] The character was designed by Unity Technologies Japan designer "ntny" as
an open-source heroine character.[136] The company allows the use of Unity-chan and related
characters in secondary projects under certain licenses.[137] For example, Unity-chan appears as
a playable character in Runbow.[138]

See also
List of game engines
Video games portal
List of WebGL frameworks

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External links
Official website (https://unity.com)

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