Title: Trigonometry

Chapter: Trigonometry
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Worksheet Compiled By: Prashant Jain (PJ Sir)

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The word 'trigonometry' is derived from the Greek words 'trigon' and ' metron' and it means 'measuring the sides and
angles of a triangle'.
Angle:
Angle is a measure of rotation of a given ray about its initial point. The original ray is called the initial side
and the final position of the ray after rotation is called the terminal side of the angle. The point of rotation is
called the vertex. If the direction of rotation is anticlockwise, the angle is said to be positive and if the direction
of rotation is clockwise, then the angle is negative.
B
Initial Side
e Vertex O A
l Sid
na
mi Te
Ter rm
ina
lS
Vertex O A ide
Initial Side
B
(i) Positive angle (ii) Negative angle
(anticlockwise measurement) (clockwise measurement)

Systems For Measurement of Angles:

An angle can be measured in the following systems.
One complete rotation is equal to 360 degree = 400 grade = 2  radian
Relation between radian, degree and grade:

To Sexagesimal System Centesimal System (French Circular System

From (British system) system) (Radian Measurement)
Sexagesimal 400 
System 1 degree = grade 1 degree (1°) = radian
360 180
(British system) 1
1min(1)= degree (1°=60)
60
1
1 sec(1) = min (1 = 60)
60
Centesimal 360
System (French 1 grade = degree
400
system)
Circular System 180 200
(Radian 1 radian = degree 1 radian = grade
 
Measurement) 1 degree = 60 min (1°=60) 1 grade=100 min(1g = 100')
1 min = 60 sec (1 = 60) 1 min = 100 sec(1' =100'')

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Note: # The minutes and seconds in the Sexagesimal system are different with the minutes and
seconds respectively in the Centesimal System. Symbols in both systems are also different.
# If no symbol is mentioned while showing measurement of angle, then it is considered to be
measured in radians.
e.g.  = 15 implies 15 radian

Arc length AB = = r

𝟏
Area of circular sector = r2 sq. units
𝟐

Trigonometric Ratios for Acute Angles:

Let a revolving ray OP starts from OA and revolves into the position OP, thus tracing out the angle AOP.
In the revolving ray take any point P and draw PM perpendicular to the initial ray OA.
In the right angle triangle MOP, OP is the hypotenuse, PM is the perpendicular, and OM is the base.
The trigonometrical ratios, or functions, of the angle AOP are defined as follows:

sin(AOP) cos(AOP) tan(AOP) cot(AOP) sec(AOP) cosec(AOP)

𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒑 𝑴𝑷 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑶𝑴 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒑 𝑴𝑷 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑶𝑴 𝑯𝒚𝒑 𝑶𝑷 𝑯𝒚𝒑 𝑶𝑷
= = = = = =
𝑯𝒚𝒑 𝑶𝑷 𝑯𝒚𝒑 𝑶𝑷 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑶𝑴 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒑 𝑴𝑷 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑶𝑴 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒑 𝑴𝑷
It can be noted that the trigonometrical ratios are all real numbers.

Trigonometric ratios for angle  R:

We will now extend the definition of trigonometric ratios to any angle in terms of radian measure and study
them as trigonometric functions. (also called circular functions) Consider a unit circle (radius 1 unit) with
centre at origin of the coordinate axes. Let at origin of the coordinate axes. Let P(a, b) be any point on the
circle with angle AOP = x radian, i.e., length of arc AP = x We define cos x = a and sin x = b Since  OMP
is a right triangle, we have OM2 + MP2 = OP2 or a2 + b2 =1 Thus, for every point on the unit circle, we have a2
+ b2 = 1 or cos2x + sin2 x = 1


Since one complete revolution subtends an angle of 2 radian at the centre of the circle,  AOB = ,
2
3 
 AOC =  and AOD = . All angles which are integral multiples of are called quadrantal angles. The
2 2
coordinates of the points A, B, C and D are, respectively, (1, 0), (0, 1), (–1, 0) and (0, –1). Therefore, for
quadrantal angles, we have

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 cos 0 = 1 sin 0 = 0,
 
cos =0 sin =1
2 2
cos  = –1 sin  = 0
3 3
cos =0 sin =–1
2 2
cos 2 = 1 sin 2 = 0
Now if we take one complete revolution from the position OP, we again come back to same position OP. Thus,
we also observe that if x increases (or decreases) by any integral multiple of 2 , the values of sine and cosine
functions do not change. Thus, sin (2n + x) = sin x , n  Z, cos (2n + x) = cos x,
n  Z. Further, sin x = 0, if x = 0, ±  , ± 2 , ± 3 ....., i.e., when x is an integral multiple of  and
 3 5 
cos x = 0, if x = ± ,± ,± , .....i.e., cos x vanishes when x is an odd multiple of . Thus sin x = 0
2 2 2 2

implies x = n , where n is any integer cos x = 0 implies x = (2n + 1) , where n is any integer.
2
We now define other trigonometric functions in terms of sine and cosine functions:
1
cosec x = , x  n , where n is any integer.
sin x
1 
sec x = , x  (2n + 1) , where n is any integer.
cos x 2
sin x 
tan x = , x  (2n + 1) , where n is any integer.
cos x 2
cos x
cot x = , x  n , where n is any integer.
sin x
We have shown that for all real x, sin2x + cos2x = 1

It follows that 1 + tan2x = sec2x (Think ! ) {x  (2n + 1) ; n  Z}
2
1 + cot2x = cosec2x (Think !) {x  n ; n  Z}

Sign of The Trigonometric Functions

(i) If is in the first quadrant then P(a, b) lies in the first quadrant. Therefore a > 0, b > 0
and hence the values of all the trigonometric functions are positive.

(ii) If is in the quadrant then P(a, b) lies in the quadrant. Therefore a < 0, b > 0 and
hence the values sin, cosec are positive and the remaining are negative.

(iii) If is in the quadrant then P(a, b) lies in the quadrant. Therefore a < 0, b < 0 and
hence the values of tan, cot are positive and the remaining are negative.

(iv) If is in the V quadrant then P(a, b) lies in the IV quadrant. Therefore a > 0, b < 0 and
hence the values of cos, sec are positive and the remaining are negative.

sin cos tan cot sec cosec

st Quadrant + + + + + +
nd Quadrant + – – – – +
rd Quadrant – – + + – –
Vth Quadrant – + – – + –

Values of trigonometric functions of certain popular angles are shown in the following table:

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    
0
6 4 3 2
0 1 1 2 1 3 3 4
sin 0    1
4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4
3 1 1
cos 1 0
2 2 2
1
tan 0 1 3 N.D.
3

N.D. implies not defined

The values of cosec x, sec x and cot x are the reciprocal of the values of sin x, cosx and tan x, respectively.

Trigonometric Ratios of allied angles

 3
If  is any angle, then  ± ,  ± , ± , 2 ±  etc. are called allied angles.
2 2
𝝅 𝝅
– – + – + 𝟑𝝅
–
𝟑𝝅
+ 2 –  2 + 
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
sin –sin cos sin sin –sin –cos –cos –sin sin
cos cos sin –cos –cos –cos –sin sin cos cos
tan –tan cot –tan –tan tan cot –cot –tan tan
cot –cot tan –cot –cot cot tan –tan –cot cot
sec sec cosec –sec –sec –sec –cosec cosec sec sec
cosec –cosec sec cosec cosec –cosec –sec –sec –cosec cosec

Think, and fill up the blank blocks in following table.

    2 5 7 4 3 5 11
0  2
6 4 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
1 1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos 1 0
2 2 2
1
tan 0 1 3 N.D.
3

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 Exercise – I
1. Find the radian measures corresponding to the following degree measures
(i) 15° (ii) 240° (iii) 530°

2. Find the degree measures corresponding to the following radian measures

3 5 7
(i) (ii) – 4 (iii) (iv)
4 3 6

3. Prove that :
   1  7 
(i) sin2 + cos2 – tan2 =– (ii) 2 sin2 + cosec cos2 =0
6 3 4 2 6 6 3
 2  29  5 
(iii) 3 cos2 + sec + 5 tan2 = (iv) cot2 + cosec + 3 tan2 =6
4 3 3 2 6 6 6

4. Find the value of :

(i) cos 210° (ii) sin 225° (iii) tan 330° (iv) cot (– 315°)

5. Prove that
cos(   )cos( )
(i) = cot2 .
 
sin(   )cos    
2 
(ii) cos + sin (270° + ) – sin (270° – ) + cos (180° + ) = 0.
 3    3  
(iii) cos     cos (2 + ) cot      cot (2  ) = 1.
 2    2  

6. If tan  = – 5/12,  is not in the second quadrant, then show that

sin(3600  )  tan(900  ) 181
=
 sec(2700  )  cos ec( ) 338

7. cos (540° – ) – sin (630° – ) is equal to

(A) 0 (B) 2 cos  (C) 2 sin  (D) sin  – cos 

8. The value of tan 1° tan 2° tan 3° ... tan 89° is

1
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C)  (D)
2
2 4
9. If x = y cos = z cos , then xy + yz + zx is equal to
3 3
(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2

3
10. If 0° < x < 90° & cosx = , then the value of log10 sin x + log10 cos x + log10tan x is
10
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D) 2

11. If tan + cot  = a then the value of tan4  + cot4  =

(A) a4 4a2 + 2 (B) a4  4a2 + 2 (C) a4  4a2  2 (D) a4  2a2 + 2

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 Answer Key
 4 53
1. (i) (ii) (iii)
12 3 18
2. (i) 135° (ii) – 720° (iii) 300° (iv) 210°
 3 1 1
4. (i)   (ii) – (iii) – (iv) 1
 2  2 3
7. (A) 8. (A) 9. (B) 10. (C) 11. (B)

Solution
 4 53
1. (i) (ii) (iii)
12 3 18

2. (i) 135° (ii) – 720° (iii) 300° (iv) 210°

 3 1 1
4. (i)   (ii) – (iii) – (iv) 1
 2  2 3

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