AI Reflection, Project Cycle and Ethics

➢ When a machine possesses the ability to mimic human traits, i.e., make decisions, predict the future,
learn and improve on its own, it is said to have artificial intelligence. In other words, you can say that a
machine is artificially intelligent when it can accomplish tasks by itself - collect data, understand it, analyse
it, learn from it, and improve it
➢ AI theory and development of computer systems (both machines and software) are able to perform tasks
that normally require human intelligence.
➢ Games are an integral part of our culture. People across the world participate in
different kinds of games as a form of social interaction, competition, and enjoyment
➢ Computer Vision, is an AI domain works with videos and images enabling machines to interpret
and understand visual information.
➢ Natural Language Processing (NLP) is an AI domain focused on textual data enabling machines to
comprehend, generate, and manipulate human language.
➢ Statistical Data refers to statistical techniques to analyze, interpret and draw insights from
numerical/tabular data
Some AI Applications
Face Lock in Smartphones
Smartphones nowadays come with the feature of face locks in which the smartphone’s owner
can set up his/her face as an unlocking mechanism for it. The front camera detects and
captures the face and saves its features during initiation. Next time onwards, whenever the
features match, the phone is unlocked.
Smart assistants
Smart assistants like Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa recognize patterns in speech, then infer
meaning and provide a useful response.
Fraud and Risk Detection
Finance companies were fed with bad debts and losses every year. However, they had a lot of
data which used to get collected during the initial paperwork while sanctioning loans. They
decided to bring in data scientists to rescue them from losses. Over the years, banking
companies learned to divide and conquer data via customer profiling, past expenditures, and
other essential variables to analyse the probabilities of risk and default. Moreover, it also
helped them to push their banking products based on customer’s purchasing power.
Medical Imaging: For the last decades, computer supported medical imaging application that
has been a trustworthy help for physicians. It doesn’t only create and analyse images, but also
becomes an assistant and helps doctors with their interpretation. The application is used to
read and convert 2D scan images into interactive 3D models that enable medical professionals
to gain a detailed understanding of a patient’s health condition.

➢ One is the Data strand, the second is the Natural Language Processing strand and the
third strand is the Computer Vision. They all together constitute the concept called
Artificial Intelligence.
 AI PROJECT CYCLE
➢ While finalising the aim of this system, you scope the problem which you wish to solve
with the help of your project. This is Problem Scoping
➢ As you start collecting the images, names of villages, farmers and other details you
actually acquire data. This data now becomes the base of your pest management
system. Note that the data needs to be accurate and reliable as it ensures the efficiency
of your system. This is known as Data Acquisition.
➢ At this stage, you try to interpret some useful information out of the data you have
acquired. For this, you explore the data and try to put it uniformly for a better
understanding. This is known as Data Exploration.
➢ To implement your idea, you now look at different AI-enabled algorithms which work on
Computer Vision (since you are working on visual data). You go through several models
and select the ones which match your requirements. After choosing the model, you
implement it. This is known as the Modelling stage.
➢ As you move towards deploying your model in the real-world, you test it in as many
ways as possible. The stage of testing the models is known as Evaluation. In this stage,
we evaluate each and every model tried and choose the model which gives the most
efficient and reliable results.
➢ The last stage where you deploy your solution based on the model you’ve selected is
known as Deployment.
➢ What is AI project cycle mapping? Mapping the individual steps in an AI project to the
steps in the AI project cycle.

➢ Why do we need an AI Project Cycle?

PROBLEM SCOPING-

Theme – problem domain topic – sub problem main problem

➢ Thus, to set up the GOAL of your project, select one problem out of the ones listed
above which you want to solve using your AI knowledge. This Problem now becomes
the target of your AI project and helps you getting a clear vision of what is to be
achieved.
➢ We are now going to go through the 4Ws Problem Canvas. This canvas helps us in
identifying 4 crucial parameters we need to know for solving a problem. It refers to Who,
What, When and Why
 Who?
➢ The “Who” block helps you in analysing the people getting affected directly or indirectly
due to it. Under this, you find out who the ‘Stakeholders’ to this problem are and what
you know about them. Stakeholders are the people who face this problem and would be
benefited with the solution
What?
➢ Under the “What” block, you need to look into what you have on hand. At this stage,
you need to determine the nature of the problem. What is the problem and how do you
know that it is a problem? Under this block, you also gather evidence to prove that the
problem you have selected actually exists. Newspaper articles, Media, announcements,
etc
Where?
➢ Now that you know who is associated with the problem and what the problem actually
is; you need to focus on the context/situation/location of the problem. This block will
help you look into the situation in which the problem arises, the context of it, and the
locations where it is prominent.
Why?
➢ You have finally listed down all the major elements that affect the problem directly.
Now it is convenient to understand who the people that would be benefitted by the
solution are; what is to be solved; and where will the solution be deployed. These three
canvases now become the base of why you want to solve this problem. Thus, in the
“Why” canvas, think about the benefits which the stakeholders would get from the
solution and how would it benefit them as well as the society

After filling the 4Ws Problem canvas, you now need to summarise all the cards into one
template. The Problem Statement Template helps us to summarise all the key points into one
single Template so that in future, whenever there is a need to look back at the basis of the
problem, we can take a look at the Problem Statement Template and understand the key
elements of it.

Data Acquisition
 ➢ Data can be a piece of information or facts and statistics collected together for
reference or analysis. Whenever we want an AI project to be able to predict an output,
we need to train it first using data.
➢ The previous salary data here is known as Training Data while the next salary prediction
data set is known as the Testing Data.
➢ For any AI project to be efficient, the training data should be authentic and relevant to
the problem statement scoped.
➢ Data features refer to the type of data you want to collect

the data acquired should be authentic, reliable and correct. Now, the question
arises- From where can we get this data? Sometimes, you use the internet and try
to acquire data for your project from some random websites. Such data might not
be authentic as its accuracy cannot be proved. Due to this, it becomes necessary
to find a reliable source of data from where some authentic information can be
taken. At the same time, we should keep in mind that the data which we collect is
open-sourced and not someone’s property. Extracting private data can be an
offense. One of the most reliable and authentic sources of information are the
open-sourced websites hosted by the government. These government portals
have general information collected in suitable format which can be downloaded
and used wisely.
➢ Some of the open-sourced Govt. portals are: data.gov.in, india.gov.in

➢ Now that we have listed all the Data features, let us look at the concept of
System Maps. System Maps help us to find relationships between different
elements of the problem which we have scoped. It helps us in strategizing
the solution for achieving the goal of our project.

➢ We use system maps to understand complex issues with multiple factors

that affect each other. In a system, every element is interconnected. In a
system map, we try to represent that relationship through the use of
arrows. Within a system map, we will identify loops. These loops are
important because they represent a specific chain of causes and effects. A
system typically has several chains of causes and effects. You may notice
that some arrows are longer than others. A longer arrow represents a
longer time for a change to happen. We also call this a time delay. To
change the outcome of a system, as a change maker, we have two options -
change the elements in a system or change the relationships between
 elements. It is usually more effective to change the relationship between
elements in a system. You may also notice the use of ‘+’ signs and ‘-’ signs.
These are an indicator of the nature of the relationship between elements.

Data Exploration

to analyse the data, you need to visualise it in some user-friendly format so that you can:
● Quickly get a sense of the trends, relationships and patterns contained within the data.
● Define strategy for which model to use at a later stage.
● Communicate the same to others effectively. To visualise data, we can use various types of
visual representations
Modelling

➢ Artificial Intelligence, or AI for short, refers to any technique that enables computers to
mimic human intelligence. An artificially intelligent machine works on algorithms and
data fed to it and gives the desired output.
➢ Machine Learning, or ML for short, enables machines to improve at tasks with
experience. The machine here learns from the new data fed to it while testing and uses it
for the next iteration. It also takes into account the times when it went wrong and
considers the exceptions too. The machine learns from its mistakes and takes them into
consideration in the next execution. It improvises itself using its own experiences.
➢ Deep Learning, or DL for short, enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast
amounts of data. Since the system has got huge set of data, it is able to train itself with
the help of multiple machine learning algorithms working altogether to perform a
specific task.
➢ Artificial Intelligence is the umbrella term which holds both Deep Learning as well as
Machine Learning. Deep Learning, on the other hand, is the very specific learning
approach which is a subset of Machine Learning as it comprises of multiple Machine
Learning algorithms
➢ Deep Learning is the most advanced form of Artificial Intelligence out of these three.
Then comes Machine Learning which is intermediately intelligent and Artificial
Intelligence covers all the concepts and algorithms which, in some way or the other
mimic human intelligence.
➢ In general, there are two approaches taken by researchers when building AI models.
They either take a rule-based approach or learning approach. A Rule based approach is
generally based on the data and rules fed to the machine, where the machine reacts
accordingly to deliver the desired output. Under learning approach, the machine is fed
 with data and the desired output to which the machine designs its own algorithm (or set
of rules) to match the data to the desired output fed into the machine

Rule Based Approach

Refers to the Al modelling where the rules are defined by the developer. The machine follows
the rules or instructions mentioned by the developer and performs its task accordingly. A
drawback/feature for this approach is that the learning is static. The machine once trained,
does not take into consideration any changes made in the original training dataset.
Learning Based Approach

Refers to the Al modelling where the machine learns by itself. Under the Learning Based
approach, the Al model gets trained on the data fed to it and then is able to design a model
which is adaptive to the change in data. That is, if the model is trained with X type of data and
the machine designs the algorithm around it, the model would modify itself according to the
changes which occur in the data so that all the exceptions are handled in this case

Evaluation

Evaluation is the process of understanding the reliability of any AI model, based on outputs by
feeding test dataset into the model and comparing with actual answers. There can be different
Evaluation techniques, depending of the type and purpose of the model.

Remember that It’s not recommended to use the data we used to build the model to evaluate
it. This is because our model will simply remember the whole training set, and will therefore
always predict the correct label for any point in the training set. This is known as overfitting.

Once a model has been made and trained, it needs to go through proper testing so that one can
calculate the efficiency and performance of the model. Hence, the model is tested with the help
of Testing Data (which was separated out of the acquired dataset at Data Acquisition stage) and
the efficiency of the model is calculated on the basis of the parameters mentioned below:

▪ We test our models to check their performance and improve our models for best
performance.
▪ The model is tested with collected data.
▪ We also check if the model is solving the identified AI problem properly.

The prediction is the output which is given by the machine and the reality is the real scenario
when the prediction has been made

Evaluation – Exoplanet Use case

At this particular stage, we may need to evaluatethe model to find out which algorithm makes
the best prediction. ROC is a metric used to find out the accuracy of a model
Deployment

Deployment as the final stage in the AI project cycle where the AI model or solution is
implemented in a real-world scenario.
the key steps involved in the deployment process:
a. Testing and validation of the AI model
b. Integration of the model with existing systems
c. Monitoring and maintenance of the deployed model.
 Ethics and Morality

Ethics with Personal Data

• There are around 5.34 billion smartphone users in the world as of July 2022, with their
information available on the internet.

• Ai can help us find out data related to a particular person, from all the available data.
Such AI solutions are used by organizations to give us customized recommendations for
products, songs, videos, etc.
• In this way, AI can influence our decision-making at times
• This calls for a need for ethical principles that govern AI and people who are creating AI.

● To make AI better, we need to identify the factors responsible for it.

● The following principles in AI Ethics affect the quality of AI solutions

▪ Human Rights: When building AI solutions, we need to ensure that they follow human rights.
▪ Bias: Bias (partiality or preference for one over the other) often comes from the collected
data. The bias in training data also appears in the results
▪ Privacy: We need to have rules which keep our individual and private data safely
▪ Inclusion: AI MUST NOT discriminate against a particular group of population, causing them
any kind of disadvantage