MySQL SQL Revision Tour

Limitation of File Processing System

 Data redundancy (Data duplication)
 Data inconsistency
 Unsharable data
 Unstandardized data
 Insecure data
 Incorrect data

Various advantages of Database System are :

 It reduces data redundancy
 It controls data inconsistency
 It facilitate sharing of data
 It ensures data security
 Centralized control of database

View : It is a virtual table that does not really exist in its right but is instead derived from one or
more underlying base table(s).
Foreign Key : A non-key attribute, whose values are derived from the primary key of some other
table, is known as foreign key in its current table.
Referential Integrity : It is a system of rules that a DBMS uses to ensure that relationships
between records in related tables are valid, and that users don’t accidently delete or change
related data.

MySQL
 It is a freely available open source Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that
uses Structured Query Language (SQL).
 Information is stored in tables.
 It provides a secure environment for storing, maintaining and accessing data.
 It is a fast, reliable and scalable.
CHAR vs VARCHAR
CHAR field has fixed length and VARCHAR has variable length field. A CHAR always takes the
same amount of space regardless of what we store, whereas the storage requirements for a
VARCHAR vary depending on the specific string stored.

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CREATING DATABASE IN MySQL ACCESSING DATABASE IN MySQL
mysql> CREATE DATABASE menagerie ; Use <databasename> ;
mysql> USE menagerie ;
Database changed.

CREATING TABLES IN MySQL

mysql> SHOW TABLES ;
EMPTY SET (0.00 sec)

Syntax
CREATE TABLE <tablename>
(<column name> <data type> [(<size>)] , <column name> <data type> [(<size>)] ……….) ;

mysql> CREATE TABLE pet (name VARCHAR(20), owner VARCHAR(20), species VARCHAR(20), sex
CHAR(1), birth DATE, death DATE);
mysql> SHOW TABLES ;

DESCRIBE Statement : It is used to describe the structure of a table.

mysql> Describe pet ; OR mysql> DESC pet ;

INSERTING DATA INTO TABLE

There are three ways to insert values in a table :

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  INSERT INTO pet VALUES (‘Fluffy’, ‘Harold’, ‘Cat’, ‘f’, ‘1993-02-04’, ‘2018-02-05’) ;
 INSERT INTO pet (name, owner, species, sex, birth, death) VALUES (‘Fluffy’, ‘Harold’, ‘Cat’,
‘f’, ‘1993-02-04’, ‘2018-02-05’);
 INSERT INTO pet (name, owner,sex) VALUES ((‘Fluffy’, ‘Harold’, ‘f’);

INSERTING NULL Values

 INSERT INTO pet (name, owner,sex) VALUES ((‘Fluffy’, ‘Harold’, NULL);

MAKING SIMPLE QUERIES THROUGH “SELECT COMMAND”

SELECT : It is used to pull information from a table. Its syntax is as follows :

SELECT what_to_select
FROM which_table
WHERE conditions_to_satisfy

1. Selecting all data

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2. Selecting particular rows

3. Selecting Particular Column

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4. Eliminating Redundant Data (DISTINCT Keyword)
SELECT DISTINCT owner
From pet ;

5. ALL Keyword : It retains the duplicate output rows. It is just the same as when you specify
neither DISTINCT nor ALL.
SELECT ALL owner
From pet ;

6. SORTING ROWS – ORDER BY

SELECT name, birth SELECT name, birth
From pet From pet
Order by birth ; Order by birth DESC;

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 SELECT name, species, birth
From pet
Order by species, birth DESC ;

7. CONDITION BASED ON A RANGE – (BETWEEN operator) :

SELECT name, species
From pet
Where birth BETWEEN 1989-05-13 AND 1994-03-17 ;

8. CONDITION BASED ON A LIST – (IN and NOT IN operator) :

SELECT *
From pet
Where species IN (‘snake’, ‘bird’) ;

SELECT *
From pet
Where species NOT IN (‘snake’, ‘dog’, ‘bird’, ‘hamster’) ;

9. PATTERN MATCHING – (% and _ operator)

% : It matches any substring AND _ : It matches any character.

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 Name containing exactly five characters :

10. WORKING WITH NULL VALUES (IS NULL and IS NOT NULL)
SELECT name, owner
From pet NO OUTPUT
Where species IS NULL;

SELECT name, owner

From pet
Where species IS NOT NULL ;

11. PERFORMING SIMPLE CALCULATIONS

SELECT 3.1416*6*6 ;
SELECT curdate( ) ;

12. USING COLUMN ALIASES

The columns can be given a different name i.e column alias name for output purposes.
SELECT name AS pet_name
From pet ;

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SQL CONSTRAINTS
While creating tables, we may need to apply certain conditions on columns. To apply conditions
on columns, SQL constraints are used.
Constraints : It is a condition applicable on a field or set of field.

S.NO CONSTRAINTS DESCRIPTION

1 NOT NULL Ensures that a column cannot have NULL value
2 DEFAULT Provides a default values for a column when none is specified
3 UNIQUE Ensures that all values in a column are different
4 CHECK Makes sure that all values in a column satisfy certain criteria
5 Primary Key It is used to uniquely identify a row in the table
6 Foreign Key It is used to ensure referential integrity of the data

1. SQL NOT NULL Constraints : By default, a column can hold NULL.

CREATE TABLE Customer
( SID integer NOT NULL, Last_name varchar (30) NOT NULL, First_name varchar (30) ) ;
INSERT INTO Customer (Last_name, First_name) VALUES (‘Wang’ , ‘Pedro’) ;
It will result in an error because this will lead to column SID being NULL, which violates the
NOT NULL constraints on that column.

2. SQL DEFAULT Constraints : It provides a default value to a column when the INSERT INTO
statement does not provide a specific value.
CREATE TABLE Student
(Student_ID integer, Last_name varchar (30), First_name varchar (30), Score DEFAULT 80);
INSERT INTO Student (Student_ID, Last_name, First_name) VALUES (‘10’, ‘nitin’, ‘sharma’);

Student_ID Last_Name First_Name Score

10 nitin sharma 80

3. SQL UNIQUE Constraints : It ensures that all values in a column are distinct.
CREATE TABLE Customer
( SID integer Unique, Last_name varchar (30) NOT NULL, First_name varchar (30) ) ;

4. SQL CHECK Constraints : It ensures that all values in a column satisfy certain conditions.
CREATE TABLE Customer
(SID integer CHECK (SID > 0), Last_name varchar (30) NOT NULL, First_name varchar (30)) ;

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5. PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT
 A Primary key is used to uniquely identify each row in a table.
 When multiple fields are used as a primary key, they are known as composite key.
Primary key can be specified in two ways :
 Using CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE Customer
( SID integer NOT NULL UNIQUE PRIMARY KEY, Last_name varchar (30) NOT NULL,
First_name varchar (30) ) ;

 Using ALTER TABLE

ALTER TABLE Customer
ADD PRIMARY KEY (SID) ;
6. FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINTS
 A Foreign key is a field (collection of fields) in one table that refers to the PRIMARY KEY
in another table.
 A Foreign key is a key, which is used to link two tables together.
 The table containing the foreign key is called the child table, and the table containing
the primary key is called the parent table.

PersonID NAME STREAM OrderID OrderNumber PersonID

1 AMAN SCIENCE 1 77895 3

2 ALEENA SCIENCE 2 44678 3

3 NIKITA M. COMMERCE 3 22456 3

4 AASTHA COMMERCE 4 24562 4

5 SHRUTI SCIENCE
Relation : Orders
6 DAMINI COMMERCE

Relation : Person
Foreign key can be specified in two ways :
 Using CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE Orders
(OrderID integer NOT NULL UNIQUE PRIMARY KEY, OrderNumber integer, PersonID
integer, Foreign key (PersonID) references Person (PersonID)) ;
 Using ALTER TABLE
ALTER TABLE Orders
ADD Foreign key (PersonID) references Person (PersonID) ;
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APPLYING TABLE CONSTRAINTS AND COLUMN CONSTRAINTS
CREATE TABLE Items
(icode char(5) NOT NULL, COLUMN CONSTRAINTS
descp CHAR(5) NOT NULL,
Salary integer,
Expenditure integer,
CHECK (Salary > Expenditure), TABLE CONSTRAINTS
UNIQUE (icode, descp)) ;

INSERTING DATA INTO ANOTHER TABLE

INSERT INTO branch1
SELECT *
FROM branch2
WHERE GROSS > 70000 ;

MODIFYING DATA IN TABLES

Update command : It is used to modify the existing records in a table.

PersonID NAME STREAM

1 AMAN SCIENCE

2 ALEENA SCIENCE

3 NIKITA M. COMMERCE

4 AASTHA COMMERCE

5 SHRUTI SCIENCE

6 DAMINI COMMERCE

UPDATE Person
PersonID NAME STREAM SET NAME = ‘SHRUTI NAYAK’
Where NAME = ‘SHRUTI’ ;
1 AMAN SCIENCE

2 ALEENA SCIENCE

3 NIKITA M. COMMERCE

4 AASTHA COMMERCE
SHRUTI
5 SCIENCE
NAYAK
6 DAMINI COMMERCE

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DELETING DATA FROM TABLES
DELETE command : It is used to remove rows from a table. DELETE FROM employee
WHERE gross < 2200 ;

To remove all the contents of the table. DELETE FROM employee ;

ALTERING TABLES
It is used to change definitions of existing tables. ALTER TABLE command is used :
 To add a column
 To redefine a column (datatype, size, default value)
 To add an integrity constraint

To add a new column tel_number of type integer in table employee :

ALTER TABLE employee
ADD (tel_number integer) ;
To modify column Job of table employee to have new width of 30 characters :
ALTER TABLE employee
MODIFY (Job CHAR(30)) ;
To change the name of a column :
ALTER TABLE employee
CHANGE First_Name FirstName VARCHAR (20) ;

DROPPING TABLES
The DROP TABLE statement is used to drop an existing table in a database.
Syntax : DROP TABLE <tablename> ; OR DROP TABLE IF EXISTS <tablename> ;

TRUNCATE TABLE
It is used to delete the data inside a table, but not the table itself.
Syntax : TRUNCATE TABLE <tablename>

CLASSIFICATION OF SQL STATEMENTS

 DDL (Data Definition Language) : It consist of commands that can be used to define the
database schema.
Example : CREATE, DROP, ALTER, TRUNCATE
 DML (Data Manipulation Language) : It consist of commands that deals with the
manipulation of data present in database.
Example : SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE , DELETE
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 DCL (Data Control Language) : It consist of commands which deals with the rights,
permission and other controls of the database system.
Example : GRANT AND REVOKE.
 TCL (Transaction Control Language) : It consist of commands that deals with the
transaction within the database.
Example :
COMMIT : It is used to permanently save any transaction into the database.
COMMIT ;
ROLLBACK : It restores the database to last committed state.
ROLLBACK TO savepoint_name ;
SAVEPOINT : It is used to temporarily save a transaction so that you can rollback to that
point whenever required.
SAVEPOINT savepoint_name ;

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