OTHER NATIONAL SECURITY CONCERNS

STUDENT ACTIVITY 2024

Maria Zyanne H. Tesocan | BSEE 1C - STEM

Activity 1: Analysis of National Security Threats

● Instructions: List the internal and external threats to national security in the
Philippines (Cite References). Out of your identified internal and external
threats, choose two internal and external, then answer the following:
1. Explain how each selected threat impacts the stability and safety of the
Philippines.
2. Propose a specific community-based strategy or school initiative to address
each chosen threat. Consider the resources and actions needed.

INTERNAL THREATS
Abu Sayyaf Group
1. TERRORISM and VIOLENCE
○ The ASG has committed kidnappings-for-ransom, bombings, ambushes
of security personnel, public beheadings, assassinations, and extortion.
Throughout 2015, the ASG was responsible for multiple attacks,
kidnappings, and the killing of hostages.
○ They successfully executed the Philippines’ most deadly terrorist attack
on record sinking Superferry 14 in 2004 and killing hundreds, and
coordinated a series of bombings across multiple cities on Valentine’s
Day 2005. (Hammerberg et al., 2017)
○ One of their most recent crimes is the Battle of Marawi or the Marawi
Siege. (Refworld - UNHCR’s Global Law and Policy Database, 2024)
STRAINED INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
○ The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) has strained the Philippines’ international
relations by increasing reliance on foreign military aid, complicating
diplomatic ties, and damaging its international reputation. ASG’s
violent activities, including kidnappings and terror attacks, have
required extensive security cooperation with the U.S., Australia, and
neighboring countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. (Manalo, 2004)
SOCIOECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
○ The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) has discouraged investment and travel,
restricting employment prospects and stunting development. To fight
ASG, the government is spending more on security, which takes funds
away from infrastructure upgrades and other vital public services.
 Thousands have been uprooted by violence and military operations,
which have also disrupted stable employment, healthcare, and
education, notably in the fishing and agricultural industries. (Manalo,
2004)
○ ASG takes advantage of social injustice and hardship to attract new
members, resulting in an endless cycle of violence, insecurity, and
poverty that interferes with long-term advancement. (Manalo, 2004)

2. To address the threats brought upon by the ASG, we can implement CRES,
otherwise known as Community Resilience and Empowerment Schools. This
initiative seeks to decrease recruitment into extremist groups by providing
educational opportunities and a nurturing environment. CRES will offer a
curriculum that promotes understanding and resistance to radicalization by
incorporating life skills training, civic involvement, and peace education.

Parents and local leaders will participate in the planning process to

guarantee that the program satisfies local needs. Professionals who can
provide direction and motivation will be paired with students through
mentoring programs. Furthermore, extracurricular activities like sports and the
arts will foster self-expression and teamwork while offering young people safe
spaces. (Manalo, 2004; Espenschied & Espenschied, 2022)

New People’s Army

1. VIOLENCE AND INSTABILITY
○ The activities of the New People's Army (NPA) often lead to violence
that disrupts local governance and undermines public safety.
○ NPA operations can result in casualties among both security forces and
civilians, creating a cycle of retaliation that further destabilizes
affected regions.
○ As of 2024, the NPA has been significantly weakened, with government
forces dismantling many of their guerilla fronts.
○ Despite this weakening, the NPA still maintains a presence in several
areas, continuing to pose a threat to peace and order.
○ NTF-ELCAC: Removal of “mass Bases” Greatly Weakened NPA, n.d.
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT
○ The New People's Army (NPA) insurgency significantly impacts
socioeconomic conditions by targeting businesses and local
 governments with extortion, which discourages investment and
economic development and exacerbates poverty and inequality.
○ This economic strain fuels recruitment into the NPA while diverting
resources away from essential services like education and healthcare,
ultimately hindering overall community development. (Armed Forces
of the Philippines et al.,2015; NTF-ELCAC: Removal of "mass bases"
greatly weakened NPA).
GOVERNMENT RESPONSE
○ In response to the threat posed by the New People's Army (NPA), the
Philippine government has implemented strategies such as establishing
the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict
(NTF-ELCAC), which aims to dismantle NPA guerilla fronts while
promoting community development initiatives that address underlying
grievances. (NTF-ELCAC: Removal of “mass Bases” Greatly Weakened
NPA, n.d.)
○ Critics argue that a purely militaristic approach to countering the NPA
may not achieve lasting peace, emphasizing the importance of
addressing root causes such as poverty, lack of education, and social
injustice to attain sustainable stability. (ARMED FORCES OF THE
PHILIPPINES et al., 2015)

2. YEAP, or Youth Empowerment and Awareness Program, can be

implemented. This program aims to educate students about the dangers of
radicalization while providing them with skills and opportunities that promote
civic engagement and resilience against extremist ideologies. The program
will include awareness campaigns that educate students about NPA
recruitment tactics, emphasizing the importance of critical thinking to
recognize manipulation. Moreover, skills development workshops will focus on
vocational training and leadership development, equipping youth with
practical skills that can lead to legitimate career paths, thereby reducing their
vulnerability to recruitment (Bader et al., 2023).

Community engagement initiatives will also play a crucial role in fostering

positive youth involvement. Students can develop a sense of belonging and
purpose that counters extremist ideologies by encouraging participation in
local governance and community service projects. Collaborations with local
NGOs can enhance these efforts by providing mentorship and resources to
support youth engagement (National Academies Press (US), 2012).
 EXTERNAL THREATS
Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea
1. INCREASED MILITARY TENSIONS
○ Aggressive actions by Chinese vessels against Philippine ships have
escalated tensions significantly, with incidents including ramming,
water cannon attacks, and the use of military-grade lasers. These
confrontations occur primarily in the Philippines' exclusive economic
zone (EEZ) and have raised fears of potential military conflict,
especially around critical areas like Second Thomas Shoal where the
Philippines maintains a military presence. The Philippine government
has warned that any harm to its personnel could be considered an act
of war, underlining the precarious situation in the region (Tyson, 2024;
Ratcliffe, 2024)
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT
○ The territorial disputes adversely affect local economies, especially
fishing communities that face intimidation from Chinese vessels. These
tensions deter foreign investment and threaten livelihoods, as access
to vital fishing grounds becomes restricted. The South China Sea is
crucial for international trade routes and rich in natural resources,
making its control a significant concern for the Philippines (Ratcliffe,
2024; Rising, 2024)
GLOBAL POWER RELATIONS
○ The strategic significance of the South China Sea complicates the
Philippines' position as a U.S. treaty ally amid rising tensions with China.
While diplomatic efforts continue, challenges remain in countering
China's aggressive tactics and addressing territorial disputes
effectively. The Philippines has adopted a transparency initiative to
expose Chinese coercive actions, but its military capabilities are limited
compared to China's (L. Mingjiang, X. Jiaying, 2024; FULCRUM, 2024)

2. The South China Sea Awareness and Educational Program or SCSAEP aims to
address territorial disputes in the South China Sea through education and
community engagement. This program will enhance students' understanding
of these complex issues as it includes workshops in schools focusing on
maritime disputes, the history of the conflicts, and international law,
particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
(Kenny, 2024; Erbas, 2022). Additionally, SCSAEP will feature simulation
activities where students role-play as representatives from different countries
 involved in the disputes, fostering critical thinking and negotiation skills.
Community engagement projects will encourage students to create
informational materials and organize forums to discuss the implications of
territorial claims, especially for local fishing communities. To implement this
program effectively, partnerships with schools, local governments, NGOs, and
maritime experts will be essential. Furthermore, SCSAEP will feature simulation
activities where students role-play as representatives from different countries
involved in the disputes. This hands-on approach will help them practice
negotiation and problem-solving skills while exploring real-world issues. Such
simulations encourage students to consider multiple perspectives on maritime
disputes, similar to classroom activities successfully implemented in various
educational settings (Erbas, 2022).

Climate Change and Environmental Degradation

1. INCREASED VULNERABILITY TO NATURAL DISASTERS
○ One of the nations most at risk from climate change is the Philippines,
which often experiences typhoons, floods, and droughts. The nation
experienced the most weather-related incidents in the world, with 317
total between 2000 and 2019. Rising sea levels and stronger tropical
cyclones endanger livelihoods, infrastructure, and coastal towns,
displacing residents and making them more impoverished. The
Philippine Climate Change Assessment indicates rising sea levels and
typhoon strength and route changes are predicted by climate
forecasts, putting millions of people who live along the shore at risk.
(Tachev, 2024)
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
○ Environmental degradation, including deforestation and soil erosion,
exacerbates these vulnerabilities by undermining agricultural
productivity and food security. Approximately 70.5% of the country’s
land area experiences severe land degradation due to human
activities like mining and logging. Fossil fuel dependence worsens these
problems since air pollution from burning coal and other
non-renewable resources lowers the quality of life and endangers
public health (IBON Foundation, 2020).
○ Existing vulnerabilities are made worse by the combination of
socioeconomic inequality and climate change. The poorest
communities are more likely to experience starvation, illness, and
displacement as a result of environmental degradation and climate
 impacts. Competition for natural resources can cause societal unrest
and conflict as they become more scarce as a result of
overexploitation and pollution (Tribe, n.d.).

2. To address this, CAEP will be proposed or the Climate Action and Educational
Program. It aims to integrate climate education into schools while fostering
community engagement and action. It will implement educational workshops
in schools that focus on climate change, its impacts, and sustainable
practices. These workshops will utilize project-based learning to teach
students about environmental issues and encourage them to develop
solutions. It will also establish climate clubs where students can engage in
hands-on activities such as tree planting, waste management projects, and
local environmental clean-ups. This aligns with initiatives like the Youth for
Environment in Schools Organization (YES-O) in the Philippines, which
encourages students to take active roles in promoting environmental
awareness and sustainability within their communities (Kolenatý et al., 2022;
CCE in the Philippines | Department of Education, n.d.)

Activity 2: Evaluation of National Security Pillars

● Instructions: Given the three main pillars of national security. Reflect on these
pillars and answer the following:
1. Which of the three pillars do you believe is most crucial in maintaining
national security in the Philippines today? Justify your choice with specific
examples and recent events.
2. Design a hypothetical policy that enhances this pillar within your school or
community. Describe how this policy could contribute to national security at
a local level.

1. The three pillars of national security in the Philippines are all crucial, but in my
opinion, the second one is the most important, which concerns maintaining
the State's security, sovereignty, and territorial integrity.

The geopolitical tensions in the region, especially in connection to territorial

disputes in the South China Sea, highlight the significance of state security.
The Philippines is situated in an area where these conflicts affect the nation's
economic interests and regional stability in addition to endangering its
 sovereignty. Chinese warships' recent breaches into Philippine waters, for
example, have sparked concerns about the necessity of stronger maritime
security measures to preserve territorial integrity. This situation emphasizes how
important it is to have a strong national defense plan to protect the interests
of the country. (NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY FOR CHANGE AND WELL-BEING
OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE, 2017)

In addition to external threats, the Philippines faces various internal security

challenges. National stability is directly threatened by terrorism from groups
like Abu Sayyaf and insurgencies from groups like the New People's Army
(NPA). The government must use military and law enforcement actions to
counter these dangers since terrorist organizations frequently take advantage
of social and economic inequalities to enlist new members. Maintaining
peace and order within the nation is essential for national growth, and this
requires ensuring internal security (Studocu, n.d.).

Furthermore, the global security environment demands an emphasis on state

security regarding cyber warfare and transnational and the like. The
Philippines has been actively strengthening its cybersecurity defenses and
working with foreign allies. Given that attacks in one region of the world might
have repercussions that affect national security, this emphasizes how crucial
a safe state environment is for national resilience (NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY
FOR CHANGE AND WELL-BEING OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE, 2017).

Lastly, economic growth depends on a secure state. A nation with a stable

political climate and strong anti-crime and anti-terrorism law enforcement is
more likely to attract investors. Security is the cornerstone of prosperity, as
seen by recent efforts to strengthen national security that has been intimately
linked to plans for economic expansion. Economic advancement may be
seriously impeded in the absence of a safe environment (The Three Pillars of
Sustainable National Security in a Transnational World — SH, n.d.).

2. "Guardians of Sovereignty" (GOS) Initiative

To safeguard national sovereignty and support local security, this initiative
aims to equip students and community members with the knowledge and
assets they need. On a local level, it promotes active engagement in
defending the country's territorial integrity and security by cultivating a
knowledge-driven culture.
Components:
a.) Workshops for Education on Sovereignty and National Security
Workshops on subjects like the value of national sovereignty, territorial
disputes in the West Philippine Sea, and fundamental ideas of national
security will be presented monthly at community centers and schools. These
courses are designed to increase awareness and knowledge, and they are
delivered by educators and special guests from the military or security fields.

b.) Campaigns for Community Awareness

To educate the local population about territorial rights and security
issues, student-led committees will plan awareness initiatives that include
social media posts, informational meetings, and the distribution of
educational materials.

c.) Civic Engagement and Training in Community Safety

To strengthen neighborhood security, schools will implement civic duty
education and launch a "Community Watch" program in which students and
community members collaborate to keep an eye on and report questionable
activity.

d.) Youth Leadership Development and Advocacy Training

Through debates, student government, and events, leadership
programs will teach students advocacy skills and equip them to discuss
sovereignty and security problems with peers and local leaders.

e.) Collaborations on Volunteer Initiatives with Local Authorities

To ensure community preparedness and increase local resilience to
security threats, the program will collaborate with local authorities to promote
volunteer opportunities in fields such as disaster preparedness.

Expected Outcome
The initiative will improve local security by fostering informed, watchful
individuals who proactively defend and preserve the country's sovereignty.
The initiative increases local resilience and fosters a culture of security by
giving youth leadership roles and raising community knowledge, making
communities more equipped to handle internal and external threats.
Activity 3: Critical Thinking on Values and National Security
● Instructions: The National Security Plan of 2023-2028 of the Philippines listed
values essential for promoting national security (e.g., patriotism, and respect
for human rights).
1. Choose two values. Discuss how each value can support efforts to address
a current national security issue.
2. Imagine you are organizing a community event to promote these values.
Outline the event’s theme, activities, and expected outcomes.

1. Social Justice
It is essential to tackle the underlying causes of violence and instability,
which are frequently connected to prejudice, poverty, and inequality. The
government can reduce frustrations that could cause societal instability by
supporting laws that guarantee fair access to resources including jobs,
healthcare, and education (NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY FOR CHANGE AND
WELL-BEING OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE, 2017). Encouraging social justice also
increases public trust in the government since it shows that attempts are
being made to govern fairly and justly. This value addresses the underlying
causes of security risks rooted in inequality, like local criminality or insurgency,
through social welfare and inclusive development initiatives. Not to mention,
a dedication to social justice can strengthen a community's ability to
withstand dangers like crime and violence. People are more inclined to
participate in community safety projects when they believe their rights are
upheld and their opinions are valued (U.S. Department of Justice et al., 1994).

Innovation
The development of cutting-edge technology that supports national
security initiatives depends heavily on innovation. It is essential in the digital
age to use technology for cybersecurity, surveillance, and intelligence
collection. Thus, creating cutting-edge cybersecurity safeguards, resource
management tools, and surveillance systems can aid in the monitoring and
defense of Philippine territory, particularly in disputed regions like the West
Philippine Sea. Additionally, innovation improves disaster response and
defense capabilities, allowing the nation to react quickly to both natural and
man-made threats (Philippines. National Economic and Development
Authority, n.d.). Additionally, innovation promotes cooperation between both
the private and public sectors as well as community groups to tackle
complicated security concerns. Diverse stakeholders can come together
 through coding competitions or innovation challenges to come up with
innovative solutions for urgent national security issues. These cooperative
initiatives empower communities to actively participate in their safety and
security while also promoting an innovative culture (Science, Technology and
Innovation | Philippines | U.S. Agency for International Development, n.d.).

2. Progress for Peace: Building Security through Innovation and Justice

This program aims to educate the public about the importance of
social justice and innovation in building a safe, stable, and inclusive society.
Participants will learn how these principles can be used locally to improve
community resilience and support national security through engaging
discussions and cooperative exercises.

Activities
a.) Keynote Address
The event will begin with a keynote address from a well-known figure in
the fields of technology or social justice, who will explain the significance of
incorporating innovation into social justice initiatives.

b.) Innovation Workshops

Design Thinking Workshop: In this interactive workshop, participants will
apply design thinking methods to generate creative answers to regional
social justice problems, such as healthcare or education access.
Tech for Good: A discussion on the use of technology for social
change that included examples of platforms or applications that encourage
participation and safety in the community.

c.) Art for Justice Exhibition

An exhibition featuring the work of local artists that addresses issues of
innovation and social justice. Visual arts, performances, or multimedia
presentations that elicit thought and motivate community action could fall
under this category.

d.) Resource Fair

A venue for neighborhood organizations to put up booths and
advertise their social justice, community safety, and innovation-related
services. This will improve the participants' usage of local resources.
Expected Outcomes
a.) Enhanced Awareness
Participants will have a clearer knowledge of how social justice and
innovation may improve local security and stability, which will inspire them to
consider how these principles can be applied to problems facing the
community.

b.) Stronger Community Unity

A collaborative approach to peace and resilience will be
strengthened by the forums and group activities, which will enable
community members develop a sense of unity and shared responsibility.

c.) Empowered Youth Engagement

A new generation dedicated to social innovation and justice will be
fostered by the Youth Ideas Challenge, which will inspire young people in the
community to get active in local concerns.

d.) Community Commitment

The program will serve as a permanent reminder of the community's
commitment to creating a safe and just future, encouraging further efforts to
promote fairness and peace.
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