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5 views

computer_science_important_topics

Uploaded by

Aamir Vp
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

C++ Structures and Memory Management

Question: Define a structure in C++ and identify errors in structure definition.


Answer:
A structure in C++ is a user-defined data type that allows grouping different data
types together. Here's an example of defining a structure in C++:

struct Student {
int rollNo;
char name[50];
float marks;
};

Errors in structure definition:


- Incorrect use of semicolons.
- Declaring non-existing data types or incorrect data types.

Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++:


Dynamic memory is allocated at runtime using operators `new` and `delete`. Example:

int* p = new int; // Allocates memory dynamically


*p = 10; // Assigning value to dynamically allocated memory
delete p; // Deallocates memory

2. Polymorphism in C++ (OOP)

Question: What is polymorphism? Explain the different types of polymorphism with


examples.
Answer:
Polymorphism allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class,
enabling methods to behave differently based on the object type.

Types of Polymorphism:
1. Compile-Time Polymorphism (Method Overloading):
- Multiple functions with the same name but different parameter lists.

Example:
class Calculator {
public:
int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }
float add(float a, float b) { return a + b; }
};

2. Run-Time Polymorphism (Method Overriding):


- Derived class overrides a function in the base class. It occurs during
runtime.

Example:
class Animal {
public:
virtual void sound() { cout << "Some sound"; }
};

class Dog : public Animal {


public:
void sound() override { cout << "Bark"; }
};
Animal* a = new Dog();
a->sound(); // Output: Bark

3. Linked Lists

Question: Explain the structure of a linked list.


Answer:
A linked list is a linear data structure where each element (node) contains two
parts:
- Data: Stores the data.
- Next: Pointer to the next node in the list.

Example:

struct Node {
int data;
Node* next;
};

Node* head = nullptr;

Basic operations on linked lists include insertion, deletion, and traversal.

4. HTML Basics

Question: Write HTML code to create a table.


Answer:
To create a simple table in HTML:

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Roll No</th>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Marks</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>John</td>
<td>85</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>Jane</td>
<td>90</td>
</tr>
</table>

Question: Differentiate between internal and external linking in HTML.


Answer:
- Internal Linking: Links to other parts of the same webpage using anchors (<a>
tags) and id attributes.
Example:
<a href="#section2">Go to Section 2</a>
<div id="section2">This is Section 2</div>
- External Linking: Links to other webpages using a full URL.
Example:
<a href="https://www.example.com">Visit Example</a>

5. JavaScript Functions

Question: Explain built-in JavaScript functions like isNaN(), charAt(), and


alert().
Answer:
- isNaN(): Checks if a value is "Not-a-Number" (NaN).
Example:
isNaN(123); // false
isNaN('abc'); // true

- charAt(): Returns the character at a specified position in a string.


Example:
let str = "Hello";
console.log(str.charAt(1)); // 'e'

- alert(): Displays an alert box with a specified message.


Example:
alert("Hello, World!");

6. SQL Commands

Question: Write SQL statements to create, modify, and delete tables.


Answer:
- Create Table:
CREATE TABLE Student (
RollNo INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(50),
Marks FLOAT
);

- Alter Table (to add a new column):


ALTER TABLE Student ADD Age INT;

- Delete Table:
DROP TABLE Student;

Question: How do you query data in SQL?


To select specific rows:
SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Marks > 50;

7. Primary Key and Foreign Key

Question: Differentiate between Primary Key and Foreign Key.


Answer:
- Primary Key: Uniquely identifies each record in a table. Each value in a primary
key must be unique.
Example: RollNo in a Student table.

- Foreign Key: A field that creates a relationship between two tables. It refers to
the primary key in another table.
Example: In an Order table, CustomerID could be a foreign key referring to
CustomerID in a Customer table.

8. Queue and Stack Operations

Question: Write an algorithm for the insertion operation in a QUEUE data structure.
Answer:
The Queue follows FIFO (First In First Out) order. For insertion (enqueue), you add
an element to the rear of the queue.

void enqueue(int arr[], int& rear, int element) {


if(rear < SIZE - 1) {
rear++;
arr[rear] = element;
} else {
cout << "Queue is full";
}
}

9. Responsive Web Design

Question: What is responsive web design?


Answer:
Responsive web design ensures that a website adjusts its layout and content based
on the screen size (e.g., desktop, tablet, mobile).

Example CSS:
@media (max-width: 600px) {
body {
background-color: lightblue;
}
}

10. Content Management Systems (CMS)

Question: What are the advantages of using CMS?


Answer:
- Ease of Use: Non-technical users can manage content.
- Customization: Offers themes, plugins, and flexibility.
- SEO Features: Built-in SEO tools for better website ranking.
- Security: Regular updates and security features to protect data.

11. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

Question: Describe FTP client software.


Answer:
An FTP client allows you to transfer files between a local system and a remote
server. Examples include FileZilla and WinSCP.

12. Control Structures in JavaScript/PHP

Question: Explain control structures in JavaScript.


Answer:
JavaScript provides if-else, for, while, and switch statements for control flow.
Example (if-else):
let age = 18;
if (age >= 18) {
console.log("Adult");
} else {
console.log("Minor");
}

13. Web Hosting

Question: Differentiate between types of web hosting.


Answer:
- Shared Hosting: Multiple websites share the same server resources.
- Dedicated Hosting: Entire server resources are dedicated to one website.
- Cloud Hosting: Websites hosted on a cloud infrastructure for scalability.

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