AUTOMATIC PARKING SLOT IDENTIFICATION

USING ARDUINO

A SDC (IoT) mini project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the Award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

by
J. GOKUL TEJA (160721733040)

K. YESHWANTH SAI (160721733002)

T. PAVAN RAJ (160721733044)

Under the Guidance of

Er. Sandeep Ravikanti, Assistant Professor, Dept. of

CSE

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Methodist College of Engineering and
Technology, King Koti, Abids, Hyderabad-500001.
2022-2023
l
 King Koti, Abids, Hyderabad-500001,

Department of Computer Science and

Engineering

Skill Development Course IoT MINI PROJECT

(3PW354CS)
A.Y 2022-2023

This is to certify that this SDC(IoT) Mini project report entitled “VEHICLE OVERSPEED
DETECTION”, being submitted by S. SURYA TEJA (160721733034), M. VISHVAKSEN
(160721733055), M. AKSHAY KUMAR (160721733050) submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering,
during the academic year 2022-2023, is a bonafide record of work carried out by them.

INTERNAL EXTERNAL HOD

 King Koti, Abids, Hyderabad-500001,

Department of Computer Science and

Engineering

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATES

We, S. SURYA TEJA (160721733034), M. VISHVAKSEN (160721733055), M. AKSHAY

KUMAR (160721733050) students of Methodist College of Engineering and Technology,
pursuing Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science and Engineering, hereby declare that
SDC(IoT) Mini project report entitled “VEHICLE OVERSPEED DETECTION”, carried out
under the guidance of Er. Sandeep Ravikanti submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science. This work is
carried out by us and the references have been taking from various digital resources for
report preparation.

S. SURYA TEJA 160721733034)

M. VISHVAKSEN (160721733055)
M. AKSHAY KUMAR (160721733050)
 King Koti, Abids, Hyderabad-500001,

Department of Computer Science and

Engineering

CERTIFICATE BY THE SDC(IOT) LAB

INCHARGE

This is to certify that this SDC (IoT) Mini project report entitled “VEHICLE OVERSPEED
DETECTION”, being submitted by S. SURYA TEJA (160721733034), M. VISHVAKSEN
(160721733055), M. AKSHAY KUMAR (160721733050) submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering,
during the academic year 2022-2023, is a bonafide record of work carried out by them.

Er. Sandeep Ravikanti

Assistant Professor,
Dept. of CSE
 King Koti, Abids, Hyderabad-500001,

Department of Computer Science and

Engineering

CERTIFICATE BY THE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

This is to certify that this SDC (IoT) Mini project report entitled “VEHICLE
OVERSPEED DETECTION” by S. SURYA TEJA (160721733034), M. VISHVAKSEN
(160721733055), M. AKSHAY KUMAR (160721733050) , submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering
of the Osmania University, Hyderabad, during the academic year 2022-2023, is a bonafide record
of work carried out by them.

Dr. P. Lavanya,
Professor &
Head of the Department
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our project guide Er. Sandeep Ravikanti,
Assistant Professor, for giving us the opportunity to work on this topic. It would never be
possible for us to take this project to this level without his innovative ideas and his relentless
support and encouragement. Who helped us by being an example of high vision and pushing
towards greater limits of achievement.
Our sincere thanks to Dr. P. Lavanya, Professor and Head of the Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, for her valuable guidance and encouragement which has played a
major role in the completion of the project and for helping us by being an example of high vision
and pushing towards greater limits of achievement.
We would like to express a deep sense of gratitude towards the Dr. Prabhu G Benakop,
Principal, Methodist College of Engineering and Technology, for always being an inspiration
and for always encouraging us in every possible way.
We would like to express a deep sense of gratitude towards the Dr. Lakshmipathi Rao,
Director, Methodist College of Engineering and Technology, for always being an inspiration
and for always encouraging us in every possible way.
We are indebted to the Department of Computer Science & Engineering and Methodist College
of Engineering and Technology for providing us with all the required facility to carry our work
in a congenial environment. We extend our gratitude to the CSE Department staff for providing
us to the needful time to time whenever requested.
We would like to thank our parents for allowing us to realize our potential, all the support they
have provided us over the years was the greatest gift anyone has ever given us and also for
teaching us the value of hard work and education. Our parents have offered us with tremendous
support and encouragement, thanks to our parents for all the moral support and the amazing
opportunities they have given us over the years.
 What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?
• IoT is a network of interconnected objects
(things) that are embedded with sensors,
actuators, software, and other technologies for
the purpose of connecting and exchanging data
with other devices and systems over the internet.

• IoT is the intersection of the

Internet, Things and Data.
 What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?

• After excluding computers and

handheld devices (e.g., cellphones
and tablets), there are 16.5 billion
connected things in 2020
worldwide
• IoT collects that data from millions
of sensors embedded in everything
from cars, to refrigerators, to space
capsules
 IoT - Historical Perspective
Yesterday Today Today/Tomorrow
local Area Networks (LAN), Wireless Mobile, ubiqitous Machine to machine (M2M), Internet of
Static services (email, web) Internet access, Cloud Mobile Things (IoT), Smart World services
Services & Resources

Evolution
 IoT Domains
• With sensors becoming increasingly ubiquitous, there is tremendous potential
for innovative IoT applications across a wide variety of domains

Smart
Automated Grid
Predictive Safety and
Maintenance Transportation
Security
Smart
Home

Precision Health
Inventory Smart
Military Management Agriculture
City
 IoT is Everywhere: From Home to Work

- Automated Transportation
- Smart Farming
- Smart Surveillance Cameras
- Thermostats
- Baby Monitors
- Smart TVs
- Refrigerators
- Children’s Toys
- Automatic Light Bulbs
 IoT sensing: more sensors than ever
- Pervasiveness of Sensing devices (digital data)
• E.g. current smartphones are equipped with a number of embedded sensors

- A Mobile Smartphone can provide a lot

of context information about you and
your activities:
- your mobility (even wthout GPS)
- your movement between floors in a building
- Your speech
- Your contacts
- Your interaction with other objects
Four Main Components of IoT Systems

Sensing Communication Computing Acting

IoT Systems
 IoT sensors and Actuators
• Sensor: a connected device enabling the sensing
of physical parameters of the scenario or
controlled environment, whose values are
transformed into digital data.
• Actuator: a connected device enabling the
activation of actions on the controlled
environment.
• Controller: a connected device implementing an
algorithm to transform input data in actions.
• Smart things: digital devices providing service
functions realized by the synergy between
sensors, actuators and controllers (possibly
implemented by local/distributed execution
platforms and M2M/Internet communications).
 A Smart Home Example
- One typical evening planning next working day…

Typical car trip 45 minutes

in these days: to wake up and
1 hour time get ready…

Tomorrow first
office meeting
at 8.30am

I decide to set my alarm

to wake up at 6:45am
 A Smart Home Example
Typical car trip 45 minutes
in these days: to wake up and What could (will) possibly go wrong?
1 hour time get ready…
1) At 4.30am it starts snowing
Tomorrow first
office meeting
2) Truck obstruction along the usual path
at 8.30am 3) Traffic congestion on alternative paths
4) No parking at destination
5) Bathroom cold when having shower
6) Coffee cold when having breakfast
7) Left my car keys at home when in garage
8) Elevator busy when leaving my flat
I decide to set my alarm
9) Total time to get ready+breakfast: 55 min.
to wake up at 6:45am

Leaving 10 minutes late + 30 minutes additional travel time

I missed the morning meeting!
 A Smart Home Example

45 minutes
to wake up and Typical car trip
get ready… in these days: 1
Define your user’s objective! hour time
Smart IoT Services

Tomorrow first
office meeting
at 8.30am Based on my typical habits
decides to set my alarm
to wake up at 6:45am
 A Smart Home Example
This is the PROGRAMMING effort! Typical car trip
45 minutes
in these days:
to wake up and
1 hour time
get ready…
Tomorrow first Smart IoT Services
office meeting
at 8.30am

What could (will) possibly go wrong?

1) At 4.30am it starts snowing
Get notified in real time by the
weather monitoring system or device.

Based on forecasts it anticipates the alarm

Based current info clock to 6:30am (15 minutes before)
decides to set my alarm to
wake up at 6:30am
 A Smart Home Example
Typical car trip
45 minutes
in these days:
to wake up and
This is the PROGRAMMING effort! get ready… 1 hour time

Tomorrow first Smart IoT Services

office meeting
at 8.30am

What could (will) possibly go wrong?

1) At 4.30am it starts snowing
2) Truck obstruction along the usual path
3) Traffic congestion on alternative paths

Get notified in real time by the Traffic

monitoring information.
Based current info
decides to set my alarm to
wake up at 6:30am
Computes a new path and evaluates congestion delay, it further
anticipate alarm clock to 6:00am (30 minutes before)
A Smart Home Example
Typical car trip
45 minutes to
in these days: 1
wake up and
hour time
get ready…
This is the PROGRAMMING effort!

Tomorrow first Smart IoT Services What could (will) possibly go wrong?
office meeting
at 8.30am
1) At 4.30am it starts snowing
2) Truck obstruction along the usual path
3) Traffic congestion on alternative paths
4) No parking at destination
Based on previous experience data and the
available parking reservation services decides to
reserve a indoor parking
Based current info
slot in a garage.
decides to set my alarm
to wake up at 6:00am
Reservation code uploaded on the mobile
phone to access garage at destination
 A Smart Home Example
45 minutes to
wake up and
get ready…
Define your user’s objective! Smart IoT Services
ALARM activated at 6:00 am
Tomorrow first
office meeting at
8.30am

Get message on smart phone explaining the

reason why the alarm has been anticipated.
 A Smart Home Example
45 minutes to
wake up and
get ready…
Define your user’s objective! Smart IoT Services
ALARM activated at 6:00 am
Tomorrow first
office meeting at
8.30am

5) Bathroom cold when having shower

HOWEVER, 10 minutes before at 5:50am… started
warming up the bathroom to 23 degrees
 A Smart Home Example
45 minutes to
wake up and
get ready…
Define your user’s objective! Smart IoT Services
6) Coffee cold when having breakfast
Tomorrow first
office meeting at
8.30am
The mirror notifies I am leaving the bathroom, and while I get dressed in my
bedroom, the COFFEE MACHINE is activated in the kitchen, and the warming
up of the bathroom is switched off.
 A Smart Home Example
45 minutes to
wake up and
get ready…
Define your user’s objective! Smart IoT Services When I leave my home passing through the main door
I got a message on my phone advising me that I do not
Tomorrow first have the CAR KEYS with me…
office meeting at
8.30am

?
 A Smart Home Example
45 minutes to
wake up and
get ready…
Define your user’s objective! Smart IoT Services When I re-enter the door my phone informs me that
the keys are in proximity of the lamp on the table in
Tomorrow first the living room, and the LAMP flashes to help me to
office meeting at find the KEYS
8.30am
 A Smart Home Example
45 minutes to
wake up and
get ready…
Define your user’s objective! Smart IoT Services When I re-enter the door my phone informs me that the
keys are in proximity of the lamp on the
table in the living room, and the LAMP flashes to help me
Tomorrow first to find the KEYS
office meeting at
8.30am
 A Smart Home Example
45 minutes to
wake up and
get ready…

Define your user’s objective! Smart IoT Services When I reach the elevator, it has been already called and
it is waiting for me with open doors.
Tomorrow first
office meeting at
8.30am
 A Smart Home Example
Check possible
delays on the
path…

Define your user’s objective! I am leaving with my car right in (planned) time, with
Smart IoT Services my path already set in the navigation system, getting
alerted of any problem on the path and need to make
Tomorrow first detours in real time.
office meeting at
8.30am

… and when at destination I will have my car parked

in reserved indoor garage with no delays. Barriers
open with my contactless smartphone code…
 A Smart Home Example
Resolved all
the troubles…

Define your user’s objective! Smart IoT Services

I participate at the 8:30am meeting
Tomorrow first
office meeting at
Right in Time!
8.30am
 IoT Characteristics
Pervasive Connectivity Heterogeneous Scalability
• IoT devices are • Networks exist on • Many technologies • Order of magnitude
Ubiquitous much smaller and interact with each higher than current
• Embedded cheaper scale other Internet
everywhere

Sensors Active Engagement Small Devices Intelligence

• IoT loses its • IoT introduces a • IoT devices have • IoT enhances every
distinction without new paradigm for become smaller, aspect of life with the
sensors active content, cheaper, and more power of data
• Sensors transform product and powerful over time. collection, artificial
IoT from a passive service • IoT exploits small intelligence and smart
network of devices engagement devices to deliver its networks
into an active precision, scalability,
system and versatility
 Advantages of the IoT
Improved Customer Engagement and Decision making Efficiency and lower operating costs
• Transform passive engagement into vibrant and active • Use cheap technology to lower the operating expenses
engagement with users and promote energy conservation
• Gain insight into potential new products and service • Monitor the performance, quality, and reliability of
• Deliver post-sales services efficiently products and services

Reduced Waste Technology Optimization

• Make areas of improvement clear • Improve customer experience and better understand
• Provide real-world information leading to the more product use
effective management of resources • Unlock the world of critical functional and field data
• Deliver revenue-generating post-sales services

Enhanced Data Collection New business opportunities

• Collect sensing data from the right places in the right • IoT provides the the ability to collect data from the
times network and use advanced analytics to uncover new
• Remote troubleshooting of products business insights and opportunities
 Disadvantages of IoT
Network security Data privacy
• IoT creates an ecosystem of connected devices • The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal
communicating over networks which leave users exposed data in extreme detail without the user’s active
to various kinds of security attacks participation

Complexity Flexibility
• IoT systems are complicated in terms of design, • IoT systems are flexible in integrating easily with each
deployment, and maintenance other, which may cause conflicts between different
• IoT often uses multiple technologies and a large set of vendors or locked systems
new enabling technologies

Compliance Unemployment
• IoT technology must comply with regulations • The wide-use of IoT will result in a significant loss of
• IoT complexity makes the issue of compliance seem mundane jobs
incredibly challenging • IoT will have a devastating impact on the employment
prospects of less-educated workers
Evolution from Embedded Systems to IoT
and
Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) Internet
Things
of
(e.g.,
Smart City
Transport)

IoT CPS Cyber-

Physica
l
Systems
Control of
Networked (e.g.,
Sensing of the combined Embedded networked
physical world organizational and Systems distributed
physical processes
Embedded traffic)
Systems
(e.g.,
Tighthuman Board)
Internet
machine
connectivity interaction

Used in China and Used in USA and

EU EU
 IoT in Agriculture: Smart Farming
• By using IoT sensors to collect environmental, farmers can make informed decisions,
and improve every aspect of their work – from livestock to crop farming.
 How is IoT Shaping Agriculture?
Smart Agriculture Sensors Cost Management and Waste Reduction
• E.g. weather conditions, soil quality, crop’s • Monitor anomalies in the crop growth or
growth progress or cattle’s health. livestock
• Data can be used to track the state of the • Mitigate the risks of losing the yield
agriculture field as well as equipment • Lead to higher revenue.
efficiency.

Process Automation Enhanced Product Quality and Volumes

• Increase business efficiency through • Achieve better control over the production
process automation process
• By using smart devices, farmers can • Maintain higher standards of crop quality
automate multiple processes across your and growth capacity through automation.
production cycle
• E.g. irrigation, fertilizing, or pest control.
 Monitoring Climate Conditions

• Weather stations combine various

smart farming sensors
• Weather stations collect various data
from the environment and send it to
the cloud
• These measurements can be used to
map the climate conditions
• It can be also used to choose the
appropriate crops, and take the
required measures to improve their
capacity (i.e. precision farming)
 Greenhouse Automation
• The use of IoT sensors enables farmers
to get accurate real-time information
on greenhouse conditions such as
lighting, temperature, soil condition,
and humidity.

• Weather stations can automatically

adjust the conditions inside the
greenhouse to match the given
parameters.
 Crop Management

• Crop management devices, just like

weather stations, can be placed in
the field to collect data specific to
crop farming such as temperature,
leaf water potential, overall crop
health, etc.

• Farmers can monitor their crop

growth and any anomalies to
effectively prevent any diseases or
infestations that can harm the yield
 Cattle Monitoring and Management
• IoT agriculture sensors that can be
attached to animals on a farm to
monitor their health and log
performance.
• Livestock tracking and monitoring help
collect data on stock health, well-being,
and physical location.
• Such sensors can identify sick animals
so that farmers can separate them from
the herd and avoid contamination.
• Using drones for real-time cattle
tracking also helps farmers reduce
staffing expenses.
 Agricultural Drones

• Also known as UAVs (unmanned

aerial vehicles), drones are better
equipped than airplanes and
satellites to collect agricultural
data.
• Drones can also perform a vast
number of tasks that previously
required human labor such as
planting crops, fighting pests and
infections, agriculture spraying,
crop monitoring, etc.
 IoT Wearables
Wearables’ Characteristics Connectivity

• Small electronic devices • Wearable devices are not always connected to the
• Comprised of one or more sensors Internet
• Associated with clothing or worn accessories, such • Offer connectivity, such as Bluetooth- or NFC-
as watches, wristbands, glasses, and jewelry (Near Field Communications) based connectivity
• Have some sort of computational capability to smartphones
• Capture and process data about the physical world • Connect to smartphone applications
• Some presenting data in some sort of display

IoT Wearables
• Adding information & value to wearables'
capabilities
• More sensors and functionalities
• Integration with services and data provided by
other devices (including other wearables)
 IoT Wearable System

Input Device Display Device

Com port VGA out

Frame grabber

Network card
Wireless
Network
Video Camera Main Unit

Parallel port Back plane

Low Power Indicator Power Supply

 Wearables Input & Output Devices
Input Devices Output Devices
• Keyboard alternative, included chording keyboards • Head Mounted Displays (HMDs)
and special purpose keyboards • Flat panels, text-to-speech
• Mouse alternatives, including trackballs and • Tactile output
joysticks
• Non-speech auditory output
• Tab alternatives, including buttons and dials
• Eye trackers • Paper and olfactory output (scent)
• Head trackers
• Pens
• Gesturing
• Bar code readers
• Textiles
• Video capture devices, microphones, GPS locators
• Speech recognition
• Other devices (e.g., skin sensors)
Wearables Functionalities and Application Areas

Consumer-oriented Non-consumer-
Sensors
applications oriented applications
• Light • Fitness and sports • Defense and
• Sound • Fashion and security
• Speed/acceleration apparel • Manufacturing and
• Humidity • Home automation industry
• Temperature • Gaming • Healthcare
• Accelerometers
 Wearables Examples
Apple Watch Sensoria Fitness T-shirt Adidas Smart Run

• Includes a heart rate • Comprised of • Wrist device that

sensor, GPS, and an embedded textile monitors the wearer's
accelerometer sensors heart rate and
• Fully integrated into • Enables tracking of location data
the Apple ecosystem heart rate • Blended into Adidas
miCoach system
 Wearables Examples
FitBit’s Flex Google Glass Nike+ Sportwatch

• Sleek wristband • Head-mounted • Measures the

• Provides real-time wearable computer distance traveled
statistics on a user's • Projects a • Measures pace and
daily fitness activity transparent screen speed of the
in front of the user’s wearer's run
field of vision
 Wearables Examples
Samsung’s Galaxy Gear Sony Core Garmin Smart Watch

• Android-based smart • Wrist-worn • Built-in sports apps

watch waterproof wearable • Smart scales with
• Synchronizes with a smart band with a wireless connectivity
cellphone to achieve built-in sensor • Enables a more active
smartphone-like • Records activity levels lifestyle
capabilities throughout the day
 IoT Future Trends
Wearables Interoperability Novel IoT Services
Ecosystems
• Complete • Across devices of • Integrated IoT
programming and different types and wearables services
application from different combining data and
development vendors services from
environments • Across different multiple
beyond the device ecosystems ecosystems
level • Single entry point • Driven by
• Wearables as parts for managing innovation for
of the IoT personal data fitness, healthcare,
ecosystem industry, etc.
IoT and Manufacturing Maintenance Activities
Preventative and condition-
Predictive Maintenance
based monitoring
• Prevent malfunctions • Leverage multiple
• Equipment that needs to modalities to predict when
operate within a certain maintenance will be
temperature range, the required
company can use IoT • Examples: vibration
sensors to actively monitor analysis, oil analysis,
when it goes out of range thermal imaging, etc.
• Measuring vibrations to
detect operations that are
out of spec
• Leverages Big Data
Analytics including
predictive modelling
Asset Monitoring and Management Using IoT

Asset Management using IoT Example Business Models Industry example

• Monitoring assets for their status • Models around hours of • GE’s maintenance cost per (flight)
operation rather than equipment hour model for its aviation
(including predictive maintenance)
sale; buyers use the equipment in business
using IoT Technologies
an “as-a-service” offering
• New service offerings and
• New and very closely linked
business models for equipment
business relationships between
suppliers manufacturers and their suppliers
 IoT Applications Development Process

Focus on Rapid Developing

Initiate application deployment, product
Analyze Create an engagement development monitoring, and features and
sensory IoT and employee and modification embedded
architecture vision communication infrastructure planning sensors
 IoT Applications - Smart City
Urbanization Demographic changes Changing lifestyles Climate change

• Urban population • Number of seniors • Changes in family • Climate changes &

worldwide amounts aged 60 or over is patterns global warning
currently to the fastest growing • New habits in work • Policies for efficient
approximate segment of the and mobility, e.g., use of water, energy,
4.1 billion people population at a rate tele-working, and other resources
• Expected to double of 3.26% vehicle sharing, & • Measures for
by 2050 • Decline in infant renting sustainable growth
• Resource depletion; mortality & high • Need for novel
need for efficient fertility urban services in
management of • Proliferation of the support of these
resources younger population changes
• Exclusion, • Need for
inequality, and rising employment
insecurity opportunities
challenges
 Smart Cities and IoT

Smart Cities are empowered Relevant IoT technologies

byIoT technologies • Connectivity: WiFi, 4G/LTE, 5G
• Empowers internet-based connectivity • Devices interaction: IoT middleware
across devices • Scalable processing: Cloud computing
• IoT will generate up to $11.1 trillion • Data processing: Data mining,
a year in economic value by 2025 Data analytics, BigData
• Smart cities are one of the IoT settings
with the highest business value
 Smart City Development Model

Phase 1: Digital Phase 2: Services Phase 3: Services

Infrastructure Development Integration & Citizens
• Broadband networks • Smart Energy, Smart Participation
• Sensor networks Transport, Urban Mobility • Integration and reusability
• Public Open Data • Stakeholders of data & services
• Certification & validation Involvement • Citizen engagement
of infrastructures • "Smart City" • "Integrated Smart City"
• "Digital city"
 IoT & Smart Cities Services Trends
Public Private
Interoperability Citizen Engagement
Partnerships
• Control center • Engagement in • Public sector
integrating all IoT Services deploys
systems and design (e.g., co- connectivity
projects in the creation, infrastructure
smart city integration of (Wifi); while
using IoT artistic concepts) private sector
technologies • Citizen-centric deploys services
services
 IoT in Healthcare
Patient Monitoring
• Sensors collect patient data
• Microcontrollers process,
analyze, and wirelessly
communicate the data
• Microprocessors enable rich
graphical user interfaces
• Healthcare-specific gateways
through which sensor data is
further analyzed and sent to
the cloud
 IoT and Clinical Care

Target Benefits Implementation

• Replace the process of having a • Improve quality of care • Constant monitoring using IoT-
health professional come by at • Lowers the cost of care by driven, noninvasive sensors
regular intervals to check the eliminating the need for a • Collect comprehensive
patient’s vital signs caregiver to actively engage in physiological information
data collection and analysis • Uses gateways and the Cloud to
analyze and store the information
• Send the analyzed data wirelessly
to caregivers for further analysis
and review
 Connected Car and IoT Transport Sensors
— An economy cars: more than 200 sensors (brakes, belts, air bags, doors, etc.)
— A luxury car: more than 600 sensors (A/C, ABS, lights, radar, road conditions, etc.)
— 70 sensors just in the engine of a 2005 Ford Focus (today 15X w.r.t. 15 years ago)
— Vehicle safety and comfort has improved via sensors and actuators

The vehicle’s automatic control (beyond driver) is more

likely a “nervous system” reacting to possible problems, Image source: Beaudaniels-illustration.com
obstacles and contributing to comfort and safety
 Connected Car and IoT Transport Sensors

Source: Application Developers Alliance, “Internet of Things: Automotive as a Microcosm of IoT”, White Paper, 2019
 Connected Car: Indicative Applications
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I)
Infotainment
Communication Communication
• Brings information functions (i.e., • Wireless exchange of the position, • Wireless exchange of information
navigation, location-based services, speed, and location data between between vehicles and roadside
rear seat web browsing, social nearby vehicles infrastructure
networking, etc.) into the vehicle’s • E.g., toward improving the safety of • Communicate with the roads,
entertainment system. commuters digital signage, traffic lights, safety,
• E.g., CarPlay for using iTunes, watch and control systems
videos, run navigation apps on the • E.g., avoid crashes and traffic
in-dash display with a touch screen congestion
interface & Apple’s voice-
companion Siri (vocal commands)
• Bring the entire apps ecosystem to
the dashboard and present endless
possibilities for an in-car experience
• Examples: Read out email &
calendar reminders, order food,
switch on the heater, etc.
What is Arduino?
🞂 An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8-bit
AVR microcontroller with complementary components that
facilitate programming and incorporation into othercircuits.
🞂 It's an open-source physical computing platform based on a
simple microcontroller board, and a development environment for
writing software for the board.
What is Arduino?

🞂 Photo from: http://reso-nance.org/

todbot.com/blog/bionicarduino
Why Arduino?
🞂 Open source and extensible software- The Arduino software is
published as open source tools, available for extension by experienced
programmers.The language can be expanded through C++ libraries
🞂 Open source and extensible hardware - The Arduino is based on
Atmel's ATMEGA8 and ATMEGA168 microcontrollers.The plans
for the modules are published under a Creative Commons license, so
experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the
module, extending it and improving it.
🞂 Inexpensive
🞂 Cross-platform
🞂 Simple, clear programming environment
What is a Library?
🞂 A library is a big collection of procedures, where all the
procedures are related! If you, say, want to control a motor, you
may want to find a Motor Control Library: a collection of
procedures that have already been written for you that you can
use without having to do the dirty work of learning the
nuances of motors.
Examples of Arduino Projects
Arduino UNO board
UNO specs
Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used
Flash Memory
by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g
Memory Types
Arduino has:
🞂 Flash memory: it's a rewritable non-volatile memory. This means
that its content will still be there if you turn off thepower. It's a bit
like the hard disk on the arduino board. Your program is stored
here. code for writing and retrieving any data structure to
EEPROM easily.
🞂 RAM: it's like the RAM in your computer. Its content
disappears when you turn off the power, but it can be read and
written really fast. Every normal variable in your sketch is held
in RAM while your sketch runs.
🞂 EEPROM: it's an older technology to implement rewritable
non-volatile memory. It's normally used tostore settings and
other parameters between resets.
Power
🞂 The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with
an external power supply.The power source is selected
automatically.
🞂 External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to- DC
adapter (wall-wart) or battery.The adapter can be connected by
plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack.
Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers
of the POWER connector.
🞂 The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If
supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than
five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the
voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board.The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
Arduino Shields
🞂 Shields are boards that can be plugged on top of the Arduino
PCB extending its capabilities. The different shields follow the
same philosophy as the original toolkit: they are easy to mount,
and cheap to produce.
Examples Arduino Shields
🞂 Arduino Wi-Fi Shield - This is the Arduino Ethernet Shieldsans
wires.This shield can get your Arduino connected to a WiFi
router, so it can host webpages and scour the Internet.
🞂 Cellular Shield w/ SM5100B - Turn your Arduino into a
cellular phone! Send SMS text messages, or hook up a
microphone and speaker and use it to replace your iPhone.
🞂 GPS Shield - GPS isn’t as complicated as you might think.With
a GPS Shield, your Arduino will always know where it is.
Getting Started !
🞂 Visit: http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software
🞂 Download & install the Arduino environment (IDE) for
Windows, Mac, or Linux. (Latest version: 1.6)
🞂 Extract the ZIP file. (The extracted folder will contain both the
Arduino program itself and also the drivers that allow the Arduino to
be connected to your computer by a USB cable.
🞂 Connect the board to your computer via the UBS cable.
🞂 The power light on the LED will light up and you may get a
'Found New Hardware‘ message from Windows.
🞂 Ignore this message and cancel any attempts that Windows makes
to try and install drivers automatically for you.
Getting Started (cont.)
🞂 Open Device Manager
🞂 Under the section “Other devices” you should see an icon
for “unknown device”, write click on it and press update
driver software.
🞂 Select the option: “Browse my computer for driver
software”.
🞂 Navigate to:
🞂 arduino-1.0.2-windows\arduino1.0.2\drivers, in the
extracted folder.
🞂 You should be done by successfully installing the Arduino
driver.
Getting Started (cont.)
🞂 Launch the Arduino IDE
🞂 Select your board (Tools>>board>>UNO)
Arduino IDE
Status messages

todbot.com/blog/bionicarduino
todbot.com/blog/bionicarduino
Our First Program ! Blink
🞂 Now, you will learn how to make the built-in LED blink.
Our First Program ! Blink
🞂 You might notice that your Arduino board's built-in LED
already blinks when you connect it to a USB.
🞂 This is because Arduino boards are generally shipped with the
'Blink' sketch preinstalled.
🞂 We will do a simple variation to the program by changing the
rate of the blink.
Our First Program ! Blink
🞂 In the IDE, select: File>>Examples>>Basics>>Blink
🞂 This is a read-only version, save it as with any other
name.
Understand the code !
Run the code
🞂 Make sure that Arduino is connected to your PC.
🞂 Click Upload and wait until the status is done.
Change the code
🞂 Change the delay, and upload the new version to your
Arduino.

🞂 What is the highest rate (minimum delay) that human being

can observe?
Ex1-Blink using External LED
🞂 Connect a LED to any digital pin on your Arduino, and put a
resistance (270 ohm) in series to limit the current passing
through the LED.
🞂 Make the necessary code changes.
🞂 Change the resistance value: 470 ohm, 1K, 10K,
What is your observation?

Observation:The LED illumination decreases the as larger

resistance is used.
Contents
1 Introduction Page no’s
1.1 Objectives of Project ………………………………………….2
1.2 Application of Project…………………………………...…….2
1.3 Expected Outcome …………………………………………3

2 Literature Survey ……..……………………….……………………4-5

3 Analysis & Design
3.1 Block Diagram of APG ………………………………………..6
3.2 Requirement Specification ………………………………….…6
3.2.1 Arduino Uno328 P-PU: ……………………………. ……….6
3.2.3 Power Supply: ….…………………………………………..6-7
3.3 Working model & Frizzing model……………………………..7
3.4 Algorithm ….………………………………………………..7
3.5 Flow Chart …………………………………………............8
3.6 Components Description: ……………………………..............9
3.6.1 Microcontroller (Arduino Uno): . . . … . . . … . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.6.2 Servo motors (SG90): ………………………… ………… 9-10
3.6.3 Bread Board (mini) …………………....………..................10
3.6.4 Led lights(small) ………………...………………...............11
3.6.5 IR SENSOR ……………………………………………….11
3.6.6 Software: ………………………………………………........12
3.6.7 Sample Code: ……………………………………………….13-14

4 Implementation/Simulation
4.1 Testing of Servomotor and led lights: ……………………………15
4.1.1 Implementation: ………………………………..……….15-16

5 Result Analysis ……………………………………………………...17

6 Conclusion & Future Scope

6.1 Conclusion………………………….……………………………...18
6.2 Future Scope ……………………………………………...............18

References ……………………………………………….………………….19
1. Introduction

Lack of space availability has always been a problem in urban areas and major cities and to add to it there
are cars parked callously on the streets that further limit the space. As the city modernization progresses, the
number of vehicles increases accordingly, instead of taking public transportation, people travel in personal
vehicles to different locations in the cities for convenience and comfort. Due to the lack of a well-planned
policy for parking facilities, the demand of parking spaces is generally much greater than the supply.
Additionally, downtown areas are gradually saturated with commercial office buildings but not as many
parking spaces. Drivers generally need to spend a significant amount of time circling the blocks around their
destination searching and waiting for available parking spaces, it wastes the valuabletime of driver . It is needed
to park the cars in vertical manner instead of horizontal parking because it saves the space. Hence Metropolitan
cities strongly need advanced parking systems, which parks the car automatically to the empty slot & in
vertical manner. In order to handle the issue of parking in busy places & parking the vehicle automatically to
the required floor of a building the automatic car parking system is used . Fig.1 shows the cars are parked in
random manner.

Figure 1.1: Difficulties in finding vacant spaces

The automated parking garage is a type of automatic car parking system whichparks the car automatically to
the required floor and required slot without having driver in it. Automatic parking garage belongs to the class
of car parking system with advanced lift. The traditional car parking system, multilevel or multi-stored car
parking car parking system. Moreover, the latter provides the added benefits of systems (non-automated), robot
car parking systems, automated multilevel car parking systems etc. have been implemented on a huge scale.
But these systems havea major disadvantage of large space consumption which is successfully eliminated with
the use of an automatic flexible operation without the need of an attendant and added security and least
chances of vehicle damage. Since the model makes use of composite parts, it is easy to assemble and
dismantle and is thus more convenient than the traditional car parking systems. The rotary model is specifically
designed to accommodate multiple cars in the circular space of several floors. This model is designed to
accommodate multiple cars in small space. The structure can accommodate 2 cars in space of 2 cars.

1
 The project is aimed to develop a car parking system which parks the car automatically. Car parking at
shopping malls and markets is becoming a big issue and is causing to traffic jam. The A P G avoids this
problem by parking the car floor by floor instead of parallel parking. In this project advanced lift is used to
park the car. 2 cars can be parked at a time. It reads the car and advanced lift place the car in desired slot using.
There has been some problems related to car parking issue which are: How to control the number of the car
inside it, monitoring the movement of car in/out side of the parking lot, to check whether there is a place inside
for more cars or not and the safety to park. The Arduino Uno serves as a programming tool to run the whole
operation.

1.1 Objectives of Project

The purpose of this design is to reduced ground space requirement as compared to conventional parking
systems. A “APG” is designed and programmed in such a way that it can tackle any of the following below
mentioned cases namely.

• Low parking and retrieval times 2 to 5 minutes per car depending on the con- figuration.
• Reduced noise levels in such systems, when compared to conventional parkingsystem.
• Minimal maintenance required.

1.2 Application of Project

An automated parking garage can provide a number of benefits over traditional parking garages, including:

1. Increased parking efficiency: Automated parking garages can increase the number of vehicles that can be
parked in a given area by using technology to automate the parking process.
2. Reduced parking congestion: Automated parking garages can reduce traffic congestion by guiding vehicles
into parking spaces and managing the flow of traffic.
3. Improved safety: Automated parking garages can improve safety by using sensors and cameras to detect
and prevent collisions.
4. Reduced operating costs: Automated parking garages can reduce operating costs by using technology to
automate tasks such as parking fee collection and space tracking.
5. Enhanced customer experience: Automated parking garages can enhance the customer experience by
providing real-time information on parking space availability and guiding vehicles to available spaces.
6. Meeting the demand of increasing urbanization: Automated parking garages can be a solution to the
increasing demand for parking space in urban areas.
7. Reduced human error: Automated parking garages can reduce human error by automating the parking
process.
8. Environmental benefits: Automated parking garages can reduce carbon emissions by reducing the need for
vehicles to circle around looking for a parking spot.
9. Space-saving: Automated parking garages can save space by stacking cars vertically and horizontally, thus
reducing the need for more land for parking.
10. Cost-effective: Automated parking garages can be more cost-effective than traditional systems, as they can
reduce the need for human intervention, and enable remote monitoring and control.

2
1.3 Expected Outcome

An “Automatic Parking Garage” is designed and programmed in such a way that it can take the car into
specified slot with intervention of human beings. User or slot details will be available on LED Lights display.

Figure 1.2: Expected outcome of APG

3
2. Literature Survey

This chapter presents a literature review of the theory of automatic car parking. The Automated Parking
Garage (APG) belongs to the class of smart car parking systems. The traditional parking systems such as
multilevel or multi-stored car parking systems (non-automated), robot car parking systems, automated
multilevel car parking systems etc. have been implemented on a huge scale. But Automatic car parking with
advanced lift is better than the previous systems because it consumes less space & its operation is flexible.

An” intelligent parallel parking of car-like robot using RFID technology” is pro- posed in the IEEE paper (Year
2007). This paper is devoted to design and implement an intelligent control scheme for a car-like mobile robot
that possesses an automatic parallel parking capability using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
technology. The purpose of this paper is to develop a modular, cost-effective and easy to im- plement
intelligent parallel parking algorithm using the number of salient features of the RFID technology and Fuzzy
Logic Controller (FLC) [8]. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method that
relies on storing and remotely retrieving data using data-carrying devices called RFID tags (or transpon- ders).
The general high-level architecture for the proposed parallel parking system consists of an RFID
communication module, an ultrasonic range sensor module and a fuzzy logic controller, in addition to the
software performing data processing and computing the necessary control actions. This technique relies on
RFID tags placed on the wall corresponding to the parking lots so that the robot can read all tags and decide to
navigate to one of the available parking locations. The 3-D coordinates of the tags that are placed on the wall
are completely unknown to the robot. The robot is pre-programmed with an ordered list of tag ID numbers,
e.g., (2, 1, 3, 5), definingthe available parking locations.In this section, the proposed methodology is applied on
a standard car-like mobile robot through numerical computer simulations. The simulations are conducted using
3-D simulation platform Simbad. The environment considered in the simulation is an external obstacle-free
workspace with a 3-m wall height where all the tags are attached to the wall. Each tag is dedicated for one
park-ing position. Each parking location has a width of 2m and length of 4m [8]. But the disadvantage is that
the cars are parked in parallel manner one after another, henceit requires more space.

This is proposed in IJEER paper (Year 2015). This paper has shown the concept of automatic car parking
system, which can automatically sense the entry and exit of the cars through the gate and then displays the
number of cars on the LCD. A microcontroller has been used to sense the movementof cars and check whether
there is capacity for cars to park [4]. In this paper they have taken a model of eight number of car parking
system. A microcontroller has been used to sense the movement of cars and check whether there is a capacity
for cars to park. They use two dc motors, one is for gate and other is for lifting the lifter carrying the car. Gate
is open when motor is rotated clockwise and closed when motor rotated in anticlockwise. It is also possible to
open a gate when any car enters in the parking lot or close the door when a car exits from it. They use 8 Infra-
red sensor, which are mounted as two on each floor. They built a project with a Parking of two floor.
Simultaneously, it will display the number of cars present in the parkinglot on a LCD screen and opens the gate
if there is a space for the car to park. When all the spaces are occupied then LCD displayed NO vacant space
and the gate is not open. The sensing of entry and exit of cars is done through infrared transmitters and
receivers. The infrared transmitter is mounted on one side and the receiver is placed directly against the
transmitter. When a car arrives, the infrared beam is blocked by the car and the receiver is devoid of infrared.
Message is sent to the microcontroller according to it the car is parked. The procedure for the exit of cars is
much similar to that of entry. We use RFID card and RFID card reader. Whenever the car get enter in the

4
parking area it must show the card to the card reader and detect the card.Then the gate is open car enter into the
parking area, gate is closed after some delay. This automated car parking system reduces the time taken to
check the space for the vehicles. In this paper they have used Infra-red sensors which are placed on each of the
floor, to sense the cars. The system is developed using 89S52 microcontroller.

A “Design and development of lift for an automatic car parking system” is pro- posed in Ird India paper
(Year 2014). This paper shows the design and development of the lift and their critical components. The
components of lift are pallet, push-pull mechanism, chain, gear box, motor, turn table mechanism, lift cart
frame, driving system and counter weight. There are two options for lift one is hydraulic lift and another is
traction lift. The hydraulic lift is suitable up to moderate height when height of increases hydraulic lift
becomes very costly. At this situation traction lift is better option than hydraulic lift [7]. The parking layout is
made by ANSYS soft- ware by considering requirement of customer and space available. With the mechanism
as follows:

Figure 2: Rotatory APG

5
3. Analysis & Design

3.1 Block Diagram of APG

POWER SUPPLY

IR Sensor
reading
ARDUINO
CONTROLLER
Display SERVO MOTOR

Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of APG

3.2 Requirement Specification

3.2.1 ARDUINO UNO:

The Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital input/output pins, 6
analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It is
designed to be easy to use for beginners and is widely used in hobby projects and small-scale commercial
applications. The board can be programmed using the Arduino software development environment (IDE) which is
available for Windows, macOS, and Linux.

3.2.2 Power Supply:

In this project we use 5 volt regulated power supply. An extra power supply of12 volt is used
for LED lights display & Servo motor.

6
 Figure 3.2: external adapter for Arduino

3.3 WORKING MODEL & FRIZZING MODEL

Figure 3.3: Working model

3.4 ALGORITHM
THE ALGORITHM OF OVERALL PROCESS: -
STEP 1: START THE PROCESS
STEP 2: READ THE CAR AT THE GATE
STEP 3: READ THE CARS AT THE SLOT1& SLOT2
STEP 4: IF SLOT1 IS EMPTY THEN BLINK BLUE AND OPEN GATE
STEP 5: IF SLOT2 IS EMPTY THEN BLINK BLUE AND OPEN GATE
STEP 6: ELSE THEN BLINK RED AND GO TO END
STEP 7: END

7
3.5 FLOWCHART

START

CAR GOES
TOWARDS DON,T BLINK
GATE BLUE AND RED

IF SLOTS IF SLOT1 OR
BLINK RED ARE SLOT2 ARE
AVAILABLE AVAILABLE

GATE CLOSE

BLINK BLUE

END CARS CAN GATE OPEN

ACCESS SLOTS

Figure 3.4 : Flowchart for APG

8
3.6 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
3.6.1 MICRO CONTROLLER (ARDUINO UNO)

Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital input/output
pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support
the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC
adapter or battery to get started. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too much about
doing something wrong, worst-case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over
again.

Figure 3.5: Arduino uno

3.6.2 SERVO MOTOR(SG90)

Figure 3.6: Servo motor

9
 Figure 3.7: Specification of Servo Motor

Servo motors (or servos) are self-contained electric devices that rotate or push parts of a machine with great
precision. The simplicity of a servo is among the features that make them so reliable. The heart of a servo is a
small direct current (DC) motor. These motors run on electricity from a battery and spin at high RPM
(rotations per minute) but put out very low torque. The amount of actual work is the same, just more useful.
Gears in an inexpensive servo motor are generally made of plastic to keep it lighter and less costly.

3.6.3 Bread Board Mini:

A breadboard mini is a small version of a breadboard. Breadboards are used for prototyping electronic
circuits and testing out circuit designs before soldering them onto a permanent circuit board. Breadboard minis
are useful for smaller projects or when space is limited. They typically have fewer connection points than a
full-sized breadboard, but still provide the same basic functionality.

Figure 3.8: Bread Board Mini

10
3.6.4 LED LIGHTS SMALL:
LED lights are small, energy-efficient lighting devices that use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the source of
light. They are widely used in a variety of applications, including in home and commercial lighting,
automotive lighting, and electronic devices. LEDs are preferred over traditional lighting sources because they
are more energy-efficient and have a longer lifespan. Additionally, they can be made in a variety of colors and
shapes, making them versatile for different applications.

Figure 3.9: Led Lights Small

3.6.5 IR SENSOR:
An infrared (IR) sensor is a device that detects and measures infrared radiation (heat) in its surroundings. IR
sensors can be used to detect the presence of objects or people, measure temperature, and determine the
movement of objects. They typically consist of a thermopile or pyroelectric detector, which converts the
infrared energy into an electrical signal, and an amplifier or signal processing circuit to amplify and process the
electrical signal. IR sensors are commonly used in a variety of applications such as security systems, motion
detection, temperature measurement, and industrial automation

Figure 3.10: IR OBSTACLE SENSOR

11
3.6.6 Software:
Programming in Arduino-IDE include few steps that are stated below

STEP 1
Arduino microcontrollers come in a variety of types. The most common is the Arduino UNO, but there are
specialized variations. Before you begin building, do a little research to figure out which version will be the
most appropriate for your project.

STEP 2
to begin, you’ll need to install the Arduino Programmer, aka the integrated develop-ment environment (IDE).

STEP 3
Connect your Arduino to the USB port of your computer. This may require a specificUSB cable. Every Arduino
has a different virtual serial-port address, so you’ll need to reconfigure the port if you’re using different
Arduinos.

STEP 4
Set the board type and the serial port in the Arduino Programmer.

STEP 5
Test the microcontroller by using one of the preloaded programs, called sketches, in the Arduino Programmer.
Open one of the example sketches, and press the upload button to load it. The Arduino should begin
responding to the program: If you’ve set it to blink an LED light, for example, the light should start blinking.

STEP 6
To upload new code to the Arduino, either you’ll need to have access to code you can 25 paste into the
programmer, or you’ll have to write it yourself, using the Arduino programming language to create your own
sketch. An Arduino sketch usually has five parts: a header describing the sketch and its author; a section
defining variables; a setup routine that sets the initial conditions of variables and runs preliminary code; a loop
routine, which is where you add the main code that will execute repeatedly until you stop running the sketch;
and a section where you can list other functions that activate during the setup and loop routines. All sketches
must include the setup and loop routines.

STEP 7
Once you’ve uploaded the new sketch to your Arduino, disconnect it from your computer and integrate it
into your project as directed.

12
3.6.7 Sample Code
#include<Servo.h> //adding Servo library
Servo gate; //you may open or close gate using a Servo motor
int slot1 = 5; //Connect IR sensor on digital pin5 for sLOT 1
int slot2 = 4; //sLot2 pin on digital 4
int gateSensor = 3; //IR sensor on gate to arduino pin 3
int slot1_l = 13;
int slot2_l = 12;
int gate_grn = 11;
int gate_red = 10;

void setup()
{
gate.attach(7); //connecting the gate servo on pin 5
pinMode(slot1,INPUT); //setting slot pins & gate IR sensor as input to
arduino
pinMode(slot2,INPUT);
pinMode(gateSensor,INPUT);
pinMode(slot1_l,OUTPUT);
pinMode(slot2_l,OUTPUT);
pinMode(gate_grn,OUTPUT);
pinMode(gate_red,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600); //initialzing Serial monitor

void loop()
{
//the car arrives and sensor goes LOW

if(!(digitalRead(gateSensor))&&digitalRead(slot1)&&digitalRead(slot2)) ) //slot1 & slot2 empty

{
Serial.println("Welcome, Available: sLOT1, sLOT2"); //print slot1 and slo2 available
digitalWrite(slot1_l,HIGH);
digitalWrite(slot2_l,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(gate_grn,HIGH);
gate.write(75); //gate will open after the dealy of 1 second
}
if(!(digitalRead(gateSensor))&&!(digitalRead(slot1))&&digitalRead(slot2) //car on slot1,slot2 free
{
Serial.println("Welcome, Available: sLOT2"); // slo2 available
digitalWrite(slot1_l,LOW);
digitalWrite(slot2_l,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(gate_grn,HIGH);
gate.write(75); //gate will open after the dealy of 1 second
}

if(! (digitalRead(gateSensor)) && digitalRead(slot1) && !(digitalRead(slot2))) //car on slot2,slot1 free

{
Serial.println("Welcome, Available: sLOT1"); // slo1 available

13
digitalWrite(slot1_l,HIGH);
digitalWrite(slot2_l,LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(gate_grn,HIGH);
gate.write(75);
delay(100); //gate will open after the dealy of 1 second
}

if(!(digitalRead(gateSensor))&&!(digitalRead(slot1))&& !(digitalRead(slot2)))
{
Serial.println("Welcome, Parking Full");// No slot available
digitalWrite(slot1_l,LOW);
digitalWrite(slot2_l,LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(gate_red,HIGH);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(gate_red,LOW);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(gate_red,HIGH);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(gate_red,LOW);

if( digitalRead(gateSensor)) // no input detected

{ Serial.println("Welcome");
gate.write(5); //gate close
digitalWrite(slot1_l,LOW);
digitalWrite(slot2_l,LOW);
digitalWrite(gate_red,LOW);
digitalWrite(gate_grn,HIGH); //gate grin or yellow light will blink
delay(100);
digitalWrite(gate_grn,LOW);
delay(100);

14
4. Implementation/Simulation

4.1 Testing of Servo Motor and Led Lights

Figure 4.1: Lifting of Gate and Blinking of Led Lights

4.1.1 Implementation:
Process of car parking: If the car stands near the car will be detected and it will Show the available slots in
the car parking lot. if car parking lot is full it will not open the gate.

Figure 4.2: the gate opens and shows there are Figure 4.3: the gate opens and shows

Slot1 and Slot2 are available is Slot1 is available

15
Figure 4.4: The gate doesn’t open and shows there are no available slots

16
5. Result Analysis

The “Automatic Parking Slot identification using Arduino” is a system designed to minimize the area
and/or volume required for parking the cars. An APG provides parking for cars only to maximize the number
of parking spaces while minimizing land usage. We have implemented the automatic car parking system &
performed the experiment to find out its operating parameters.The operating parameters are given as:

1. Time to detect 1st slot: 1 second

2. Time to detect 2nd slot: 1 second
3. Time to show slots are available or not :2 second
4. Time required to open the gate: 2-3 second
5. Range of the car to detect: 1cm
6. Power consumption: 8-10 watts These operating parameters gives performance of the Automated parking
garage with respect to time.

17
 Conclusion & Future Scope

Conclusion

In conclusion, an automated parking garage system is a technology-based solution that automates the
process of parking vehicles. It typically includes sensors, cameras, and control systems that work together
to guide vehicles into parking spaces, track the availability of spaces, and manage the overall flow of
traffic in the garage. The benefits of automated parking garages include increased parking efficiency,
reduced parking congestion, improved safety, reduced operating costs, enhanced customer experience,
meeting the demand of increasing urbanization, reduced human error, environmental benefits, and cost-
effectiveness. When IoT is used in this system, it allows for real-time monitoring, data collection and
analysis, predictive maintenance, better allocation of resources, and remote access. Automated parking
garages can provide a more efficient, safe, and user-friendly solution for parking in urban areas, and can
help to meet the increasing demand for parking space.

Future Scope

In 2000, a report estimated that there were 600,000,000 cars in the world and by 2030 that number
could double to 1.2 billion. There have been few improvements on the parking experience to keep up
with the growth of vehicle ownership. Converting a flat open lot of space into parking was the first
improvement, and thenbuilding large buildings, also known as parking garages was the second.

Further improvement can be made in this project by installing power failure system due to which if
power failure occurs all the mechanical plates should come down to their initial position or on the
ground floor of the building & door of the lift should be open & LCD display should show power
failure. When power failure occurs RFID should not read any RFID card shown in front of it. The APG
can be installed with a safety installation such as, whenever there is human movement in the system, the
lift or mechanical plates of the system should be immediately stopped

18
References:

1. https://projecthub.arduino.cc/ashraf_minhaj/476d5e9d-65fb-4a06-8bed-4b696f9f8f4a
2. https://chat.openai.com/chat
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_parking_system
4. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Automated_parking_systems
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PvrpTBga60s
6. https://github.com/topics/automated-parking-system
7. https://www.utron-parking.com/how-it-works/
8. https://constrofacilitator.com/different-types-of-automated-parking-system/
9. https://www.slideshare.net/jermybsowmya/automatic-car-parking-system-16237748
10. https://github.com/ankit1khare/Automatic-Parking-Management/blob/master/Khare_final_report_01.ipynb

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