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Geometric Design For Highways and Railways

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21 views26 pages

Geometric Design For Highways and Railways

Uploaded by

Janielle Navarro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geometric Design for

Highways and Railways


Prepared By : Engr. Kent Dominic P. Armateo
Geometric Design
• Geometric design deals with the dimensioning of the
elements of highways, such as vertical and horizontal curves,
cross sections, truck climbing lanes, bicycle paths, and parking
facilities. The characteristics of driver, pedestrian, vehicle, and
road, as discussed, serves as the basis for determining the
physical dimensions of these elements.
Geometric Design
Geometric design deals with the dimensioning of the elements of highways, such as vertical and
horizontal curves, cross sections, truck climbing lanes, bicycle paths, and parking facilities. The
characteristics of driver, pedestrian, vehicle, and road, as discussed, serves as the basis for
determining the physical dimensions of these elements. Key elements include

• Stopping Sight Distances


• Passing Sight Distances
• Super-Elevations
• Horizontal Alignments
• Vertical Alignments
• Slope of the Rode or Grades
Stopping Sight Distance (Flatroad)

Sight Distance – is the length of roadway ahead visible to the

driver. One of the important type of sight distance is the

stopping sight distance.


Stopping Sight Distance (Flatroad)
Stopping Sight Distance is a near worst-case distance between a
vehicle and an object which the driver needs to be able to see in
order to have room to stop before colliding with it. It is the total
distance travelled by a vehicle during a three-time interval.
1. The time for the driver to perceive the hazard

2. The time to react

3. The time to stop the vehicles after the brakes are applied.
Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) is composed of two parts

1. Distance travelled during the Perception Reaction time .

2. Distance travelled during the Braking Time.

𝑺𝑺𝑫 = 𝑫𝑷𝑻 + 𝑫𝑩𝑫


1. Distance Travelled During Perception Reaction Time

Recall that in Kinematics,

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

in this case

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 + 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

According to AASHTO, the allowable perception time taken by a driver should be 1.5s

and the allowable reaction time taken by a driver should not exceed 1.0s
2. Distance Travelled During Braking Time (Braking Distance)

When computing for Braking Distance, work-energy equation is easier to use.

𝑉2
𝐵𝐷 =
2𝑔(𝑓 ± 𝐺)

Where

V = Velocity

g = gravitational acceleration

f = coefficient of friction

G = Grade or Slope
Stopping Sight Distance For Summit and SagVertical
Curve Design
The length of curve is the critical element in providing sufficient SSD on a vertical curve.

Longer curve lengths provide more SSD, but are more costly to construct.

Shorter curve lengths are less expensive to construct but may not provide adequate SSD due to
more rapid changes in slope.

What is needed, then, is an expression for minimum curve length given a required SSD. In
developing such an expression, crest and sag vertical curves are considered separately.
The case of designing a crest vertical curve for adequate stopping sight distance is illustrated in Fig. 3.6.
To determine the minimum length of curve for a required sight distance, the properties of a parabola for
an equal tangent curve can be used to show that
According to AASHTO

H1 = 3.5 ft or 1.07 m
H2 = 2 ft or .61 m

𝐴 = 𝑔1 – 𝑔2

Where

A = Absolute value of difference


between grade at point 1 and grade at
point 2.
𝐴𝑆 2
𝑆<𝐿 𝐿=
122 + 3.5𝑆

(122 + 3.5𝑆)
𝑆>𝐿 𝐿 = 2𝑆 −
𝐴

𝐴𝑉 2
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑎𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐿=
395

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