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Triggers

Triggers concept of dbms

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Deepa Deepa
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21 views8 pages

Triggers

Triggers concept of dbms

Uploaded by

Deepa Deepa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Triggers

Row-level trigger:
CREATE TABLE customers (
ID INT PRIMARY KEY,
NAME VARCHAR(50),
AGE INT,
ADDRESS VARCHAR(100),
SALARY DECIMAL(10, 2)
);

INSERT INTO customers (ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY)


VALUES (1, 'Ramesh', 32, 'Ahmedabad', 2000.00);

INSERT INTO customers (ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY)


VALUES (2, 'Khilan', 25, 'Delhi', 1500.00);

INSERT INTO customers (ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY)


VALUES (3, 'Kaushik', 23, 'Kota', 2000.00);

INSERT INTO customers (ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY)


VALUES (4, 'Chaitali', 25, 'Mumbai', 6500.00);
INSERT INTO customers (ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY)
VALUES (5, 'Hardik', 27, 'Bhopal', 8500.00);

INSERT INTO customers (ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY)


VALUES (6, 'Komal', 22, 'MP', 4500.00);

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER display_salary_changes


BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON customers
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (NEW.ID > 0)
DECLARE
sal_diff number;
BEGIN
sal_diff := :NEW.salary - :OLD.salary;
dbms_output.put_line('Old salary: ' || :OLD.salary);
dbms_output.put_line('New salary: ' || :NEW.salary);
dbms_output.put_line('Salary difference: ' || sal_diff);
END;
/
INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (7, 'Kriti', 22, 'HP', 7500.00 );

UPDATE customers
SET salary = salary + 500
WHERE id = 2;

EX02:
SQL> CREATE TABLE students (
2 student_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
3 name VARCHAR2(50),
4 major VARCHAR2(50),
5 gpa NUMBER(3, 2)
6 );

Table created.

SQL> CREATE TABLE student_audit (


2 action_type VARCHAR2(10
3 student_id NUMBER,
4 name VARCHAR2(50),
5 major VARCHAR2(50),
6 gpa NUMBER(3, 2)
7 );

Table created.

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER before_insert_student


2 BEFORE INSERT ON students
3 FOR EACH ROW
4 BEGIN
5 IF :NEW.gpa < 0 OR :NEW.gpa > 10.0 THEN
6 RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'GPA must be between 0
and 10.0');
7 END IF;
8 END;
9 /

Trigger created.

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER after_insert_student


2 AFTER INSERT ON students
3 FOR EACH ROW
4 BEGIN
5 INSERT INTO student_audit (action_type, student_id, name, major, gpa)
6 VALUES
('INSERT', :NEW.student_id, :NEW.name, :NEW.major, :NEW.gpa);
7 END;
8 /

Trigger created.

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER before_update_student


2 BEFORE UPDATE ON students
3 FOR EACH ROW
4 BEGIN
5 IF :NEW.gpa < 0 OR :NEW.gpa > 10.0 THEN
6 RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20002, 'GPA must be between 0
and 10.0');
7 END IF;
8 END;
9 /

Trigger created.

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER after_update_student


2 AFTER UPDATE ON students
3 FOR EACH ROW
4 BEGIN
5 INSERT INTO student_audit (action_type, student_id, name, major, gpa)
6 VALUES
('UPDATE', :NEW.student_id, :NEW.name, :NEW.major, :NEW.gpa);
7 END;
8 /

Trigger created.

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER after_delete_student


2 AFTER DELETE ON students
3 FOR EACH ROW
4 BEGIN
5 INSERT INTO student_audit (action_type, student_id, name, major, gpa)
6 VALUES
('DELETE', :OLD.student_id, :OLD.name, :OLD.major, :OLD.gpa);
7 END;
8 /

Trigger created.

SQL> INSERT INTO students (student_id, name, major, gpa) VALUES (1,
'Alice', 'Computer Science', 8.8);

1 row created.

SQL> INSERT INTO students (student_id, name, major, gpa) VALUES (2,
'Bob', 'Mathematics',7.6);
1 row created.

SQL> INSERT INTO students (student_id, name, major, gpa) VALUES (3,
'Charlie', 'Physics', 8.9);

1 row created.

SQL> INSERT INTO students (student_id, name, major, gpa) VALUES (4,
'Diana', 'Chemistry', 6.7);

1 row created.

SQL> INSERT INTO students (student_id, name, major, gpa) VALUES (5,
'Evan', 'Biology', 7.5);

1 row created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM student_audit;

ACTION_TYP STUDENT_ID NAME MAJOR


GPA
INSERT 1 Alice Computer Science
8.8

INSERT 2 Bob Mathematics


7.6

INSERT 3 Charlie Physics


8.9
NSERT 4 Diana Chemistry
6.7

INSERT 5 Evan Biology


7.5

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER


auto_generate_student_id
BEFORE INSERT ON students
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF :NEW.student_id IS NULL THEN
SELECT NVL(MAX(student_id), 0) + 1
INTO :NEW.student_id FROM students;
END IF;
END;
/

Trigger created.

INSERT INTO students (name, major, gpa) VALUES ('Eve',


'Biology', 6.6);

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