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Engineering mechanics notes

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17 views17 pages

Selfstudys Com File

Engineering mechanics notes

Uploaded by

kartusika2004
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Formula & Short Notes for Strength of Materials Stress and strain Stress = Force / Area Normal stress Foce ‘Shear stiess me Foren ‘Dun sess ‘Normal inward forces Normal strane = one A Show etrece - “ngentislforce 5 _ Fe ‘ores a ooeP 5 Change in length Tiitowserain(e ) AL = Change in lemeth L Initial length change in norma Normal Sirain « any # Note the volume of the solid Is not changed by shear strain, Bulk strain Normal inward Forces compress the sod Since strain 1s mim its dintensioniess, tangential distacement ‘original normal length tim = y(rad) Shea Strain’ Nate 2: the angle isis radians, not degrees. = (change in volume) Bulk Strain = ‘original volume Brinell Hardness Number (BHN) oe. —__“oaieey ‘Surface Area of Indentation (mm* ), where D: Diameter of the ball indenter, aE Diiimehes af therm of ghewger manent impression, P. Load. Elastic constants: Stress _ Elastic(Modilus = 2 Strain € where, P = Standard load, D = Diameter of steel ball, and d = Diameter of the indent. Young's meduitus 0, =0, ando, =o, Principal Strain Mohr's Cirde- “2 z 82 Mohs ec fer plane sess and stra Different stress diagram STRAIN ENERGY Energy Methods: ( Formula to calculate the strain energy due to axial loads (tension): U=f P#/(2AE}dx limit OtoL. Where, P = Applied tensile load, L= Length of the member, A= Area of the member, and E = Young'smodulus. i) Formula to calculate the strain energy due tobending: M?/(2ENdx limit toL Where, M = Bending moment due to applied loads, E = Young's modulus, and I = Moment of inertia, Formula to calculate the strain energy due totorsion: U =f T?/(2G)) dx limit 0 toL Where, T= Applied Torsion , G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity, and J = Polar moment ofinertia (iv) Formula to calculate the strain energy due to pureshear: U=K J V7/(2GA) dx limit Oto Where, V=Shearload G= Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity A= Area of cr ss section. K = Constant depends upon shape of cross section. (v) Formula to calculate the strain energy due to pure shear, if shear stress isgiven: U=t?V/(2G) Where, t= ShearStress G= Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity V= Volume of the material. (vi) Formula to calculate the strain energy, ifthe moment value isgiven: U = M?L/ (2B) Where, M = Bending moment L = Length of the beam E = Young’smodulus I = Moment ofinertia (vii) Formula to calculate the strain energy , if the torsion moment value isgiven: = T#L/ (2G) Where, T= AppliedTorsion L=Length of the beam G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity J =Polar moment of inertia (vill) Formula to calculate the strain energy, if the applied tension load isgiven: U= PL /( 2AE) Where, P = Applied tensile load. L = Length of the member A= Area of the member ES ‘oung's modulus. (ix) Castigliano’s first theorem: 6=9U/ aP Where, 6 = Deflection, U= Strain Energy stored, and P = Load () Formula for deflection of a fixed beam with point load at centre: 8 wi? / 192EI This defection is % times the deflection of a simply supported beam. (xi) Formula for deflection of a fixed beam with uniformly distributed load: & =~ wit /384EI This defection is 5 times the deflection ofa simply supported beam. (xii) Formula for deflection of a fixed beam with eccentric point load: 80 = watb?/3 LIP Stresses due to Gradual Loading:- mil o= Ey © Sudden Loading:- © Impact Loading:- _P 2AEh on F(t4 f+ PL ) PL If Og =e Rada ty(An) +h An Uf h ta very small then A .f2hA,, Deflection, ‘Thermal Stresses:~ When bar isnot totally free to expand and can be expand free by goat 25 o= L ‘Temperature Stresses in Taper Bars:- Suess = aLaT =e ~ Hdd EB Tempertaure Stresses in Composite Bars origin 8 = 81 + y+ Bese yaw ia elay= as AL Cala eee) “Pas boexpand 3a 1 po = Aten WY. «the final position 1 Hooke's Law (Linear elasticity): Hooke's Law stated that within elastic limit, the linear relationship between simple stress and strain for a bar is expressed by equations. Where, E = Young's modulus of elasticity P= Applied load across a cross-sectional area Al = Change in length Original length Poisson's Ratio: 4 "Tensile bad t Lateral Stain Poisson Ratio = ————— Linear Stain Volumetric Strain: Change in Volume(5v) Volumetric Strain = 55 Futher Volumetric strain =e, * ¢, *e, (+07 +03) 201 +02 +5) hencethe nO =a Volumetric strait E Relationship between E, G, K and pi: © Modulus of rigi shear stress 1 Shear stress Modulus of rigidity, = © Bulk modulus:- x ~ Volumetric stress Volumetric strain gp _ yar & “dW va v ‘Negative sign shows decrease in volume. © Shear E =2G(1 +n) = 3K(1 - 2n) Stress E 9OKG in “GF 3K Retiang 3K — 2G ular A GK Beam Compound Stresses * Equation of Pure Bending &. y Section Modulus © Shearing Stress Fr w= VAY Where, 2 V = Shearing force A¥=First moment of area Tm = oe Tmax = 1-5tavg * Shear Stress Circular Beam 4v_4 Tet == = Tay 3A Moment of Inertia and Section Modulus Tabie 11.2.1 ‘Type of section Moment ot inertia | Ypax| Stops 2 2 = 2 a «wt a § | rape) >’ at ~ by 2 yo Le? ne ) 4 | z= D8 5 eres 3 aye g htaze y= Zora a“ sig maf od 2 12 hye 2 ca 1 tam GOP odd) | Tangle & Direct Stress where P = axial thrust, A = area of cross-section Bending Stress one where M = bending moment, y- distance of fibre from neutral axis, I= moment of inertia. Torsional Shear Stress ©: o where T = torque, r= radius of shaft, J = polar moment of inertia. Equivalent Torsional Moment Vi FT™ Equivalent Bending Moment M+ViP FT Support: Supports are tsed to provide Suitable reactions (Resisting f@rce)to beams or any body. Following types of supports are used . Simple support Roller support 3. Hinged (Pin) support Fixed support — i=—= ; Re Types of Beams 1. Simply supported beams 2, Over hanging beam 4A ¢ 8 3. Cantilever beams A ai —— 4, Continuous beams Types of Loads 1. Point load - 2, UniforiitVedistributed load (UDL) We feta} ‘Value of UDL = w * L KN point of application =» midpoint of AB 13.) Uniformly varying load (UVL) es 4 iZ.al Value of UVL =! » W « LIK pdit6f application = CG of triangle formed Pind Shea a 3 3 Shear forceaiid Bending Moment Relation = —M 0 oO Constant fmt | Constant | Constant Linear Shear | ms | om | Load Linear Linear | Parabolic Moment Ss op | 0 Constant | Linear Constant | Linear —§ Parabolic Shear =, ~~ ~~ | Linoar Parabolic | Cubic Buler’s Buckling Load EL Pesitical = — equ For both end hinged lequs= For one end fixed and other free lequs= 20 For both end fixed legui= 1/2 For one end fixed and other hinged lequ= I/VZ Slenderness Ratio (2) Lg = Effective length Tmnin= V(mind A) Thin = Least radius of gyration Rankine’s Formula for Columns = Py 1 F, ‘+ Pr=Crippling load by Rankine’s formula © Pes=6cs A = Ultimate crushing load for column Deflection in different Beams BEAM BENDING Crippling load obtained by Euler's formula ‘T= overall Fengih 3¢= load per unit length W~ point load, M= moment Max Deflection Max bending A ¥ kee >B @ ’ aSb, en V5bL +a) (under load) Torsion = Torque, Modulus of rigidity, lar moment of inertia Total angle of twist + GJ=Torsional rigidity « L=rorsional stiffness + 5 = Torsional A a EA + SH Axial stiffness i + Gq7 Axial flexibility Moment of Inertia About polar Axis ‘+ Moment of Inertia About polar Axis get, aT ga a For hollowcireular shaft x J==@-d qh -4) Compound Shaft © Series connection Where, 81 = Angular deformation of 1* shaft Te 62= Angular deformation of 2™ shaft Parallel Connection Strain Energy in Torsion For solid shaft, For hollow shaft, _7f P+é U x pe x Volume of shaft Thin Cylinder Circumferential Stress /Hoop Stress Longitudinal Stress © Hoop Strain + Longitudinal Strain + Ratio of Hoop Strain to Longitudinal Strain ey = 2S (5-4u) Stresses in Thin Spherical Shell + Hoop stress/longitudinal stress + Volumetric strain of sphere am! Gy ge Ha-» Thickness ratio of Cylindrical Shell with Hemisphere Ends Where v=! oisson Ratio

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