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2024_Differential_Equation_Lecture16

Uploaded by

yangyh2005
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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Differential Equations

微分方程
Jerry Tai
戴立嘉
Fall 2024

Complex Eigenvalues
and Phase Portraits
Two Specific Solutions

For a 2x2 System with Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors


and and

Specific Solutions:

or
Fundamental
Set of Solutions
Additionally, if the Eigenvectors are linearly independent

det

Then

and

Form a Fundamental Set of Solutions,

is the general solution.


Fundamental
Set of Solutions
For Linear System of ODEs

With Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors


and and

The General Solution Takes The Form


Not All Matrices Have Real
Eigenvalues/Eigenvectors

Has Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

and , and

Has The General Solution


Not All Matrices Have Real
Eigenvalues/Eigenvectors

Has The General Solution

Lots of Complex Numbers


We want a Real General Solution
Not All Matrices Have Real
Eigenvalues/Eigenvectors

Has The General Solution

Lots of Complex Numbers


We want a Real General Solution
Recall Euler’s Formula
Not All Matrices Have Real
Eigenvalues/Eigenvectors

Has The General Solution

Or

Just a Constant
Not All Matrices Have Real
Eigenvalues/Eigenvectors

Has The General Solution

Or

Just a Constant
Not All Matrices Have Real
Eigenvalues/Eigenvectors

Has The General Solution

Or

Just a Constant
Not All Matrices Have Real
Eigenvalues/Eigenvectors

Has The General Solution

Or

Just a Constant
Not All Matrices Have Real
Eigenvalues/Eigenvectors

Has The General Solution

Or
Some Things To Notice

Has Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

and , and

Are Complex Conjugates


Some Things To Notice

Has Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

and , and

Are Complex Conjugates


This Will Always Hold

If Has Complex Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

and then and

So In Practice, Only Need To Find


and
This Will Always Hold

If This Has Complex Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

and then and

So In Practice, Only Need To Find


and
General Solution

If This Has Eigenvalue and Eigenvector

The General Solution Is


General Solution

If This Has Eigenvalue and Eigenvector

The General Solution Is


Questions?
Phase Portraits
Remember Direction Fields:

4.1 ç ç ç

3.1 ç ç ç
y
2.1 ç ç ç

0.5 1.0 1.5 t


We Can Draw Direction Fields For 2D Systems
We Can Draw Direction Fields For 2D Systems

ç
We Can Draw Direction Fields For 2D Systems

ç
We Can Draw Direction Fields For 2D Systems

ç
We Can Draw Direction Fields For 2D Systems

ç
We Can Draw Direction Fields For 2D Systems

ç
We Can Draw Direction Fields For 2D Systems

ç
We Can Draw Direction Fields For 2D Systems

ç
We Can Draw Direction Fields For 2D Systems

ç ç
We Can Draw Direction Fields For 2D Systems

ç ç ç
We Can Draw Direction Fields For 2D Systems

ç ç ç

ç
We Can Draw Direction Fields For 2D Systems

ç ç ç

ç
We Can Draw Direction Fields For 2D Systems

ç ç ç

ç
We Can Draw Direction Fields For 2D Systems
We Can Draw Direction Fields For 2D Systems
A Plot With Many Solutions Is
Called a “Phase Portrait”
Phase Portraits Give Us An
Idea of How Solution Behaves
Summary
• Can use Euler’s formula to get general solutions to
systems of equations with complex eigenvalues

• Can use phase portraits to examine the behavior of


different systems
Questions?

I’ll see you guys next time!

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