Question on Artificial Neural Network(ANN):

1. What is an Artificial Neural Network, and how does it work?

2. What are activation functions, tell me the type of the activation functions and why
are they used in neural networks?
3. What is backpropagation, and how does it work in training neural networks?
4. What is the vanishing gradient and exploding gradient problem, and how can it
affect neural network training?
5. How do you prevent overfitting in neural networks?
6. What is dropout, and how does it help in training neural networks?
7. How do you choose the number of layers and neurons for a neural network?
8. What is transfer learning, and when is it useful?
9. What is a loss function, and how do you choose the appropriate one for your
model?
10. Explain the concept of gradient descent and its variations like stochastic gradient
descent (SGD) and mini-batch gradient descent.
11. What is the role of a learning rate in neural network training, and how do you
optimize it?
12. What are some common neural network based architectures, and when would
you use them?
13. What is a convolutional neural network (CNN), and how does it differ from an
artificial neural network?
14. How does a recurrent neural network (RNN) work, and what are its limitations?

Questions on Classical Natural Language Processing:

1. What is tokenization? Give me a difference between lemmatization and

stemming?
2. Explain the concept of Bag of Words (BoW) and its limitations.
3. How does TF-IDF work, and how is it different from simple word frequency?
4. What is word embedding, and why is it useful in NLP?
5. What are some common applications of NLP in real-world systems?
6. What is Named Entity Recognition (NER), and where is it applied?
7. How does Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) work for topic modeling?
8. What are transformers in NLP, and how have they impacted the field?
9. What is transfer learning, and how is it applied in NLP?
10. How do you handle out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words in NLP models?
11. Explain the concept of attention mechanisms and their role in sequence-to-
sequence tasks.
12. What is a language model, and how is it evaluated?
Questions on Transformer and Its Extended Architecture:

1. Describe the concept of learning rate scheduling and its role in optimizing the
training process of generative models over time.
2. Discuss the concept of transfer learning in the context of natural language
processing. How do pre-trained language models contribute to various NLP
tasks?
3. Highlight the key differences between models like GPT (Generative Pre-trained
Transformer) and BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from
Transformers)?
4. What problems of RNNs do transformer models solve?
5. How is the transformer different from RNN and LSTM?
6. How does BERT work, and what makes it different from previous NLP models?
7. Why is incorporating relative positional information crucial in transformer models?
Discuss scenarios where relative position encoding is particularly beneficial.
8. What challenges arise from the fixed and limited attention span in the vanilla
Transformer model? How does this limitation affect the model's ability to capture
long-term dependencies?
9. Why is naively increasing context length not a straightforward solution for
handling longer context in transformer models? What computational and memory
challenges does it pose?
10. How does self-attention work?
11. What pre-training mechanisms are used for LLMs, explain a few
12. Why is multi-head attention needed?
13. What is RLHF, how is it used?
14. What is catastrophic forgetting in the context of LLMs
15. In a transformer-based sequence-to-sequence model, what are the primary
functions of the encoder and decoder? How does information flow between them
during both training and inference?
16. Why is positional encoding crucial in transformer models, and what issue does it
address in the context of self-attention operations?
17. When applying transfer learning to fine-tune a pre-trained transformer for a
specific NLP task, what strategies can be employed to ensure effective
knowledge transfer, especially when dealing with domain-specific data?
18. Discuss the role of cross-attention in transformer-based encoder-decoder
models. How does it facilitate the generation of output sequences based on
information from the input sequence?
19. Compare and contrast the impact of using sparse (e.g., cross-entropy) and
dense (e.g., mean squared error) loss functions in training language models.
20. How can reinforcement learning be integrated into the training of large language
models, and what challenges might arise in selecting suitable loss functions for
RL-based approaches?
21. In multimodal language models, how is information from visual and textual
modalities effectively integrated to perform tasks such as image captioning or
visual question answering?
22. Explain the role of cross-modal attention mechanisms in models like VisualBERT
or CLIP. How do these mechanisms enable the model to capture relationships
between visual and textual elements?
23. For tasks like image-text matching, how is the training data typically annotated to
create aligned pairs of visual and textual information, and what considerations
should be taken into account?
24. When training a generative model for image synthesis, what are common loss
functions used to evaluate the difference between generated and target images,
and how do they contribute to the training process?
25. What is perceptual loss, and how is it utilized in image generation tasks to
measure the perceptual similarity between generated and target images? How
does it differ from traditional pixel-wise loss functions?
26. What is Masked language-image modeling?
27. How do attention weights obtained from the cross-attention mechanism influence
the generation process in multimodal models? What role do these weights play in
determining the importance of different modalities?
28. What are the unique challenges in training multimodal generative models
compared to unimodal generative models?
29. How do multimodal generative models address the issue of data sparsity in
training?
30. Explain the concept of Vision-Language Pre-training (VLP) and its significance in
developing robust vision-language models.
31. How do models like CLIP and DALL-E demonstrate the integration of vision and
language modalities?
32. How do attention mechanisms enhance the performance of vision-language
models?
33. Questions on Fundamental of LLMs:
34. Describe your experience working with text generation using generative models.
35. Could you illustrate the fundamental differences between discriminative and
generative models?
36. With what types of generative models you worked, and in what contexts?
37. Hint: Different LLM models and in which project you have used it
38. What is multimodal AI, and why is it important in modern machine learning
applications?
39. Discuss how multimodal AI combines different types of data to improve model
performance, enhance user experience, and provide richer context for decision-
making in applications like search engines and virtual assistants.
40. Can you explain the concept of cross-modal learning and provide examples of
how it is applied?
41. Explore how cross-modal learning enables models to leverage information from
one modality (e.g., text) to improve understanding in another (e.g., images),
citing applications such as image captioning or visual question answering.
42. What are some common challenges faced in developing multimodal models, and
how can they be addressed?
43. Identify issues such as data alignment, the complexity of model architectures,
and the difficulty in optimizing for multiple modalities. Discuss potential solutions
like attention mechanisms or joint embedding spaces.
44. How do architects like CLIP and DALL-E utilize multimodal data, and what
innovations do they bring to the field?
45. Explain how CLIP combines text and image data for tasks like zero-shot
classification, while DALL-E generates images from textual descriptions,
emphasizing their impact on creative applications and content generation.
46. Describe the importance of data preprocessing and representation in multimodal
learning. How do you ensure that different modalities can be effectively
combined?
47. Discuss techniques for normalizing and embedding different data types, such as
using CNNs for images and transformers for text, and how these representations
facilitate integration in a unified model.
48. In the context of sentiment analysis, how can multimodal approaches improve
accuracy compared to text-only models?
49. Analyze how incorporating visual or audio cues alongside textual data can
enhance the understanding of sentiment, especially in complex contexts like
social media or video content.
50. What metrics would you use to evaluate the performance of a multimodal model,
and why are they different from traditional models?
51. Discuss evaluation metrics that specifically address the challenges of multimodal
data integration, such as precision and recall for each modality and overall task
performance.
52. How do you handle the issue of imbalanced data when working with different
modalities in a multimodal dataset?
53. Explore strategies such as data augmentation, balancing techniques, or synthetic
data generation to ensure that models receive sufficient training from all
modalities.
 54. Can you give examples of industries or applications where multimodal AI is
making a significant impact?
55. Highlight fields like healthcare (combining medical images with patient records),
entertainment (personalized recommendations), and autonomous systems
(integrating sensory data for navigation).
56. What future trends do you foresee in the development of multimodal AI, and how
might they shape the way we interact with technology?
57. Discuss anticipated advancements such as improved integration techniques,
more sophisticated models capable of understanding context across modalities,
and potential ethical considerations in their application.

Questions on Word and Sentence Embeddings:

1. What is the fundamental concept of embeddings in machine learning, and how

do they represent information in a more compact form compared to raw input
data?
2. Compare and contrast word embeddings and sentence embeddings. How do
their applications differ, and what considerations come into play when choosing
between them?
3. Explain the concept of contextual embeddings. How do models like BERT
generate contextual embeddings, and in what scenarios are they advantageous
compared to traditional word embeddings?
4. Discuss the challenges and strategies involved in generating cross-modal
embeddings, where information from multiple modalities, such as text and image,
is represented in a shared embedding space.
5. When training word embeddings, how can models be designed to effectively
capture representations for rare words with limited occurrences in the training
data?
6. Discuss common regularization techniques used during the training of
embeddings to prevent overfitting and enhance the generalization ability of
models.
7. How can pre-trained embeddings be leveraged for transfer learning in
downstream tasks, and what advantages does transfer learning offer in terms of
embedding generation?
8. What is quantization in the context of embeddings, and how does it contribute to
reducing the memory footprint of models while preserving representation quality?
9. When dealing with high-cardinality categorical features in tabular data, how
would you efficiently implement and train embeddings using a neural network to
capture meaningful representations
 10. When dealing with large-scale embeddings, propose and implement an efficient
method for nearest neighbor search to quickly retrieve similar embeddings from a
massive database.
11. In scenarios where an LLM encounters out-of-vocabulary words during
embedding generation, propose strategies for handling such cases.
12. Propose metrics for quantitatively evaluating the quality of embeddings
generated by an LLM. How can the effectiveness of embeddings be assessed in
tasks like semantic similarity or information retrieval?
13. Explain the concept of triplet loss in the context of embedding learning.
14. In loss functions like triplet loss or contrastive loss, what is the significance of the
margin parameter?
15. Discuss challenges related to overfitting in LLMs during training. What strategies
and regularization techniques are effective in preventing overfitting, especially
when dealing with massive language corpora?
16. Large Language Models often require careful tuning of learning rates. How do
you adapt learning rates during training to ensure stable convergence and
efficient learning for LLMs?
17. When generating sequences with LLMs, how can you handle long context
lengths efficiently? Discuss techniques for managing long inputs during real-time
inference.
18. What evaluation metrics can be used to judge LLM generation quality
19. Hallucination in LLMs is a known issue, how can you evaluate and mitigate it?
20. What is a mixture of expert models?
21. Why might over-reliance on perplexity as a metric be problematic in evaluating
LLMs? What aspects of language understanding might it overlook?
22. How do models like Stability Diffusion leverage LLMs to understand complex text
prompts and generate high-quality images?(internal mechanism of stable
diffusion model)

Questions on RAG and Multimodel RAG:

1. What is Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)?

2. Can you explain the text generation difference between RAG and direct language
models?
3. What are some common applications of RAG in AI?
4. How does RAG improve the accuracy of responses in AI models?
5. What is the significance of retrieval models in RAG?
6. What types of data sources are typically used in RAG systems?
7. How does RAG contribute to the field of conversational AI?
8. What is the role of the retrieval component in RAG?
9. How does RAG handle bias and misinformation?
10. What are the benefits of using RAG over other NLP techniques?
11. Can you discuss a scenario where RAG would be particularly useful?
12. How does RAG integrate with existing machine learning pipelines?
13. What challenges does RAG solve in natural language processing?
14. How does the RAG pipeline ensure the retrieved information is up-to-date?
15. Can you explain how RAG models are trained?
16. What is the impact of RAG on the efficiency of language models?
17. How does RAG differ from Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT)?
18. In what ways can RAG enhance human-AI collaboration?
19. Can you explain the technical architecture of a RAG system?
20. How does RAG maintain context in a conversation?
21. What are the limitations of RAG?
22. How does RAG handle complex queries that require multi-hop reasoning?
23. Can you discuss the role of knowledge graphs in RAG?
24. What are the ethical considerations when implementing RAG systems?
25. What is Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), and how does it differ from
traditional generation models?
26. Hint: Discuss the core idea of RAG models, which combine generative and
retrieval mechanisms to enhance output quality and accuracy, and contrast it
with standard generative models that rely solely on pre-trained knowledge.
27. How can multimodal data be utilized within RAG frameworks to improve
information retrieval and generation?
28. Hint: Explore how incorporating various modalities (text, images, audio) into the
RAG architecture allows for richer context during retrieval and generates more
relevant and nuanced responses.
29. What are the challenges of implementing multimodal RAG, particularly regarding
data integration and model training?
30. Hint: Identify difficulties such as aligning representations from different
modalities, ensuring data quality across diverse sources, and managing the
complexity of training models that handle multiple input types.
31. Can you describe a specific application of multimodal RAG in a real-world
scenario? What are its benefits over unimodal approaches?
32. Hint: Provide examples from industries like healthcare (combining patient
records and medical images) or education (integrating textbooks and videos) to
illustrate how multimodal RAG can lead to better decision-making and content
understanding.
33. What evaluation metrics would be suitable for assessing the performance of
multimodal RAG systems? How do they differ from those used in traditional RAG
models?
 34. Hint: Discuss metrics such as BLEU for text generation, precision and recall for
retrieval tasks, and user engagement metrics, focusing on how they need to
account for the performance of both retrieval and generation components in a
multimodal context.
35. How would you design a multimodal RAG system for a specific industry, such as
healthcare or education? What key components would you include, and how
would they interact?
36. What techniques can be used to ensure effective alignment and integration of
different modalities in a RAG pipeline?
37. In a multimodal RAG setup, how would you evaluate the quality and relevance of
generated content? What metrics or benchmarks would you consider?
38. What challenges do you anticipate when scaling a multimodal RAG system to
handle large datasets, and how would you address them?
39. Can you provide an example of a potential ethical concern associated with
multimodal RAG systems? How would you mitigate this issue?
40. Hint: Candidates should be able to discuss ethical implications, such as biases in
training data or privacy concerns regarding sensitive information, and propose
strategies for bias detection, transparency, and responsible AI practices.

Questions on fine tuning:

1. What is Fine-tuning?
2. Describe the Fine-tuning process.
3. What are the different Fine-tuning methods?
4. When should you go for fine-tuning?
5. What is the difference between Fine-tuning and Transfer Learning?
6. Write about the instruction finetune and explain how does it work
7. Explaining RLHF in Detail.
8. Write the different RLHF techniques
9. Explaining PEFT in Detail.
10. What is LoRA and QLoRA?
11. Define “pre-training” vs. “fine-tuning” in LLMs.
12. How do you train LLM models with billions of parameters?(training pipeline of llm)
13. How does LoRA work?
14. How do you train an LLM model that prevents prompt hallucinations?
15. How do you prevent bias and harmful prompt generation?
16. How does proximal policy gradient work in a prompt generation?
17. How does knowledge distillation benefit LLMs?
18. What’s “few-shot” learning in LLMs?(RAG)
19. Evaluating LLM performance metrics?
20. How would you use RLHF to train an LLM model?(RLHF)
 21. What techniques can be employed to improve the factual accuracy of text
generated by LLMs?(RAGA)
22. How would you detect drift in LLM performance over time, especially in real-world
production settings?(monitoring and evaluation metrics)
23. Describe strategies for curating a high-quality dataset tailored for training a
generative AI model.
24. What methods exist to identify and address biases within training data that might
impact the generated output?(eval metrics)
25. How would you fine-tune LLM for domain-specific purposes like financial and
medical applications?
26. Explain the algorithm architecture for LLAMA and other LLMs alike. Transformer
architecture

Questions on Vector Database:

1. What are vector databases, and how do they differ from traditional relational
databases?

Hint: Discuss the fundamental differences in data storage, retrieval methods, and
the use cases that vector databases are designed to address, particularly in
handling unstructured data and similarity search.

1. Explain how vector embeddings are generated and their role in vector databases.

Hint: Describe the process of transforming data into vector representations using
techniques like Word2Vec, BERT, or other neural network architectures, and how
these embeddings facilitate efficient similarity searches.

1. What are the key challenges in indexing and searching through high-dimensional
vector spaces?

Hint: Explore issues such as the curse of dimensionality, efficient data structures
(like KD-trees, LSH, or HNSW), and the importance of approximating nearest
neighbor searches to improve performance.

1. How do you evaluate the performance of a vector database in terms of search

efficiency and accuracy?
 Hint: Discuss relevant metrics for performance evaluation, such as recall,
precision, latency, and throughput, and how these metrics influence the choice of a
vector database for specific applications.

1. Can you describe a scenario where you would prefer using a vector database
over a traditional database?

Hint: Provide examples such as applications in recommendation systems,

semantic search, or image retrieval, where the ability to quickly find similar items
based on their vector representations is crucial.

1. What are some popular vector databases available today, and what unique
features do they offer?

Hint: Mention databases like Pinecone, Weaviate, Milvus, and Faiss, discussing
their architectures, scalability options, and specific features that cater to different
use cases.

1. How do vector databases support machine learning workflows, particularly in

deploying AI models?

Hint: Explain how vector databases can be integrated into the ML lifecycle for tasks
such as model serving, feature storage, and facilitating real-time inference.

1. What techniques can be employed to ensure the scalability of a vector database

as the dataset grows?

Hint: Discuss methods such as sharding, distributed computing, and efficient

indexing strategies that help maintain performance in larger datasets.

1. How can you handle vector data that may have different dimensionalities or
representations?

Hint: Explore normalization techniques, dimensionality reduction methods (like

PCA or t-SNE), and strategies for maintaining consistency across various data
sources.

1. What role does vector similarity play in applications like recommendation

systems or natural language processing?
 Hint: Discuss how vector similarity measures (like cosine similarity or Euclidean
distance) are crucial for ranking and retrieval tasks in these domains.

Questions on LLMOPs & system design:

1. You need to design a system that uses an LLM to generate responses to a

massive influx of user queries in near real-time. Discuss strategies for scaling,
load balancing, and optimizing for rapid response times.
2. How would you incorporate caching mechanisms into an LLM-based system to
improve performance and reduce computational costs? What kinds of information
would be best suited for caching?
3. How would you reduce model size and optimize for deployment on resource-
constrained devices (e.g., smartphones)?
4. Discuss the trade-offs of using GPUs vs. TPUs vs. other specialized hardware
when deploying large language models.
5. How would you build a ChatGPT-like system?
6. System design an LLM for code generation tasks. Discuss potential challenges.
7. Describe an approach to using generative AI models for creating original music
compositions.
8. How would you build an LLM-based question-answering system for a specific
domain or complex dataset?
9. What design considerations are important when building a multi-turn
conversational AI system powered by an LLM?
10. How can you control and guide the creative output of generative models for
specific styles or purposes?
11. How do you monitor LLM systems once productionized?

Questions on evaluation methods:

1. What are some common evaluation metrics used in NLP, and how do you decide
which one to use?
2. How do you approach model evaluation differently for generative AI tasks like
text generation versus classification tasks?
3. What is the importance of human evaluation in NLP, especially for generative AI?
4. How do you evaluate models for bias and fairness, especially in NLP tasks?
5. What is perplexity, and why is it used to evaluate language models?
6. How do you evaluate the coherence and relevance of text generated by an NLP
model?
7. Discuss metrics like BLEU, METEOR, and human evaluation for coherence and
relevance, particularly in conversational AI or creative text generation.
8. What methods can be used to assess the diversity of generated text?
 9. What role does prompt engineering play in evaluation, especially for models like
GPT?
10. What are ROUGE scores, and why are they commonly used for summarization?
11. Explain the ROUGE metric and its variants (ROUGE-N, ROUGE-L) as measures
of overlap between model-generated summaries and reference summaries.
12. How would you assess the informativeness and conciseness of a summarization
model?
13. How do you evaluate retrieval quality in RAG models, and why is it important
14. What strategies do you use to reduce hallucination in RAG models?
15. How do you determine if fine-tuning has improved a model’s performance on a
specific task?
16. Discuss comparing baseline metrics with fine-tuned metrics, tracking loss curves,
and using task-specific metrics to measure improvement.
17. What challenges arise when fine-tuning large language models, and how do you
mitigate them?
18. Talk about overfitting, the need for robust validation datasets, and regularization
techniques that ensure generalizability in fine-tuned models.
19. How do you assess the quality of generated samples from a generative model?

Hint: explain all the évaluations techniques

1. How would you set up an A/B test to evaluate two NLP models?
2. Describe the importance of testing with a live audience, creating
control/experimental groups, and using click-through rates or engagement
metrics in addition to core NLP metrics.
3. How do latency and efficiency factor into evaluating NLP models, especially in
production settings?
4. What’s the role of explainability in NLP evaluation, especially for high-stakes
applications?
5. How do you measure user satisfaction with an NLP model deployed in a real-
world application?
6. What is domain adaptation, and how do you evaluate it after fine-tuning a model
on domain-specific data?
7. How would you evaluate the robustness of an NLP model to adversarial attacks?

Some miscellaneous questions:

1. What ethical considerations are crucial when deploying generative models, and
how do you address them?
1. Can you describe a challenging project involving generative models that you've
tackled
 Hint: discuss the challenge which you faced inside your project managerial round
or director round

1. Can you explain the concept of latent space in generative models?

1. Have you implemented conditional generative models? If so, what techniques did
you use for conditioning?
2. Discuss the trade-offs between different generative models, such as GANs vs.
VAEs.
1. What are the primary differences between Hugging Face Transformers,
Datasets, and Tokenizers libraries, and how do they integrate to streamline NLP
workflows?
1. Describe how to use Hugging Face Pipelines for end-to-end inference. What
types of NLP tasks can pipelines handle, and what are the main advantages of
using them?
1. How does Hugging Face's Accelerate library improve model training, and what
challenges does it address in scaling NLP models across different
2. hardware setups?
1. How does Hugging Face's transformers library facilitate transfer learning, and
what are the typical steps for fine-tuning a pre-trained model on a custom
dataset?
1. What role does multi-modality play in the latest LLMs, and how does it enhance
their functionality?
1. What are the implications of the rapid advancement of LLMs on industries such
as healthcare, education, and content creation?