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7 views13 pages

Categories and objects

Uploaded by

shiwangi.2125it1190
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Categories

and Objects

CS869
IT8601 Events 1
1
Events
• Event calculus, models how the truth value of relations
changes because of events occurring at certain times.
• Event E occurring at time T is written as event(E,T).
• It is designed to allow reasoning over intervals of time.

CS869
1
Reified Fluents in Event calculus
Fluents: Is a condition that can change over time.
• In logical approach, fluent is a predicate or function that
vary from one situation to the next.
– “the box is on the table” - On(box, table)
– if it can change over time - On(box, table, t)
– Here “On” is a predicate.
• Fluents can also be represented by functions are said to
be reification
• When using reified fluents, a separate predicate is
necessary to tell when a fluent is actually true or not.
• For example, HoldsAt(on(box,table), t) means that the box is
actually on the table at time t, where the predicate HoldsAt
is the one that tells when fluents are true.
• This representation of reified fluents is used in the event
calculus.
CS869
1
Complete set of predicates for one
version of the event calculus
• HoldsAt(f,t) - Fluent f is true at time t
• Happens(e, i) - Event e happens at time i
• Initiates (e, f , t) - Event e causes fluent f to be true after
time t
• Terminates (e, f , t) - Event e causes fluent f to cease
after time t
• Clipped(t, f, t2) - Fluent f ceases to be true at some point
during time interval between t and t2
• Restored(t, f, t2) - Fluent f becomes true sometime during
time interval between t and t2

CS869
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The Axioms of the Simple Event Calculus

• Collection of axioms relating the various predicates


together to represent an action

• A fluent is true at time t if and only if it has been made


true in the past and has not been made false in the
meantime.

CS869
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Contd..
• The Clipped predicate, stating that a fluent has been made
false during an interval, can be axiomatized as follows:

Clipped(t1, f, t2) e, t[Happens(e, t)t1 ≤t<t2Terminates(e, f,t)]

• The Restored predicate, stating that a fluent has been made


true during an interval, can be axiomatized as follows:

Restored(t1, f, t2) e, t[ Happens(e, t)t1 ≤t<t2Initiates(e, f, t)]

Example
Happens(Turnoff(LightSwitch1),1:00) – Lightswitch was turned
off at exactly 1:00
CS869
1
Processes
• Any subinterval of a process is also a member of same
process category called process category or liquid category
• Any process e that happens over an interval also happens
over any subinterval:

(e  Processes)  Happens(e, (t1, t4))  (t1 < t2 < t3 < t4) 


Happens(e, (t2, t3))

Example:
In(Shankar, New Delhi) – Shankar being in New Delhi
T(In(Shankar, New Delhi), Today) – He was in New Delhi all
day

CS869
1
Time Interval

• Time is important to any agent that takes action


• 2 kinds of time intervals:
1. moments
2. extended intervals
• The distinction is that only moments have zero duration
– Partition ({Moments , ExtendedIntervals },
Intervals )
– iMoments  Duration(i)=Seconds(0)

CS869
1
Time scale

The moment at midnight (GMT) on Jan 1, 1900 has time 0

• Interval(i) ‹ Duration(i)=(Time(End(i))−Time(Begin(i))).
• Time (Begin (AD 1900)) = Seconds (0).
• Time(Begin(AD2001)) = Seconds(3187324800)
• Time(End(AD2001))=Seconds(3218860800)
• Duration(AD2001)= Seconds(31536000)

CS869
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Predicate of time intervals

CS869 10
1 Logic of time intervals
Fluents and objects
• Physical objects can be viewed as generalized events, in
the sense that a physical object is a chunk of space–time.
• President(USA, t) is a logical term that denotes a different
object at different times.
• To say that George Washington was president throughout
1790, we can write

T (Equals (President (USA), GeorgeWashington ), AD 1790)

object President(USA) for the first 15 years of its existence


CS869
IT8601
1
Source of Information

• Textbook
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Fluent_(artificial_intelligence)
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_calculus
• https://artint.info/html/ArtInt_336.html
• https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~mpsha/ECExplained.pdf

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