WORKSPACE AUTOMATION

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to the Bharathiar University in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Submitted By
SWETHA.M (21BEC013)

Under the Guidance of

Dr. S. SHANKAR M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Systems
Sri Krishna Arts and Science College, Coimbatore – 641 008

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

SRI KRISHNA ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

An Autonomous College Affiliated to Bharathiar University
Re-Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade
Kuniyamuthur (PO), Coimbatore - 641008

MARCH 2024

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “WORKSPACE AUTOMATION”

submitted to the Bharathiar University, in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

award of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communication Systems is

a record of original project work done by SWETHA.M (21BEC013) during the period of

2023-2024 of her study in the Department of Electronics and Communication Systems at

Sri Krishna Arts and Science College, Coimbatore under my supervision and guidance and

the project report has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree/ Diploma/

Associateship/ Fellowship or other similar title of any candidate of any University.

GUIDE HOD DEAN

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

VIVA-VOCE HELD ON _________________

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 DECLARATION

I, SWETHA.M(21BEC013) hereby declare that the project entitle “WORKSPACE

AUTOMATION” submitted to the Bharathiar University in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics and

Communication Systems, is a record of original and independent project work done by me

during the year 2023-2024 under the supervision and guidance of

Dr. S. Shankar, M.Sc., M.Phi, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and

Communication Systems, Sri Krishna Arts and Science College, Coimbatore. The project

report has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree/ Diploma/ Associateship/

Fellowship or other similar title to any candidate in any University.

SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

SWETHA.M
(21BEC013)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I thank Almighty for guiding me throughout this endeavor. The satisfaction that
accompanies the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without the mention
of the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement crowned
my efforts with success in various stages. There are number of people who helped me to get
through this and finish the course.
I immensely grateful and thankful to Smt. S. Malarvizhi, Chairperson and Managing Trustee,
Sri Krishna Institutions, Mr. K. Adithya, Managing Trustee and Secretary, Sri Krishna
Institutions, Dr. K. Sundararaman, Chief Executive Officer, Sri Krishna Institutions,
Coimbatore, Dr. R. Jagajeevan, Principal, Sri Krishna Arts and Science College, Coimbatore,
Dr. O.M. Saravanakumar, Department Head of Electronics Communication Systems and
Dr. V. A. Rinsey Antony, Dean of Applied Sciences, Sri Krishna Arts and Science College,
Coimbatore for giving me the opportunity and support to pursue our undergraduate degree.
I express my deep sense of gratitude and thanks to
Dr SHANKAR S Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication
Systems for supervising my project work, and for not only nourishing electronics but also
inculcating good qualities in me. His insight and advises were always valuable and
appreciated.
I extend my earnest gratitude to the faculty members of Electronics and Communication
Systems , Sri Krishna Arts and Science College, Coimbatore for their supports in many ways.
The Department of ECS has provided the support and lab facilities for the completion of this
work.
I am using this opportunity to express our gratitude to friends and everyone who supported
me throughout this course of study. I thankful for their aspiring guidance, invaluably
constructive criticism and friendly advice during the project work.
Especially, my foremost gratitude and respect go to my parents, for their unconditional love
and dedication. I would like to deeply appreciate them for all the sacrifices they made for me,
and for providing me an everlasting support for doing my undergraduate degree.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page. No.

No
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Workspace Automation 1
1.2 Importance of Workspace Automation 1
1.3 Literature Review 3
1.4 Motivation Of the Project 4
1.5 Benefits of Workspace Automation 5

1.6 Objective of the project Work 6

2 HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE 8

2.1 Proposed system and specifications 8

2.2 Block Diagram 10

2.3 Block Diagram Description 10

2.4 Circuit Diagram 10

2.5 Working principle 13

3 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 14
3.1 Node ESP 8266 14
3.2 Flame Sensor 21
3.3 IR Sensor 24
3.4 LCD 26
3.5 I2C 30

3.6 2V Motor 32

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 3.7 Switching Device 35
3.7.1 Relay 35
3.8 Buzzer 38

4 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 40

4.1 Arduino IDE 40

4.2 Source Code 50

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 58

5.1 Results 58

5.2 Discussions 60

6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT 61

6.1 Conclusion 61

6.2 Future Enchancement 61

Reference 63

Reference Website 64

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 ABSTRACT

This project presents the development of an automation system utilizing two ESP8266 nodes
—a master and a slave—to manage parking spaces and enhance fire safety measures. The
master node, equipped with an LCD display, provides real-time updates on parking
availability, while the slave node integrates sensors such as IR and flame sensors for parking
occupancy detection and fire detection, respectively. Upon detecting a fire incident, the
system triggers an alarm, activates a water sprinkler system, and provides visual and audible
alerts for immediate action. Additionally, the slave node controls power to a workstation's fan
and light, ensuring energy efficiency. Seamless communication between the nodes facilitates
efficient data exchange and coordination, enhancing the system's overall functionality. Future
enhancements include remote monitoring, advanced analytics, and integration with smart
infrastructure to further improve efficiency and safety. Overall, the proposed system offers a
comprehensive solution for parking management and fire safety in various settings.

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FIGURE CAPTIONS

Figure Page
Title of the Figure
Number Number
Block Diagram of Benefits of Workspace
1.1 Automation 6

Block Diagram of Workspace

1.2 7

Block Diagram of Workspace Automation using

2.1 10
ESP 8266
2.2 Circuit Diagram 12
3.1 ESP 8266 15
3.2 Pin Diagram of ESP 8266 18
3.3 Flame Sensor 24
3.4 IR Sensor 26
3.5 LCD 27
3.6 Pin Diagram of LCD 30
3.7 I2C Node 32
3.8 2V Motor 34
3.9 Relay 36

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WORKSPACE AUTOMATION 2023-2024

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 WORKSPACE AUTOMATION

Workspace automation refers to the integration of technology-driven solutions to
streamline and optimize processes within work environments, enhancing efficiency,
productivity, and overall operational effectiveness. It encompasses the automation of
routine tasks, the integration of systems and workflows, and the utilization of advanced
technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and data analytics to create
smarter, more efficient workplaces.

At its core, workspace automation aims to reduce manual intervention in repetitive tasks,
enabling employees to focus on more strategic and value-added activities. By automating
routine processes, organizations can achieve greater efficiency, accuracy, and consistency
in their operations, leading to improved performance and outcomes.

1.2 IMPORTANCE OF WORKSPACE AUTOMATION

Enhanced Efficiency and Productivity:

Workspace automation streamlines processes, eliminates manual tasks, and

reduces inefficiencies, resulting in improved productivity levels. By automating routine
and repetitive tasks, employees can focus their time and energy on more strategic, value-
added activities, driving overall performance and competitiveness.

Cost Reduction and Resource Optimization:

Automation helps organizations optimize resource allocation, minimize

waste, and reduce operational costs. By automating workflows, organizations can
achieve greater efficiency in resource utilization, leading to cost savings and improved
profitability.

Improved Accuracy and Consistency:

Manual processes are prone to errors and inconsistencies, which can have
significant implications for organizational performance and reputation. Workspace

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automation ensures accuracy and consistency in tasks such as data entry, document
processing, and compliance, minimizing the risk of errors and enhancing operational
reliability.

Adaptability to Changing Business Needs:

In today's dynamic business environment, organizations must be agile and

adaptable to respond to changing market conditions and customer demands. Workspace
automation provides the flexibility and scalability needed to adapt quickly to evolving
business needs, enabling organizations to stay ahead of the curve and maintain a
competitive edge.

Enhanced Employee Experience:

Automation simplifies and streamlines workflows, making work more

efficient and enjoyable for employees. By automating repetitive tasks and providing
tools and technologies to support collaboration and innovation, organizations can
enhance employee satisfaction, engagement, and retention, driving overall organizational
success.

Faster Decision-Making and Innovation:

Automation provides access to real-time data and insights, enabling faster

decision-making and more informed strategic planning. By leveraging automation
technologies such as AI and data analytics, organizations can unlock valuable insights,
identify opportunities for innovation, and drive business growth.

Facilitation of Remote Work and Digital Collaboration:

The rise of remote work and digital collaboration has accelerated the adoption
of workspace automation. Automation enables seamless communication, collaboration,
and workflow management in virtual work environments, ensuring continuity of
operations and productivity regardless of location.

Compliance and Risk Management:

Automation helps organizations ensure compliance with regulatory

requirements, industry standards, and internal policies. By automating compliance-

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related processes such as data privacy, security, and audit trails, organizations can
mitigate risks and protect against potential liabilities.

1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW

Title: IMPLEMENTATION OF ROOM AUTOMATION USING CLOUD BASED
MONITERING SYSTEM

Authors: Manjeet Singh , Shimi S.L

Publisher: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Inventive Systems and

Control (ICISC 2018) IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part Number:CFP18J06-ART, ISBN:978-1-
5386-0807-4; DVD Part Number:CFP18J06DVD, ISBN:978-1-5386-0806-7

As the time spent inside the office and comfort level is rising, the office room is alter for
automatic control and observation of various parameters. Internet of things (IoT) system
proposed in this paper based on arm controller and Thingspeak cloud provide solution for
automatic control of office room appliances such as light, fan, AC by considering human
comfort. Various office room parameters like temperature, light intensity, connected load,
energy consumption, voltage and current consumption can also be monitored and analyzed
from anywhere over the internet. Electrical appliances will turn on only when there is
presence detected by the PIR sensors. Workable room environment such as light intensity and
room temperature are maintained and monitored by using lux sensor and temperature sensor
respectively. The room automation system based on IoT consist of sensors (temperature
sensor, lux sensor), arm controller board, multifunction energy meter, ESP8266 Wi-Fi
module and Wi-Fi router.

Title: A CLOUD BASED MONITORING SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION OF ROOM

AUTOMATION

Authors: G . Shiva Kumari, P. Mounika, V. Srija

Publisher: Alochana Chakra Journal Volume IX, Issue IV, April/2020 ISSN NO:2231-3990

Home automation and the Internet of Things are important fields of research which are
thoughtto gain a lot more public attention in the years to come. Cloud computing has the
potential toprovide easy access to home automation for the general public by providing easy

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to use onlineservices. Open and standardised protocols for home automation devices further
increase theconvenience by offering more choice and freedom to the customer. The “IOT
based Interactive Controlling andMonitoring System for home automation” is a
newtechnological advancement which can control and monitordevices nor only for home
automation but any real lifeappliances remotely. Any automation project using
embeddedsystem like PIC Microcontroller provides an intelligent , lowcost, energy
preserving system for homes ,schools ,hospitals. Electricalappliances will turn on only when
there is presence detected by thePIR sensors. Workable room environment such as light
intensity androom temperature are maintained and monitored by using lux sensorand
temperature sensor respectively. The room automation system based on IoT consists of
sensors (temperature sensor, lux sensor), armcontroller board, multifunction energy meter,
ESP8266 Wi-Fi moduleand Wi-Fi router.

Title: DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTHY MOINTRING SYSTEM USING IoT

TECHNOLOGY

Authors: Asilahtul Afrına Samsudın1 , Norharyati Harum , Nur Atikah Arbain , Erman Hamid

Publisher: Alochana Chakra Journal Volume IX, Issue IV, April/2020 ISSN NO:2231-3990

Chronic respiratory symptoms such as long-lasting cough, wheezing, shortness of breath,

and chest pain are symptoms of respiratory problems mainly developed due to occupational
exposures. Occupational disease is primarily produced by the air of the factories polluted by
poisonous gases, fumes and dust emanating from the manufacturing processes. An unhealthy
environment will affect the worker's productivity, leading to low productivity in the
workplace. In this work, we have developed a monitoring system to monitor air pollution in a
workspace. The developed system is designed with a smart alert system that can help
workspace management to receive a notification when the workspace is in bad air pollution
conditions. The system is developed using the Rapid Application Development model by
considering three-layer Internet-of-Things Architecture. The system is equipped with sensors
and Arduino in the device layer, Wi-Fi in the network layer, and a cloud platform in the
application layer. The developed prototype is verified through functional tests, gas detection
and cloud integration

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1.4 MOTIVATION OF THE PROJECT

The motivation behind launching the workspace automation project is multifaceted,
driven by a combination of organizational goals, industry trends, and the evolving needs
of modern workplaces. At its core, the project is fueled by a commitment to enhancing
efficiency, productivity, and agility in the face of increasingly complex business
challenges.

One of the primary motivations for embarking on the workspace automation project
is the imperative to adapt to digital transformation. As organizations undergo
digitalization initiatives to stay competitive in today's fast-paced business landscape,
there is a pressing need to modernize work environments and leverage technology to
drive innovation. Workspace automation aligns with this overarching goal by harnessing
advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and data analytics to
create smarter, more agile workplaces capable of meeting the demands of the digital age.

Additionally, the project is motivated by the need to address workforce challenges

and improve employee experience. With the rise of remote work, digital collaboration,
and the gig economy, organizations are facing new challenges related to talent
management, employee engagement, and skills development. Workspace automation
provides solutions to these challenges by empowering employees with tools and
technologies that support remote work, facilitate collaboration, and enhance productivity.
By prioritizing employee experience, the project aims to create a more engaging and
satisfying work environment, leading to higher levels of employee retention and loyalty.

1.5 BENFITS OF WORKSPACE AUTOMATION

 Increased Efficiency: Automation streamlines processes, eliminates manual

tasks, and reduces the time required to complete routine activities. This results in
improved productivity and operational efficiency across the organization.
 Competitive Advantage: By embracing automation technologies and strategies,
organizations can gain a competitive edge in the marketplace. Automation
enables organizations to deliver products and services more efficiently, innovate
faster, and respond more effectively to customer demands.

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 Reduced Human Error: Machines and software follow predefined rules

consistently, minimizing the chances of human error. Accuracy improves, leading
to better quality outcomes.

Fig 1.1 Block diagram of benefits of Workspace Automation

1.6 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT WORK

The objectives of the workspace automation project are to streamline workflows,
enhance operational efficiency, and improve employee experience by automating routine
tasks and providing innovative solutions. The project aims to drive innovation, ensure
compliance, optimize resource allocation, quantify ROI, and promote continuous
improvement. By achieving these objectives, the project seeks to enhance productivity,
reduce costs, and maintain competitiveness in today's dynamic business environment

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Fig 1.2 Block diagram of Workspace Automation

Automation is very important to the human assistance in any field to

the busy current world. The automation should be carried in such a way that
it can be easily used by people. It helps save time and pace when doing the
job.

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CHAPTER 2

HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE

2.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM AND SPECIFICATIONS

This automation system utilizes two ESP8266 modules: one as a master and the other as
a slave. The master node controls an LCD display for parking system status while the
slave node manages sensors like IR and flame sensors, a motor, relay, bulb, buzzer, and
LEDs for parking and fire detection. They communicate via Wi-Fi, with the master
coordinating parking spot assignments and updates while the slave handles sensor data
processing and actuation, ensuring efficient parking management and fire safety
measures.

Master Node Specifications:

 ESP8266 Module: The master node will be powered by an ESP8266 module,

which will serve as the central controller for the automation system.
 LCD Display: An LCD display will be connected to the master node to provide
visual feedback for the parking system status, such as available parking spots,
messages, and instructions.
 Wi-Fi Connectivity: The ESP8266 module will be equipped with Wi-Fi
connectivity to communicate with the slave node and potentially with other
devices or a central server for data logging and remote monitoring.
 Control Algorithm: The master node will run control algorithms to manage the
parking system efficiently, such as assigning parking spots, updating availability
status, and sending control commands to the slave node based on sensor inputs.

Slave Node Specifications:

 ESP8266 Module: Similar to the master node, the slave node will be powered by
an ESP8266 module to communicate with the master node and control various
sensors and actuators.
 Sensors:
1. IR Sensor: Used for detecting vehicles entering or leaving the
parking area.

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2. Flame Sensor: For fire detection purposes.

 Actuators:
1. Motor (2V): A DC motor suitable for actuating the mechanism
to pour water or activate a sprinkler system.
2. 2-Channel Relay: Used for controlling external devices such as
lights or other equipment.
3. Bulb: Utilized to indicate the status of power-controlled devices
like fans or lights.
4. Buzzer: Audible alarm for alerting in case of fire or other
emergencies.
5. LEDs: Status indicators for various system states.

Control Logic:

The slave node will process data from sensors and execute control logic accordingly. For
the parking system, it will monitor vehicle presence using the IR sensor and control the
motor to open/close gates. For fire detection, it will monitor the flame sensor and trigger
alarms and alerts if a fire is detected. It will communicate with the master node to
provide status updates and receive control commands.

Communication Protocol:

The master and slave nodes will communicate via a custom protocol over Wi-Fi. The
protocol will include commands for data exchange, status updates, and control signals.

Power Supply:

Both nodes will require a stable power supply, which can be provided through a suitable
power adapter or a battery system with adequate voltage and current capacity.

Enclosure and Mounting:

The electronics for both nodes will be housed in suitable enclosures to protect them from
environmental factors such as dust, moisture, and temperature fluctuations.

Mounting hardware will be provided to securely install the nodes in their respective
locations.

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2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 2.1 Block Diagram for workspace automation using ESP8266

2.2.1 Block Diagram Description Master Node:

 The master node serves as the central control unit responsible for managing and
displaying the parking system information. It communicates with the slave node
and controls the LCD display.

 The LCD display provides a visual interface for the parking system, showing
information such as available parking spaces, occupied spaces, and other relevant
details. It receives data from the master node and presents it to the user.
 The slave node is responsible for collecting data from various sensors and controlling
the automation components based on the received information. It communicates with
the master node via Wi-Fi.
 The infrared (IR) sensor detects the presence of vehicles in the parking spaces. It
sends signals to the slave node indicating whether a parking spot is occupied or
vacant.
 The flame sensor detects the presence of flames or fire within the parking area. It
provides fire detection and monitoring capabilities.

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 The motor is used for activating the sprinkler system when a fire is detected. The
slave node can control the motor to activate the sprinkler system and sprinkle water
to extinguish the fire.
 The relay module allows the automation system to control different electrical devices
or circuits. It can switch power on/off to components such as lights, motors, or other
AC/DC devices.
 The bulb is used for power control. The slave node can control the bulb to provide
power to specific components or circuits based on the system requirements.
 The buzzer generates audible alerts or alarms. It can be used for indicating parking
availability, sounding an alarm in case of fire detection, or other critical events.
 The LED serves as a visual indicator. It can be used to display system status, indicate
parking availability, or provide feedback on different conditions, as controlled by the
slave node.
 Both the master and slave nodes are equipped with Wi-Fi capabilities, allowing them
to communicate with each other over a wireless network. This enables data exchange
and coordination between the two nodes.

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2.3 Circuit Diagram

Fig 2.2 Circuit Diagram of workspace automation

The automation system consists of two main components: the master node and the slave
node. The master node includes an ESP8266 module connected to an LCD display for visual
information presentation. The slave node, also equipped with an ESP8266 module,
incorporates various sensors such as an IR sensor for vehicle detection and a flame sensor for
fire detection. The slave node controls a motor for activating the sprinkler system in case of a
fire. Additionally, a 2-channel relay is used to control power to devices, including a bulb for
power control, a buzzer for audible alerts, and an LED for visual indications. Both nodes
communicate with each other using Wi-Fi connectivity provided by the ESP8266 modules.

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2.4 Working Principle

The master node serves as the central control unit, receiving and processing data from the
slave node. It establishes communication with the slave node via Wi-Fi connectivity to gather
information on parking space occupancy and sensor readings. Based on this data, the master
node generates appropriate commands to control and coordinate the system's functions.

The slave node is responsible for data collection and sensor monitoring. It utilizes sensors
like the IR sensor to detect the presence of vehicles in parking spaces and the flame sensor to
identify fire incidents. When the slave node detects a vehicle or fire, it transmits this
information to the master node for analysis and decision-making.

In the event of a fire detection, the slave node activates the motor, which triggers the
sprinkler system. By engaging the motor, the slave node initiates the release of water from
the sprinklers, promptly extinguishing the fire and preventing its escalation.

For power control, the system incorporates a 2-channel relay. This relay module enables the
slave node to manage the electrical supply to different devices. For example, it can activate
or deactivate a bulb for lighting purposes, initiate a buzzer for audible alerts, or control an
LED for visual indications. These components provide real-time feedback and communicate
important system statuses, such as parking availability or fire detection.

By seamlessly integrating data collection, communication, and component control, the

automation system ensures efficient monitoring of parking spaces and rapid response to fire
incidents. This comprehensive approach enhances safety and convenience within the parking
facility, safeguarding vehicles and individuals from potential risks.

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CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1Node ESP8266

The ESP8266 microcontroller module stands as a pivotal component within the expansive
landscape of Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Its core boasts the robust Tensilica L106
32-bit microcontroller, capable of reaching clock speeds of up to 80 MHz. This potent
microcontroller empowers the ESP8266 to execute diverse user applications with efficiency
while seamlessly interacting with a plethora of peripherals. However, the true hallmark of the
ESP8266 lies in its integrated Wi-Fi module, which serves as the gateway to the digital
realm. This built-in Wi-Fi capability enables effortless connectivity to local networks and
facilitates communication with a myriad of devices and servers across the internet, making
the ESP8266 an indispensable asset in IoT deployments where connectivity is paramount.

Beyond its wireless prowess, the ESP8266 features an array of GPIO pins, each offering
versatile configuration options for digital input or output. These GPIO pins serve as conduits
for interfacing with an extensive range of sensors, actuators, and external devices, enabling
intricate interactions within IoT ecosystems. Moreover, certain iterations of the ESP8266
boast analog input pins, providing the ability to capture nuanced analog sensor data, such as
temperature gradients or ambient light levels. Memory-wise, the ESP8266 is endowed with
onboard flash memory for storing program code, data, and configuration settings,
supplemented by RAM for transient data storage and program execution.

Complementing its memory resources are a suite of peripherals, including SPI, I2C, UART,
PWM, and ADC interfaces, each facilitating seamless communication with external devices
and sensors. This broad peripheral support expands the ESP8266's utility across diverse
applications, from sensor networks to industrial automation systems. Programming the
ESP8266 is a straightforward affair, with developers afforded the flexibility to utilize familiar
environments such as the Arduino IDE or delve into more advanced development using C/C+
+ with the Espressif IoT Development Framework (ESP-IDF).

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Applications:

The ESP8266 finds applications in a wide range of projects, including

 Internet of Things (IoT) Applications: Its built-in Wi-Fi connectivity

makes it ideal for IoT projects, enabling devices to connect to the
internet, exchange data, and be remotely controlled.

 Home Automation: The ESP8266 can be used to create smart home

devices, such as home automation hubs, smart switches, and
environmental sensors.

 Sensor Networks: With its GPIO pins and communication interfaces,

the module can interface with various sensors and be used to build
sensor networks for monitoring environmental conditions, security
systems, and more.

 Wireless Data Logging: The ESP8266 can collect data from sensors
and transmit it wirelessly to a server or cloud platform for storage and
analysis.

 Remote Control Systems: Its Wi-Fi capabilities make it suitable for

building remote control systems, allowing users to control devices or
appliances via smartphones or web interfaces.

Fig3.1 ESP8266

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The ESP8266 module plays a crucial role in the implementation of this automation
project, serving different functions in both the master and slave nodes.

In the master node:

 Wireless Connectivity: The ESP8266 module in the master node

establishes a wireless connection, allowing it to communicate with the
slave node over a Wi-Fi network. This wireless capability enables
seamless data exchange and control between the two nodes.

 Data Processing and Decision Making: Equipped with a powerful

microcontroller unit, the ESP8266 module in the master node
processes the data received from the slave node. It analyzes the
information, applies the system's logic and rules, and generates
appropriate commands for system control.

 Interaction with Display: By utilizing the GPIO pins, the ESP8266

module interfaces with an LCD display. It leverages its wireless
connectivity to update the display in real-time, providing relevant
information such as parking availability or system status to users.

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In the slave node:

 Wireless Connectivity: Similar to the master node, the ESP8266

module in the slave node establishes a wireless connection to
communicate with the master node. It transmits data collected from
sensors to the master node for further analysis and decision making.

 Sensor Data Acquisition: The ESP8266 module in the slave node

interacts with various sensors using the GPIO pins. For instance, it
captures vehicle presence using an IR sensor and detects fire incidents
using a flame sensor. This data is then sent to the master node for
processing.

 Control of Motor and Relay: In case of fire detection, the ESP8266

module in the slave node takes charge of activating a motor that
controls the sprinkler system. It triggers the motor to initiate the
release of water, effectively extinguishing the fire. Additionally, the
ESP8266 module manages a 2-channel relay to control the power
supply to different devices, such as a bulb, buzzer, or LED.

By incorporating the ESP8266 module in both the master and slave nodes,
the automation system benefits from wireless communication, efficient data
exchange, and effective control. This integration enables real-time monitoring
of parking spaces, rapid response to fire incidents, and seamless coordination
of various system components.

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Fig3.2 ESP8266 Pin configuration

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Table3.1 Pin configuration

ESP8266 GPIO Pins:

o The ESP8266 module comes with 17 GPIO (General Purpose
Input/Output) pins.
o Not all GPIOs are exposed on all ESP8266 development boards, and
some have specific functions.
o It’s essential to choose the right pins for your projects to avoid
frustration.
o Here are some commonly used ESP8266 development boards:
 ESP-01: A compact module with limited GPIOs.
 ESP8266-12E NodeMCU Kit: A popular development board
with more accessible GPIOs.

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 Wemos D1 Mini: Another widely used board with a compact

form factor.
Best Pins to Use:
o Some important points to note:
 The GPIO number doesn’t always match the label on the board.
 For example, D0 corresponds to GPIO16, and D1 corresponds
to GPIO5.
o Here’s a summary of pin usage:
 Green: Safe to use.
 Yellow: Caution required; may behave unexpectedly during boot.
 Red: Not recommended for inputs or outputs.
Peripherals:
o Apart from GPIOs, the ESP8266 includes:
 SPI
 I2C (implemented in software)
 I2S interfaces with DMA
 UART
 10-bit ADC

Other ESP8266 Boards

1. ESP-01:
 Small form factor (24.75mm x 14.5mm).
 Two GPIO pins.
 Ideal for simple standalone projects or as a Wi-Fi shield for Arduino.
 Not beard-board friendly due to pin placement
2. NodeMCU V0.9:
 Breadboard-friendly.
 11 GPIO pins.
 Suitable for beginner development.
 USB -to- serial chip onboard

3. Wemos D1 Mini:

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 Compact and easy to use.

 11 GPIO pins.
 Great for prototyping.
 USB -to- serial chip onboard.
4. Sonoff Basic:
 Embedded ESP8266 module.
 Used for home automation.
 Control devices via WiFi.

3.2 Flame Sensor

A FLAME (Flame, Light, and Motion Effects) sensor is an indispensable device utilized
across various industries and applications for the detection and monitoring of fires.
Comprising sophisticated technology, these sensors serve as the frontline defense against
potential fire hazards, providing early warning signals crucial for averting disasters.

At the heart of a FLAME sensor lies its sensor element, meticulously crafted from
semiconductor materials engineered to exhibit high sensitivity to specific wavelengths of
light emitted by flames. This sensitivity extends across the infrared (IR) and visible light
spectrum, enabling the sensor to discern the distinctive flickering patterns characteristic
of flames amidst ambient illumination.

To enhance its discerning capabilities, FLAME sensors are equipped with specialized
optical filters. These filters meticulously sift through incoming light, selectively
permitting wavelengths associated with flames to pass while effectively mitigating
interference from extraneous light sources, such as sunlight or artificial illumination.

Upon detecting flame signatures, the sensor's intricate signal processing circuitry swiftly
swings into action. Employing a sophisticated array of amplifiers, filters, and threshold
detectors, this circuitry meticulously analyzes the electrical signals generated by the
sensor element, parsing out flame-related phenomena from background noise with
remarkable precision.

The output interface of FLAME sensors serves as the conduit through which their
insights are communicated to broader systems. Whether through digital signals
conveying the binary presence or absence of flames, or analog signals offering nuanced

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insights into flame intensity, these interfaces play a pivotal role in orchestrating swift
responses to emergent fire threats.

Crafted with durability and resilience in mind, FLAME sensors are engineered to
withstand the rigors of diverse environments, from scorching industrial settings to
outdoor installations exposed to the elements. Such robustness ensures uninterrupted
operation, even in the face of challenging conditions, safeguarding lives and assets alike.

Integrated seamlessly into broader systems encompassing fire alarm panels, gas detection
networks, and industrial control setups, FLAME sensors stand as indispensable sentinels,
tirelessly vigilant against the specter of fire. Their swift detection capabilities and
unwavering reliability empower stakeholders to proactively mitigate risks, fostering
environments characterized by enhanced safety and peace of mind.

Working principle

 Light Detection: FLAME sensors contain a sensor element, typically based on

semiconductor technology, that is sensitive to certain wavelengths of light.
Flames emit light across the infrared (IR) and visible spectrum, with distinctive
flickering patterns. The sensor element is designed to detect these specific
wavelengths associated with flames.

 Optical Filtering: To enhance sensitivity to flame signatures and reduce

interference from other light sources, FLAME sensors often incorporate optical
filters. These filters selectively pass wavelengths emitted by flames while
blocking out extraneous light, such as sunlight or artificial lighting.

 Signal Processing: When the sensor element detects flame-specific wavelengths,

it generates electrical signals proportional to the intensity of the detected light.
These signals are then processed by dedicated circuitry within the FLAME
sensor. The circuitry may include amplifiers, filters, and threshold detectors to
analyze the signals and distinguish flame signatures from background noise.

 Output Generation: Based on the analysis of the electrical signals, the FLAME
sensor generates an output signal indicating the presence or absence of flames.
This output can be in digital form, such as a logic high or low, or analog form,
such as a voltage level proportional to flame intensity.

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 Response Time: FLAME sensors are designed to respond rapidly to changes in

light intensity, ensuring timely detection of flames. The response time varies
depending on factors such as sensor design, environmental conditions, and
application requirements.

 Integration: FLAME sensors can be integrated into larger systems, such as fire
alarm panels, gas detection networks, or industrial control systems. They provide
crucial inputs for initiating alarms, activating suppression systems, or triggering
safety protocols in response to fire hazards.

Application

 Fire Alarm Systems: FLAME sensors serve as vital components in fire alarm
systems for residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. They detect the
presence of flames and trigger alarms, alerting occupants and emergency
responders to potential fire incidents.

 Industrial Safety: In industrial environments such as manufacturing plants,

refineries, and chemical processing facilities, FLAME sensors are deployed to
monitor equipment and processes for fire hazards. They provide early detection
of flames, enabling swift intervention to prevent accidents and ensure worker
safety.

 Gas Appliances: FLAME sensors are integrated into gas-powered appliances like
furnaces, boilers, and water heaters to monitor the combustion process. They
detect the presence of flames and ensure proper ignition and combustion,
enhancing efficiency and safety while preventing gas leaks or incomplete
combustion.

 Vehicle Fire Suppression Systems: FLAME sensors are utilized in vehicle fire
suppression systems installed in buses, trains, airplanes, and heavy machinery.
They detect fires in engine compartments, cargo areas, or other critical zones,
activating fire suppression mechanisms to extinguish flames and prevent further
damage.

 Power Generation Facilities: FLAME sensors play a crucial role in power

generation facilities, including thermal power plants and nuclear reactors. They

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monitor combustion processes, turbine engines, and other critical equipment for
signs of fire or overheating, helping prevent catastrophic failures and ensuring
continuous operation.

Fig 3.3 Flame Sensor

3.3 IR Sensor

An infrared (IR) sensor is a device designed to detect and measure infrared radiation
emitted or reflected by objects. These sensors are widely used in various applications,
including proximity sensing, object detection, temperature measurement, and motion
detection. The fundamental principle behind IR sensors lies in their ability to detect
variations in IR radiation levels, which are then translated into electrical signals for
further processing.

At the core of an IR sensor is a detector element, typically made of materials such as

thermopiles, photodiodes, or pyroelectric materials, which exhibit sensitivity to IR
radiation. When IR radiation interacts with the detector element, it generates a
corresponding electrical signal. The magnitude of this signal is proportional to the
intensity of the IR radiation received by the sensor.

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To enhance sensitivity and specificity, IR sensors may incorporate optical elements such
as lenses, filters, or mirrors. These components help focus IR radiation onto the detector
element and may also filter out unwanted wavelengths, allowing the sensor to target
specific IR bands or reject sources of interference.

IR sensors can operate in either active or passive modes. Active IR sensors emit their
own IR radiation and measure the reflection or absorption of this emitted radiation by
nearby objects. In contrast, passive IR sensors detect the IR radiation naturally emitted
by objects due to their temperature, without emitting any IR radiation themselves.

Working principle
 Detection of Infrared Radiation: IR sensors contain a detector element that is
sensitive to infrared radiation. When an object emits or reflects infrared radiation,
the detector element interacts with this radiation.

 Generation of Electrical Signal: When IR radiation interacts with the detector

element, it causes a change in the electrical properties of the sensor. The detector
element converts the absorbed IR radiation into an electrical signal, typically
voltage or current.

 Amplification and Processing: The electrical signal generated by the detector

element is then amplified and processed by the sensor's internal circuitry. This
circuitry may include amplifiers, filters, and signal conditioning components to
enhance the signal quality and extract relevant information.

 Output Signal Generation: Based on the processed electrical signal, the IR sensor
generates an output signal that indicates the presence or absence of IR radiation.
This output signal can be in digital form, such as a logic high or low, or analog
form, such as a voltage or current level proportional to the intensity of the
detected IR radiation.

 Threshold Detection: In some applications, IR sensors incorporate threshold

detection mechanisms to distinguish between IR radiation levels above and
below a predefined threshold. This allows the sensor to trigger an action or alarm
when the detected IR radiation exceeds or falls below a certain level.

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 Optical Components: Depending on the application, IR sensors may include

optical components such as lenses, filters, or mirrors to focus or filter IR
radiation. These components help optimize the sensor's performance for specific
detection tasks and improve its sensitivity and accuracy.

 Active vs. Passive Operation: IR sensors can operate in either active or passive
modes. Active IR sensors emit their own IR radiation and measure its reflection
or absorption by nearby objects. Passive IR sensors, on the other hand, detect the
IR radiation naturally emitted by objects due to their temperature, without
emitting any IR radiation themselves.

Fig3.4 IR Sensor

3.4 LCD
The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is one kind of electronic display
module used in an extensive range of applications like various circuits & devices like
mobile phones, calculators, computers, TV sets, etc. These displays are mainly preferred
for multi-segment light-emitting diodes and seven segments. The main benefits of using
this module are inexpensive; simply programmable, animations, and there are no
limitations for displaying custom characters, special and even animations, etc.

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Working principle

Each pixel in an LCD consists of:

 A layer of liquid crystal molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes

(usually made of indium tin oxide, or ITO).
 Two polarizing filters (parallel and perpendicular) whose axes of transmission are
typically perpendicular to each other.

When voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer, its molecular alignment changes,
affecting light transmission.The polarizers control the passage of light, allowing specific
pixels to appear dark or bright.By manipulating the liquid crystal alignment, LCDs create
images.

Fig3.5 LCD

Types of LCDs:

Passive Matrix LCDs (PMLCD):

 Simple and cost-effective.

 Used in basic displays (e.g., calculators, digital watches).
 Limited resolution and slower response time.

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Active Matrix LCDs (AMLCD):

 Common in computer monitors, TVs, and smartphones.

 Each pixel has its own transistor (usually thin-film transistor, or TFT).
 Higher resolution, faster refresh rates, and better color quality.

Advantages:

 Energy Efficiency: LCDs consume less power compared to older technologies like
CRTs.
 Slim Profiles: Thin and lightweight, making them ideal for portable devices.
 Wide Applications: Used in TVs, computer monitors, instrument panels, and signage.
 No Image Burn-In: Unlike CRTs, LCDs don’t suffer from image persistence.

Challenges:

 Viewing Angles: Limited viewing angles affect color accuracy.

 Response Time: Some LCDs may exhibit motion blur due to slower response times.
 Backlight Uniformity: Achieving consistent backlighting can be challenging.

Features of LCD16x2

The features of this LCD mainly include the following.

 The operating voltage of this LCD is 4.7V-5.3V

 It includes two rows where each row can produce 16-characters.
 The utilization of current is 1mA with no backlight
 Every character can be built with a 5×8 pixel box
 The alphanumeric LCDs alphabets & numbers
 Is display can work on two modes like 4-bit & 8-bit
 These are obtainable in Blue & Green Backlight
 It displays a few custom generated characters

LCD pin configuration:

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 Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display, used to connect the GND
terminal of the microcontroller unit or power source.
 Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display, used to connect
the supply pin of the power source.
 Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the display, used to
connect a changeable POT that can supply 0 to 5V.
 Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command or data register,
used to connect a microcontroller unit pin and obtains either 0 or 1(0 = data mode,
and 1 = command mode).
 Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among the read or writes
operation, and it is connected to a microcontroller unit pin to get either 0 or 1 (0 =
Write Operation, and 1 = Read Operation).
 Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute Read/Write
process, and it is connected to the microcontroller unit & constantly held high.
 Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display. These pins are
connected in two-wire modes like 4-wire mode and 8-wire mode. In 4-wire mode,
only four pins are connected to the microcontroller unit like 0 to 3, whereas in 8-wire
mode, 8-pins are connected to microcontroller unit like 0 to 7.
 Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V
 Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND.

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Fig3.6 LCD pin diagram

3.5 I2c
Using the I2C protocol for interfacing with a 16x2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) offers a
streamlined and efficient solution, particularly in scenarios where pin count or available
GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins on the microcontroller are limited.
To interface a 16x2 LCD with I2C, a small additional circuitry is typically used. This
includes an I2C backpack or module that acts as an intermediary between the
microcontroller and the LCD. This module typically consists of an I2C expander, such as
the PCF8574, which converts the I2C signals into the parallel interface required by the
LCD.
In this setup, the microcontroller acts as the I2C master, while the LCD module serves as
the slave device. Communication between the microcontroller and the LCD occurs over
the I2C bus, which consists of two wires: SDA (Serial Data Line) and SCL (Serial Clock
Line).

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The microcontroller sends commands and data to the LCD module using I2C
write operations. These commands include instructions such as setting the
cursor position, clearing the display, and writing characters to the display.
The LCD module receives these commands, processes them, and then
controls the LCD accordingly. The actual display output is managed by the
LCD controller embedded within the module, which translates the received
commands into signals that control the individual pixels on the LCD screen.
Working principle
 Initialization: The microcontroller initializes the I2C communication by sending
a start condition on the bus. This indicates the beginning of a data transfer
sequence.

 Addressing: The microcontroller sends the address of the LCD module over the
I2C bus. This address is typically predetermined and unique to the module,
allowing the microcontroller to identify and communicate with it.

 Instruction/Data Transmission: Following the addressing phase, the

microcontroller sends instructions or data to the LCD module. Instructions may
include commands to clear the display, set the cursor position, or configure
display settings. Data transmission involves sending characters or strings to be
displayed on the LCD.

 Acknowledgment: After each byte of data is transmitted, the LCD module

acknowledges receipt by sending an acknowledgment signal (ACK) back to the
microcontroller. This ensures data integrity and allows for error detection.

 Command Execution: Upon receiving instructions or data, the LCD module

processes them accordingly. For example, if the microcontroller sends a
command to set the cursor position, the LCD module updates the cursor
accordingly. If the microcontroller sends characters to be displayed, the LCD
module renders them on the screen.

 Repeat or Stop: The microcontroller can continue sending additional instructions

or data to the LCD module as needed. Once all data transmission is complete, the
microcontroller sends a stop condition on the I2C bus, indicating the end of the
communication sequence.

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 LCD Operation: Within the LCD module, an integrated controller interprets the
instructions received from the microcontroller and controls the display
accordingly. This controller manages tasks such as refreshing the display,
controlling the cursor, and managing backlighting (if applicable).

Fig3.7 I2c

3.6 Motor 2V
A 2V motor is a type of electric motor designed to operate efficiently and effectively
with a nominal voltage of 2 volts. These motors are engineered to function optimally
within a low-voltage range, making them suitable for applications requiring precise
control, low power consumption, and compact size. Typically used in small-scale
projects and electronics applications, 2V motors come in various types such as DC
motors, stepper motors, and brushed or brushless motors. They find use in miniature
robotics, hobbyist projects, low-power automation systems, and other applications where
space and energy efficiency are crucial considerations. To ensure proper operation, it's
essential to pair a 2V motor with an appropriate power supply capable of delivering
sufficient current at the specified voltage. Additionally, control circuitry may be required
to regulate speed, direction, and torque as per the application requirements. Despite their
lower voltage rating, 2V motors offer reliable performance and versatility in a wide
range of small-scale applications.

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Working principle

 Electromagnetic Induction: A 2V motor typically consists of coils of wire, called

windings, placed within a magnetic field. When an electric current is passed
through these windings, a magnetic field is generated around them due to the
principles of electromagnetism.

 Lorentz Force: When the magnetic field interacts with the current-carrying
windings, it creates a force known as the Lorentz force. This force acts
perpendicular to both the direction of the current and the magnetic field, causing
the windings to experience a mechanical force.

 Rotor and Stator: In a typical motor configuration, there are two main
components: the rotor and the stator. The rotor is the moving part of the motor,
while the stator remains stationary. The windings are usually located on the
stator, while the rotor may contain permanent magnets or additional windings.

 Rotational Motion: As the Lorentz force acts on the windings, it causes the rotor
to rotate within the magnetic field. The direction and speed of rotation depend on
factors such as the direction of the current flow, the polarity of the magnetic
field, and the design of the motor.

 Commutation: In DC (Direct Current) motors, the direction of the current flow

through the windings needs to be periodically reversed to maintain continuous
rotation. This process is known as commutation and is achieved using a
commutator or electronic switches such as transistors in brushless DC motors.

 Control and Regulation: The speed and direction of rotation of the motor can be
controlled and regulated by varying factors such as the voltage applied to the
windings, the timing of commutation, and the use of additional control circuitry
such as motor drivers or controllers.

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Application

 Miniature Robotics: 2V motors are often used in miniature robotic

projects such as small wheeled robots, robotic arms, or drones. Their
low voltage requirement and compact size make them ideal for
powering motion components in these applications, enabling precise
movement and control.

 Hobbyist Electronics: Hobbyists and DIY enthusiasts often utilize 2V

motors in electronic projects, including model trains, remote-
controlled cars, and small-scale aircraft. These motors offer an
affordable and energy-efficient solution for creating dynamic motion
in hobbyist projects while allowing for precise control and
customization.

 Automation Systems: In low-power automation systems, such as

home automation or IoT (Internet of Things) devices, 2V motors find
application in tasks requiring actuation or movement. For example,
they may be used in automated window blinds, door locks, or small-
scale conveyor systems, providing reliable operation while conserving
energy.

Fig 3.8 Motor 2V

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3.7 SWITCHING DEVICE

The NEC (National Electrical Code)—an official document used in the electrical
industry and revised every three years—provides the technical definitions of various terms
commonly used in electrical work. The NEC includes many references to "switching
devices," which can be defined as any devices that open and close electrical circuits.
Electrical circuits must form a continuous loop, and a switching device functions like a gate
in that loop. A circuit is ON when the switching device is closed and the circuit is OFF when
the switching device is open.

3.7.1 Relay

A power relay module is an electrical switch that is operated by an electromagnet. The

electromagnet is activated by a separate low-power signal from a micro controller. When
activated, the electromagnet pulls to either open or close an electrical circuit. A simple
relay consists of wire coil wrapped around a soft iron core, or solenoid, an iron yoke that
delivers a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature and one or more
sets of contacts. The movable armature is hinged to the yoke and linked to one or more set
of the moving contacts. Held in place by a spring, the armature leaves a gap in the
magnetic circuit when the relay is de-energized. While in this position, one of the two sets
of contacts is closed while the other set remains open. When electrical current is passed
through a coil, it generates a magnetic field that in turn activates the armature. This
movement of the movable contacts makes or breaks a connection with the fixed contact.
When the relay is deenergized, the sets of contacts that were closed, open and breaks the
connection and vice versa if the contacts were open.

When switching off the current to the coil, the armature is returned, by force, to its
relaxed position. This force is usually provided by a spring, but gravity can also be used in
certain applications. Most power relays are manufactured to operate in a quick manner.

Normally Open (NO): This pin is normally open unless a signal is provided to the relay
modules signal pin. So, the common contact pin smashes its link through the NC pin to
make a connection through the NO pin.

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Common Contact: This pin is used to connect through the load that it is desired to switch
by using the module.

Fig 3.9 Relay Module

Relay module pin conifiguration

Normally Closed (NC): This NC pin is connected through the COM pin to form a closed
circuit. However, this NC connection will break once the relay is switched through
providing an active high/low signal toward the signal pin from a microcontroller.

Signal Pin: The signal pin is mainly used for controlling the relay. This pin works in two
cases like active low otherwise active high. So, in active low case, the relay activates once
when an active low signal is provided toward the signal pin, whereas, in an active high
case, the relay will trigger once a high signal is provided toward the signal pin.

However, these modules generally work on an active high signal which will strengthen the
relay coil to make contact with the common terminal with the normally open terminal.

5V VCC: This pin needs 5V DC to work. So 5V DC power supply is provided to this pin.

Ground: This pin connects the GND terminal of the power supply.

The components in a 5v relay module with a single channel include a relay, output
terminal, status LED, power LED, freewheeling diode, input connector & switching
transistor.

A 5V relay is coated with blue colour plastic material. For both AC & DC loads, the
utmost operating voltage & current are also displayed on the relay. This relay operates with
5V, so it is called a 5V relay.

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Output Terminal

The output terminal of the relay module is located at the left-hand side, used to fix an
AC/DC load & AC/DC i/p power source. Every o/p connector’s terminal is connected
through NC, COM pins & NO of the relay.

The relay module consists of screws that are used to connect wires & cables. The max
current supported by this module is 10A & the max contact voltage is 250V AC & 30V DC.
Thick main cables are mainly used whenever high voltage & current load is used.

Status LED

Status LED is connected by using a current limiting resistor that is located on the top
right side of the relay module. So, this LED illustrates the relay status by activating the
relay & coil through a signal pin. The DC supplies throughout a relay coil.

Power LED
Power LED shows the condition of the power source that is connected through the
single channel module. If above 5V source is provided toward both the pins of the module
like Vcc & GND, the LED will be damaged due to high voltage.

Freewheeling Diode

The connection of this diode can be done across the coil to keep away from the back
EMF effect, so-called a flyback diode. The type of coil used in the relay is the inductive
type. Once the current supplies throughout an inductive load, then it generates a back EMF
voltage, which may harm the circuit. So, this diode is mainly used to keep away from this
effect.

Input Connector

The input connector is located on the right side of the module. This connector is
mainly used to supply a 5V power supply & input signal. In addition, it also supplies power
supply toward the power LED, relay coil & status LED.

Switching Transistor

Generally, the input signal which is given to a relay is from the I/O pins of
microcontrollers like ESP32, TM4C123, Arduino, etc. However, the highest current
sourcing capacity of GPIO pins is usually below 20mA.Therefore, a switching transistor is
used in this module is to strengthen the current to the requirement of the minimum current

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level of the relay coil. A switching transistor is used to control the 5V relay from the
microcontroller’s GPIO pin. Some kinds of relay modules are available with an
optoisolator like a switching device to give optical isolation among high & low voltage
circuits. However, if a separate relay exclusive of a module is utilized & wanted to utilize
several relays within the projects, then a relay driver IC can be used to drive several arrays
from the pins of GPIO in a microcontroller.

Advantages:

The advantages of the relay module include the following.

• A remote device can be controlled easily.

• It is triggered with less current but it can also trigger high power machines.

• Easily contacts can be changed.

• At a time, several contacts can be controlled using a single signal

• Activating part can be isolated

• It can switch AC or DC

• At high temperatures, it works very well

Disadvantages:

The disadvantages of the relay module include the following.

• When contacts of relay modules are used overtime then they may damage

• Noise can be generated through the opening & closing of the contacts.

• Time taken for switching is High.

3.8 Buzzer

Buzzer, a ubiquitous electronic component, serves as an essential auditory indicator in

various electronic devices and systems. Its functionality extends across a wide array of
applications, ranging from alarm systems and timers to consumer electronics and

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industrial machinery. A buzzer operates by converting electrical energy into sound waves,
emitting distinct tones or frequencies that convey important information or alerts to users.
Its simplicity, versatility, and effectiveness have cemented its position as a fundamental
component in the realm of electronic signaling. At its core, a buzzer typically consists of
a coil of wire, a diaphragm, and a housing. When an electrical current is applied to the
coil, it generates a magnetic field that interacts with the diaphragm, causing it to vibrate
rapidly. These vibrations produce sound waves that propagate through the air, creating
audible tones. The frequency and intensity of the sound emitted by the buzzer depend on
various factors, including the design of the coil, the material and thickness of the
diaphragm, and the driving voltage. Buzzer technology has evolved significantly over the
years, leading to the development of various types and configurations tailored to specific
applications. Some common types of buzzers include electromagnetic buzzers,
piezoelectric buzzers, and mechanical buzzers. Each type offers distinct advantages in
terms of efficiency, size, frequency range, and durability, allowing designers to choose
the most suitable option based on the requirements of their application.

Fig3.10 Buzzer

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CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

Software is a collection of instructions that enable the user to interact with a

computer, its hardware, or perform tasks. Without software, most computers would be
useless. For example, without the Internet browser software, it could not surf the Internet or
read this page and without an operating system, the browser could not run-on computer.

Most required software is:

1. Arduino IDE

Arduino software is used to put the instruction of whole functions of this system to
the microcontroller. Here C programming language is used for coding. The program for
executing this project has been written in C language. In android application when button is
pressed, a corresponding signal is sent through the Arduino which is connected with the
soil moister sensors.

When the collected signal data from the sensors arrives the Arduino which
corresponds to the particular input is set to high. Then the signal from Arduino is send to
the motor, if the moister value is low the motor turns on if it reaches high the motor
automatically turns off. Arduino IDE version 1.8.1 is used for writing program.

There are two steps of the programming.

• First set up section where all the variables are defined.

• Second loop part where the program runs continuously.

4.1 ARDUINO IDE

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform

application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming language
Java. It is used to write and upload programs to Arduino compatible boards, but also, with
the help of 3rd party cores, other vendor development boards.

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The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License,
version The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code
starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program
stub main () into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also
included with the IDE distribution.

The Arduino IDE employs the program argued to convert the executable code into a
text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program
in the board's firmware.

Upload - Compiling and transferring the program to the configured board. See uploading
below for details.

Note: If an external programmer is used with the board, it can be able to hold down the
"shift" key on the computer when using this icon. The text will change to "Upload using
Programmer"

New - Creates a new sketch.

Open - Presents a menu of all the sketches in the sketchbook. Clicking one will open it
within the current window overwriting its content. Note: Due to a bug in Java, this menu
doesn't scroll; if it is needed to open a sketch late in the list, use the File| Sketchbook menu
instead.

Save - Saves the sketch.

Serial Monitor - Opens the serial monitor.

Menu Bar

File

When the File button is clicked on the Menu bar, a drop-down list will appear. It is
shown below:

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Each option in detail

New

The New button opens the new window. It does not remove the sketch which is
already present.

Open

It allows opening the sketch, which can be browsed from the folders and computer
drivers.

Open Recent

The Open Recent button contains the list of the recent sketches.

Sketchbook

It stores the current sketches created in the Arduino IDE software. It opens the
selected sketch or code in a new editor at an instance.

Examples

It shows the different examples of small projects for a better understanding of the
IDE and the board. The IDE provides examples of self-practice.

Close

The Close button closes the window from which the button is clicked.

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Save

The save button is used to save the current sketch. It also saves the changes made to
the current sketch. If the name of the file is not specified, it will open the 'Save As...'
window.

Save As.

The sketch can be saved with a different name using the 'Save As...' button. It can be
able to change the name accordingly.

Preferences

It allows the customization settings of the Arduino IDE.

Quit

The Quit button is used to close all the IDE windows. The same closed sketch will
be reopened when the Arduino IDE is opened.

Edit

When the Edit button is on the Menu bar is selected, a drop-down list appears. It is
shown below:

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Each option in detail

Undo

The Undo button is used to reverse the last modification done to the sketch while
editing.

Redo

The Redo button is used to repeat the last modification done to the sketch while
editing.

Cut

It allows us to remove the selected text from the written code. The text is further
placed to the clipboard. The text can be pasted anywhere in our sketch.

Copy

It creates a duplicate copy of the selected text. The text is further placed on the
clipboard.

Copy for Forum

The 'Copy for Forum' button is used to copy the selected text to the clipboard, which
is also suitable for posting to the forum.

Copy as HTML

The 'Copy for Forum' button is used to copy the selected text as HTML to the
clipboard. It is desirable for embedding in web pages.

Paste

The Paste button is used to paste the selected text of the clipboard to the specified
position of the cursor.

Select All

It selects all the text of the sketch.

Go to line...

It moves the cursor to the specified line number.

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The window will appear as:

Comment/Document

The Comment/ document button is used to put or remove the comment mark (//) at
the beginning of the specified line.

Find Next

It highlights the next word, which has specified in the 'Find...' window. If there is no
such word, it will not show any highlighted text.

Find Previous

It highlights the previous work, which has specified in the 'Find...' window. If there is
no such word, it will not show any highlighted text.

Sketch

When the Sketch button on the Menu bar is selected, a drop-down list appears. It is
shown below:

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Each option in detail

Verify/Compile

It will check for the errors in the code while compiling. The memory in the console
area is also reported by the IDE.

Upload

The Upload button is used to configure the code to the specified board through the

port. Upload Using Programmer

It is used to override the Bootloader that is present on the board. The full capacity of
the Flash memory can be utilized while using the 'Upload Using Programmer' option. To
implement this, it is needed to restore the Bootloader using the Tools-> Burn Bootloader
option to upload it to the USB serial port.

Export compiled Binary

It allows saving a .hex file and can be kept archived. Using other tools, .hex file can
also be sent to the board.

Show Sketch Folder

It opens the folder of the current code written or sketch.

Include Library

Include Library includes various Arduino libraries. The libraries are inserted into our
code at the beginning of the code starting with the #. The libraries are imported from .zip
file.

Add File...

The Add File... button is used to add the created file in a new tab on the existing file.

For example, let's add 'Blink' file to the 'Javatpoint' file. The tab will now appear as:

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It can be able to delete the corresponding file from the tab by clicking on the small
triangle -> Delete option.

Tools

When the Tools button on the Menu bar is selected, a drop-down list appears. It is
shown below:

Each option in detail

Auto Format

The Auto Format button is used to format the written code. For example, lining the
open and closed curly brackets in the code.

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Archive Sketch

The copy of the current sketch or code is archived in the .zip format. The directory of
the archived is same as the sketch.

Fix Encoding and Reload

This button is used to fix the inconsistency between the operating system char maps
and editor char map encoding.

Manage Libraries...

It shows the updated list of all the installed libraries. This option is also used to
install a new library into the Arduino IDE.

Serial Monitor

It allows the exchange of data with the connected board on the port.

Serial Plotter

The Serial Plotter button is used to display the serial data in a plot. It comes
preinstalled in the Arduino IDE.

WiFi101/ WIFI NINA Firmware Updater

It is used to check and update the Wi-Fi Firmware of the connected board.

Board

It is required to select the board from the list of boards. The selected board must be
similar to the board connected to the computer.

Processor

It displays the processor according to the selected board. It refreshes every time
during the selection of the board.

Port

It consists of the virtual and real serial devices present on our machine.

Get Board Info

It gives the information about the selected board. It is needed to select the
appropriate port before getting information about the board.

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Programmer

It is needed to select the hardware programmer while programming the board. It is

required when the onboard USB serial connection is not used. It is also required during the
burning of the Bootloader.

Burn Bootloader

The Bootloader is present on the board onto the microcontroller. The option is useful
when the microcontroller is purchased without the bootloader. Before burning the
bootloader, it is needed to make sure about the correct selected board and port.

Help

When the Help button on the Menu bar is selected, a drop-down list will appear. It is
shown below:

The Help section includes several documents that are easy to access, which comes
along with the Arduino IDE. It consists of the number of options such as Getting Started,
Environment, Troubleshooting, Reference, etc. It can also consider the image shown above,
which includes all the options under the Help section.

Some documents like Getting started, Reference, etc., can be accessed without the
internet connection as well. It will directly link us to the official website of Arduino.

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4.2 SOURCE CODE

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>

#include <Wire.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

// WiFi credentials

const char* ssid = "YOUR_WIFI_SSID";

const char* password = "YOUR_WIFI_PASSWORD";

// Slave Node IP address

IPAddress slaveIP(192, 168, 1, 2); // Example IP, replace with your slave's IP

// LCD Configuration

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

lcd.begin(16, 2);

lcd.backlight();

// Connect to WiFi

WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

delay(1000);

Serial.println("Connecting to WiFi...");

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Serial.println("WiFi Connected");

void loop() {

// Request data from slave node

WiFiClient client;

if (!client.connect(slaveIP, 80)) {

Serial.println("Connection failed");

return;

// Send request to slave node

client.print("GET /data HTTP/1.1\r\n");

client.print("Host: ");

client.print(slaveIP);

client.print("\r\n\r\n");

// Read response from slave node

String response = "";

while (client.connected()) {

String line = client.readStringUntil('\n');

if (line == "\r") {

break;

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response += line;

client.stop();

// Update LCD with received data

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Parking: ");

lcd.print(response);

delay(5000); // Update every 5 seconds

Slave Node Code:

Copy code

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>

#include <ESP8266WebServer.h>

// WiFi credentials

const char* ssid = "YOUR_WIFI_SSID";

const char* password = "YOUR_WIFI_PASSWORD";

// Pins Configuration

const int irSensorPin = D1;

const int flameSensorPin = D2;

const int motorPin = D3;

const int relay1Pin = D5;

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const int relay2Pin = D6;

const int buzzerPin = D7;

const int ledPin = D8;

ESP8266WebServer server(80);

void setup() {

pinMode(irSensorPin, INPUT);

pinMode(flameSensorPin, INPUT);

pinMode(motorPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(relay1Pin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(relay2Pin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(buzzerPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(motorPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(relay1Pin, LOW);

digitalWrite(relay2Pin, LOW);

digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);

// Connect to WiFi

WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

delay(1000);

Serial.println("Connecting to WiFi...");

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Serial.println("WiFi Connected");

// Start web server

server.on("/data", HTTP_GET, handleDataRequest);

server.begin();

void loop() {

server.handleClient();

void handleDataRequest() {

String data = "";

// Read sensor values

int irSensorValue = digitalRead(irSensorPin);

int flameSensorValue = digitalRead(flameSensorPin);

// Check parking status

if (irSensorValue == HIGH) {

data += "Occupied";

} else {

data += "Vacant";

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// Check fire detection

if (flameSensorValue == HIGH) {

// Activate fire alarm and sprinkler

digitalWrite(relay1Pin, HIGH); // Activate relay1 for sprinkler

digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH); // Activate buzzer for alarm

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turn on LED for indication

delay(5000); // Run sprinkler for 5 seconds

digitalWrite(relay1Pin, LOW); // Deactivate relay1

digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW); // Deactivate buzzer

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turn off LED

data += ", Fire Detected";

server.send(200, "text/plain", data);

// Include the following pin definitions for the fan and light control

const int fanRelayPin = D4; // Pin for controlling the fan

const int lightRelayPin = D5; // Pin for controlling the light

// Modify setup() to initialize the fan and light relay pins

pinMode(fanRelayPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(lightRelayPin, OUTPUT);

// Modify handleDataRequest() to handle power control

void handleDataRequest() {

String data = "";

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// Read sensor values

int irSensorValue = digitalRead(irSensorPin);

int flameSensorValue = digitalRead(flameSensorPin);

// Check parking status

if (irSensorValue == HIGH) {

data += "Occupied";

} else {

data += "Vacant";

// Check fire detection

if (flameSensorValue == HIGH) {

// Activate fire alarm and sprinkler

digitalWrite(relay1Pin, HIGH); // Activate relay1 for sprinkler

digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH); // Activate buzzer for alarm

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turn on LED for indication

delay(5000); // Run sprinkler for 5 seconds

digitalWrite(relay1Pin, LOW); // Deactivate relay1

digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW); // Deactivate buzzer

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turn off LED

data += ", Fire Detected";

// Control the fan and light based on some conditions (e.g., time of day, occupancy, etc.)

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if (irSensorValue == HIGH && flameSensorValue == LOW) {

// Turn on the fan and light if the parking space is occupied and no fire is detected

digitalWrite(fanRelayPin, HIGH);

digitalWrite(lightRelayPin, HIGH);

data += ", Fan and Light On";

} else {

// Turn off the fan and light otherwise

digitalWrite(fanRelayPin, LOW);

digitalWrite(lightRelayPin, LOW);

data += ", Fan and Light Off";

server.send(200, "text/plain", data);

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CHAPTER 5

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Result

1. Parking System Management:

 The master node, equipped with an LCD display, provides real-time

updates on parking space availability, allowing users to quickly identify
vacant and occupied parking spots.

 The slave node, equipped with an IR sensor, detects the presence of

vehicles in parking spaces and communicates this information to the
master node.

2. Fire Detection and Suppression:

 The slave node incorporates a flame sensor to detect fire incidents within
the vicinity.

 Upon detecting a fire, the system activates an alarm (buzzer) and triggers
a water sprinkler system using a 2V motor and 2-channel relay for
immediate fire suppression.

 The integration of fire detection and suppression capabilities enhances

safety measures within the parking area, helping to mitigate potential fire
hazards.

3. Automatic light system:

By integrating the power control functionality, the automation system now

manages the activation and deactivation of the fan and light at the workstation based on
certain conditions, such as parking space occupancy and fire detection status. The bulb
serves as an indicator to show whether the fan and light are turned on or off, providing
visual feedback to users. This enhancement improves energy efficiency and user comfort
within the parking facility.

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4. Control Automation:

 The slave node controls various actuators, including a 2V motor, 2-

channel relay, bulb (for power control), buzzer, and LED.

 The 2V motor is utilized for water sprinkling to suppress fires, providing

an effective means of fire control.

 The 2-channel relay enables the control of additional devices such as fans
and lights for power management within the parking area.

 The integration of these components allows for automated control and

efficient management of resources within the parking facility.

5. User Interaction and Feedback:

 Users can interact with the system through the master node's LCD
display, which provides visual feedback on parking availability and fire
detection status.

 Audible alerts from the buzzer and visual indicators from the LED
provide immediate feedback in response to detected events, such as
vehicle presence or fire incidents.

6. Scalability and Customization:

 The system can be scaled and customized to accommodate larger parking

areas or additional functionalities as needed.

 Additional sensors, actuators, or communication protocols can be

integrated to extend the system's capabilities or cater to specific
requirements

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5.2 Discussion

The proposed project aims to create an advanced automation system utilizing two ESP8266
nodes—one as a master and the other as a slave—to manage parking spaces and enhance fire
safety measures. This system integrates various sensors and actuators to achieve its
objectives. The master node, equipped with an LCD display, provides real-time updates on
parking space availability, allowing users to quickly identify vacant spots. Meanwhile, the
slave node incorporates sensors such as an IR sensor for parking space occupancy detection
and a flame sensor for fire detection. Upon detecting a fire incident, the system triggers an
alarm, activates a water sprinkler system using a 2V motor and relays, and provides visual
and audible alerts for immediate action. Additionally, the slave node controls the power
supply to a workstation's fan and light using a bulb as an indicator, ensuring energy
efficiency and user comfort. The seamless communication between the master and slave
nodes enables efficient data exchange and coordination, enhancing the overall functionality
and effectiveness of the automation system. By integrating these components, the project
aims to create a comprehensive solution for parking management and fire safety, contributing
to a safer and more efficient environment. Further enhancements and customizations can be
implemented to tailor the system to specific requirements and extend its capabilities.

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENCHANCEMENT

6.1 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the proposed automation system utilizing two ESP8266 nodes presents a
comprehensive solution for managing parking spaces and enhancing fire safety measures.
By integrating sensors such as IR and flame sensors, along with actuators like relays and a
water sprinkler system, the system effectively detects parking space occupancy and
responds promptly to fire incidents. The master node's LCD display provides real-time
updates on parking availability, while the slave node controls power to the workstation's fan
and light for energy efficiency. Through seamless communication between the master and
slave nodes, the system facilitates efficient data exchange and coordination, ensuring a safer
and more efficient environment. Moving forward, further refinements and customizations
can be made to tailor the system to specific needs and extend its capabilities, ultimately
contributing to improved parking management and fire safety in various settings.

6.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

 Remote Monitoring and Control: Implement remote monitoring and control

capabilities using IoT platforms or mobile applications. This would allow users
to monitor parking availability, receive alerts, and control system functionalities
from anywhere using their smartphones or computers.

 Energy Harvesting: Implement energy harvesting techniques, such as solar panels

or kinetic energy generators, to power the system components. This would
reduce reliance on external power sources and enhance sustainability.

 User Feedback Mechanisms: Introduce user feedback mechanisms, such as

satisfaction surveys or rating systems, to gather user input and continuously
improve system performance and usability.

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PHOTOGRAPH OF THE PROJECT

Fig Photograph of the project

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REFER
ENCES
[1] A simple IoT project with the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module,electronut.in/an-iot-project-with-
esp8266.

[2] Rajeev Piyare and Seong Ro Lee: Smart home control and monitoringsystem using smart
phone

[3] M.Alkar and Karaca: Interactive Embedded Data-Acquisition SystemFor Real-Time

Applications,International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 4, Issue
10, October 2014

[4] Seeed Studio artcle on getting started with ESP82660.

[5] ThingsSPEAKwebsite

[6] A nice introductory video from great scott labs about the ESP8266

[7] My small project using ThingsSpeak to plot sensor data

[8] S. Hilton. (2012, 14 January). Progression from M2M to the Internet of Things: an
introductory blog.Available:http://blog.boschsi.com/progression fromm2mtointernetofthi
ngsanintroductoryblog Alochana Chakra Journal Volume IX, Issue IV, April/2020 ISSN
NO:2231-3990 Page No:366

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REFERENCE WEBSITES
[1]. www.ijert.org

[2]. www.researchgate.net

[3]. www.scribd.com

[4]. www.semanticscholar.org

[5]. www.ieeexplore.com

[6]. www.foxdomotics.com

[7]. www.ioxone.com

[8]. www.hindawi.com

[9]. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

[10]. www.mdpi.com

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