To Determine the COP of the Heat Pump_Both on Cooling and Heating

TECHNICAL MANUAL OF,
DESCRIPTION;
The apparatus consist of refrigeration system with water-cooled shell coil

type evaporator and condenser. A hermetically sealed compressor using R-
134a refrigerant,
Compresses the refrigerant and sends to the condenser. Liquid refrigerant
from the condenser passes through flow meter and drier/filter to
thermostatic expansion valve, where it is throttled to low pressure and
temperature. The low temperature refrigerant passes to evaporator, boils in
evaporator while absorbing heat from the water surrounding the coil and this
low pressure superheated refrigerant returns to compressor.
The condenser and evaporator are shell and coil type with continuous water
flow. Flow rates of condenser and evaporator can be changed to obtain
different working temperatures for condenser and evaporator. Heat collected
in evaporator, heat rejected to condenser and input to the system can be
measured and performance of the system can be evaluated as refrigeration
cycle or as a heat pump.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1) Compressor - Hermetically sealed Emerson Climate Tech make

compressor, using R-134a refrigerant.
2) Condenser - Shell and coil type condenser with continuous water flow
arrangement.
3) Evaporator - Shell and coil type evaporator with continuous water flow
arrangement.
4) Expansion device – capillary tube.
5) Measurements -
a) Rotameter for condenser and evaporator water flow rate measurement
- 2-Nos.
b) Rotameter for liquid refrigerant flow measurement.
c) Pressure gauges for condensing and evaporating pressure - 2-No.
d) Wattmeter for compressor input measurement.
6) Controls -
a) HP/LP cut-out for compressor.
b) Overload protector for compressor.
c) Gate valves to control water flow rates.
d) Necessary switches and fuse.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: -HEAT PUMP TEST RIG
1. Connect the water supply to the unit. Adjust the condenser water flow
rate about 3 LPM And evaporator water flow rate about 2 LPM.
2. Switch ‘ON” the main supply. Switch ‘ON’ the compressor. Within
about
15 mins. Temperatures will reach steady state. Note down all the
readings and complete the observation table.
3. Change the water flow. Note down The observations, at a flow rate of
about 2 LPM and 1 LPM.
4. Inlet water flow does not exceed 3 lpm for both condenser and
evaporator.
5. Water inlet temperature should be taken before switching on
compressor (no.5 position on Temperature scanner)
OBSERVATIONS-
Sr. no. 1 2
Cond. Water flow rate LPM
–
Evap Water flow rate – LPM

Condensing pressure (Pd) – PSIG
Evaporating pressure (Ps) -PSIG
Compressor input (Ci) – kw
R-134a flow rate-LPH
Condenser inlet temperature. (1).
Condenser outlet temperature. (2).
Evaporator inlet temperature.(3)
Evaporator outlet temperature (4).
Water inlet temperature.(5)(Before
starting compressor)
Condenser water outlet temperature 0c
(5)
Evaporator water outlet temperature 0c
(6)
To convert psig pressure in bar divide it by 14.5
Ci = (10 x 3600) / (t x 3200)
Where,‘t’= time for 10 pulses of energy meter.

3200=EMC i.e. Energy Meter Constant.
Note:
Condensing pressure is discharge pressure
Evaporating pressure is suction pressure
Calculations
1) Condensing pressure (Absolute) Pd in bar=

Condensing pressure in PSIG +1.014
14.5
Evaporating pressure (Absolute) Ps in bar=
Evaporating pressure in PSIG +1.014
14.5
From the refrigerant temperatures, plot the cycle on P-H chart of R-134a,
and find out following enthalpies
I) Hci= KJ/Kg.
ii) Hei = Hco KJ/Kg.
iii)Heo= KJ/Kg.
Where Hci, Hco, Hei and Heo are the enthalpies corresponding to condenser
inlet, condenser outlet, evaporator inlet and evaporator outlet respectively.
2) Refrigerating effect, R. E. = Heo - Hei KJ/Kg.
Compressor work, C.W. = Hci - Heo KJ/Kg.
Hence, Coefficient of performance of cooling cycle,

COP= R.E./C.W.
3) Carnot COP -
COP =Te/ (Tc-Te)
Where, Te = Saturation temp. Corresponding to evaporating pressure, K.

Tc = Saturation temp. Corresponding to condensing pressure, K
B) Evaporator side
5) Cooling effect obtained in evaporator –

C.E. =Me x Cp x dTe KJ/hr.
Where, m= mass flow of water in evaporator kg/hr.

(As l Litre of water corresponds to l kg, thus flow rate in LPH can be directly
taken as mass flow rate kg /hr)
Cp = Specific heat of water 4.2 kJ/ Kg° K
Te = Temperature drop of water in evaporator.
6) Heat collected by refrigerant in evaporator.

Hre = mr x (Heo-Hei) kJ/hr.
Where mr-mass flow rate of refrigerant.

7) Actual coefficient of performance of cooling system.
COP(act) = C.E./Ci
Where
Ci= (10 x 3600)/(te x EMCc)
Energy meter constant for compressor EMCc= 3200 pulses/ kwhr.
This ‘COP’ takes into account the heat losses. If heat losses are ignored, then
COP (theo) = Hre/Ci
Where, C=mr x (Hci-Heo) KJ/hr.
Note-1KW=3600 kJ/hr
C) Condenser side –
8) Heating obtained in the condenser -

He = mc x Cp x dTc KJ/hr.
Where,
mc = mass flow rate of water in condenser, Kg / hr.
Cp = Specific heat of water = 4.2 kJ/kg k
dTc = Temperature rise of water in condenser.
9) Heat rejected by refrigerant in condenser.

HRc = mr (Hci-Hco) kJ/hr.
10) ‘COP’ of the system as heat pump (heating cycle).
COP act = He/Ci
Where
Ci = (10 x 3600)/(Te x EMCc)
Energy meter constant for compressor = EMC= 3200 pulses/ kWhr.
This ‘COP’ takes into account the heat losses also. If the heat losses are
ignored, then
COP(theo)= Hrc/Ci
Where, Ci = mr x (Hci-Heo) KJ/hr.

12) HEAT TRANSFER CO- EFFICIENT
I) Condenser side –
Treating the condenser as cross flow heat exchanger,
LMTD = Tm = (Tri-Two)-(Tro-Twi)

LOG e [(Tri-Two/(Tro-Twi)]
Where,
Tri = Refrigerant temp. at inlet to condenser.
Tro = Refrigerant temp. at outlet from condenser.
Twi= Water temp. at inlet to condenser.
Two = Water temp at outlet to condenser.
Now,
H.E.= U.Ac. Tm
U = H.E./ Ac. Tm
Where, U = Overall heat transfer coefficient.

Ac = Surface area of condenser coil = 0.598 m2.
Tm = LMTD.
HE = Heating effect obtained in condenser
2) Evaporator Side –
Considering evaporator as cross flow heat exchanger,
LMTD= Tm = (Twi-Tro)-(Two-Tri)

LOG e [(Twi-Tro)/Two-Tri)]
Twi = water temperature inlet to evaporator.

Two = water temperature outlet from evaporator.
Tri = refrigerant temperature at inlet to evaporator.
Tro = Refrigerant temperature at outlet from evaporator.
Now, C. E. = Ue . Ae. Tm
Ue=C.E./Ae . Tm
Where,
Ue = Overall heat transfer co-efficient of evaporator.
Ae= Surface area of evaporator coil = 0.65 m2
PRECAUTIONS -
1) Ensure that water is flowing through the system at required flow rate and
the flow rate is steady. Never operate the system without or less water
flow.
2) Do not tamper with any of the settings.
3) Keep the unit at least 300 mm away from walls.

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TECHNICAL MANUAL OF,

The apparatus consist of refrigeration system with water-cooled shell coil

1) Compressor - Hermetically sealed Emerson Climate Tech make

4) Expansion device – capillary tube.

Evap Water flow rate – LPM

To convert psig pressure in bar divide it by 14.5

Ci = (10 x 3600) / (t x 3200)

Where,‘t’= time for 10 pulses of energy meter.

1) Condensing pressure (Absolute) Pd in bar=

2) Refrigerating effect, R. E. = Heo - Hei KJ/Kg.

Compressor work, C.W. = Hci - Heo KJ/Kg.

Hence, Coefficient of performance of cooling cycle,

COP =Te/ (Tc-Te)

Where, Te = Saturation temp. Corresponding to evaporating pressure, K.

5) Cooling effect obtained in evaporator –

Where, m= mass flow of water in evaporator kg/hr.

6) Heat collected by refrigerant in evaporator.

Where mr-mass flow rate of refrigerant.

Energy meter constant for compressor EMCc= 3200 pulses/ kwhr.

COP (theo) = Hre/Ci

Where, C=mr x (Hci-Heo) KJ/hr.

8) Heating obtained in the condenser -

9) Heat rejected by refrigerant in condenser.

10) ‘COP’ of the system as heat pump (heating cycle).

COP act = He/Ci

Ci = (10 x 3600)/(Te x EMCc)

Energy meter constant for compressor = EMC= 3200 pulses/ kWhr.

Where, Ci = mr x (Hci-Heo) KJ/hr.

Treating the condenser as cross flow heat exchanger,

LMTD = Tm = (Tri-Two)-(Tro-Twi)

U = H.E./ Ac. Tm

Where, U = Overall heat transfer coefficient.

LMTD= Tm = (Twi-Tro)-(Two-Tri)

Twi = water temperature inlet to evaporator.

Now, C. E. = Ue . Ae. Tm

Ae= Surface area of evaporator coil = 0.65 m2

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