Money and Credit

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark)

1. Why are transactions made in money?
Answer: A person holding money can easily exchange it for any
commodity or service that he or she might want.
2. How is money beneficial in transactions?
Answer: Money beneficial in transactions. It eliminates the need for
double coincidence of wants. It acts as a medium of exchange.
3. What is ‘double coincidence of wants’?
Answer: What a person desires to sell is exactly what the other wishes
to buy.
4. What is barter system?
Answer: When goods are directly exchanged for goods and there is no
use of money, it is called barter system.
5. How does the use of money make it easier to exchange things?
Give an example.
Answer: A person holding money can easily exchange it for any
commodity or service that he or she might want.
Example: The shoe manufacturer will first exchange shoes that he has
produced for money and then exchange the money for wheat.
6. Why one cannot refuse a payment made in rupees in India?
Answer: One cannot refuse a payment made in rupees in India: Because
it is accepted as a medium of exchange. The currency is authorized by
the government of the country.
7. Highlight the inherent problem in double coincidence of wants.
Answer: The inherent problem in double coincidence of wants is that
both parties have to agree to sell and buy each other’s commodities.
8. What was used as money in early ages in India?
Answer: In the very early ages, Indians used grains and cattle as money.
9. Which metals were used for making coins in India in later stages?
Answer: Gold, Copper, Silver coins were used in later stages for making
coins in India.
10. What does modern form of money include?
Answer: Modern form of money includes currency—that is paper notes
and coins.
11. Does modern currency have any use of its own?
Answer: Unlike the things that were used as money earlier, modern
currency is not made of precious metal such as gold, silver and copper.
And unlike grain and cattle, they are neither of everyday use. The
modern currency is without any use of its own.
12. Why is modern currency accepted as a medium of exchange?
Answer: It is accepted as a medium of exchange because the currency is
authorised by the government of the country.
13. In India, who is authorised to issue notes and currency?
Answer: In India, ‘Reserve Bank of India’ issues currency notes on
behalf of the central government.
14. What are ‘demand deposits’?
Answer: People deposit their money in the bank as it earns interest.
Since the deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand,
these deposits are called demand deposits.
15. What is a ‘cheque’?
Answer: A cheque is a paper, instructing the bank to pay a specific
amount from the person’s account to the person on whose name the
cheque has been issued.
16. What do the banks do with the deposits which they accept from
the public?
Answer: (i) Banks keep only a small proportion of their deposits as cash
with themselves.
(ii) Major portion of the money deposits are used to extend loans.
17. How do banks act as a mediator?
Answer: Banks mediate between those who have surplus funds
(depositors) and those who are in need of these funds (the borrowers).
18. Why is it difficult for poor to get loan from Banks?
Answer: Absence of Collateral is one of the major reasons which
prevent the poor from getting bank loans.
19. What is the main source of income of the banks, if they forward
the depositor’s money to the lender?
Answer: Banks charge a higher rate of interest on loans than what they
offer on deposits. The difference between what is charged from
borrowers and what is paid to depositors is their main source of income.
20. What is ‘credit’?
Answer: Credit (loan) refers to an agreement in which the lender
supplies the borrowers with money, goods or services in return for the
promise of future payment.
21. What do the farmers in rural areas take loans for?
Answer: Farmers take loans for crop production which involves
considerable costs on seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, water, electricity,
repair of equipment, etc.
22. What is a ‘debt trap’?
Answer: Credit in some cases pushes the borrower into a situation from
which recovery is very painful.
23. What is ‘credit’? What is ‘collateral’?
Answer: ‘Collateral’ is an asset that the borrower owns (such as land,
building, vehicle, live stocks, deposits with banks) and uses this as a
guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid.
24. What are the main ‘terms of credit’?
Answer: Interest rate, collateral and documentation requirement and the
mode of repayment together comprise what is called ‘terms of credit’.
25. What are informal sectors of loan?
Answer: Informal sectors include moneylenders, traders, employers,
relatives and friends, etc.
26. What are the formal sectors of loan?
Answer: Formal sectors of loan include all the banks and cooperatives.
27. Why are most of the poor households deprived from the formal
sector of loans?
Answer: Most of the poor households are deprived from the formal
sector of loans because of:
(i) Lack of collateral.
(ii) They are illiterate.
(iii) Cannot fulfill the formalities of the formal sector of loans.
28. What report is submitted periodically by all the banks to RBI?
Answer: Periodically, banks have to submit information to the RBI on
how much they are lending, to whom and at what rate.
29. Why do informal sectors charge interest rate at their own risks?
Answer: There is no organisation which supervises the credit activities
of lenders in the informal sector. Therefore, they lend at whatever
interest rate they choose. No one stops them from using unfair means to
get their money back.
30. Why do banks and cooperatives need to lend more?
Answer: Banks and cooperative societies need to lend more. This would
lead to higher incomes and many more could then borrow cheaply for a
variety of needs. Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s
development.
31. Why should credit at reasonable rates be available to all?
Answer: At present, it is the rich households who receive formal credit
whereas the poor have to depend on the informal sources. It is important
that the formal credit is distributed more equally so that the poor can
benefit from the cheaper loans.
32. What prevents the poor from getting bank loans?
Answer: Bank loans require proper documents and collateral. Absence
of collateral is one of the major reasons which prevents the poor from
getting bank loans.
33. Prove with an argument that there is a great need to expand
formal sources of credit in rural India.
Answer: T0o expand formal sources of credit in rural India, dependence
on informal sources of credit has to be reduced.
34. What are SHGs?
Answer: They are Self Help Groups, who provide mutual support to
each other.
35. For what purposes do SHGs give loans to its members?
Answer: Small loans are provided to the members for releasing
mortgaged land, for meeting working capital needs like buying seeds,
fertilizers, raw materials like bamboo and cloth for housing, materials
for acquiring assets like sewing machines, handloom, cattle, etc.
36. Give any two advantages of SHGs.
Answer: (i) SHGs help borrowers overcome the problem of collateral.
(ii) They can get timely loans for a variety of purposes and at reasonable
rates.
37. How does the use of money make it easier to exchange things?
Answer: In an economy where money is in use, it eliminates the need
for double coincidence of wants by providing the crucial intermediate
step.
38. What do you mean by the term ‘collateral’?
Answer: It is an asset that the borrower owns and uses this guarantee to
a lender until the loan is repaid.
39. Recognize the situation when both the parties in a barter
economy have to agree to sell and buy each other’s commodities?
What is it called?
Answer: This is known as double coincidence of wants.
40. Amit is using his money to buy assets like house, commercial
land and machines. Write what is he actually doing?
Answer: He is investing his money with a hope of earning profits from
these assets.
41. How do the deposits with banks become their source of income?
Answer: The Source of income of bank: Banks charge higher interest
rate on loans than what they offer on deposits. The difference of interest
is the main source of income of banks.
42. Compare formal sector loans with informal sector of loans
regarding interest only.
Answer: Comparison of formal sector loans with informal: Most of the
informal lenders charge a much higher interest on loans than the formal
sector loans.
43. Why is the supervision of the functioning of formal sources of
loans necessary?
Answer: Supervision of the functioning of formal sources of loans is
necessary because—Banks have to submit information to the RBI on
how much they are lending to when they are lending and what interest
rate, etc.
44. How does money eliminate the need for double coincidence of
wants?
Answer: If you have money in your pocket, you can purchase anything
at any time as you wish.
Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks)
1. Give an example to show that double coincidence of wants is
necessary in a barter system.
Answer: A shoe manufacturer wants to sell shoes in the market and buy
wheat. The shoe manufacturer will first exchange shoes that he had
produced for money, and then exchange the money for wheat. Imagine
how difficult it would be if the shoe manufacturer had to directly
exchange shoes for wheat without using money. He would have to look
for a wheat growing farmer, who not only wants to sell wheat but also
wants to buy the shoes in exchange. That is, both parties have to agree to
sell and buy each other’s commodities. This is known as double
coincidence of wants.
2. How is modern form of currency accepted as a medium of
exchange?
Or
Why is currency accepted as a medium of exchange?
Answer:
I-Modern forms of money include currency—paper notes and coins.
Modern currency is not made of precious metals such as gold, silver and
copper. The modern currency is without any use of its own. In India,
Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the Central
government.
II-As per the Indian law, no other individual or organisation is allowed
to issue currency.No individual in India can legally refuse a payment
made in rupees.
3. “Banks are efficient medium of exchange.” Support the statement
with arguments.
Answer: Banks are efficient medium of exchange:
(i) Demand deposits share the essential features of money.
(ii) The facility of cheque against demand deposit makes it possible to
directly settle payment without the use of cash.
(iii) Demand deposits are accepted widely as a means of payment.
4. What are ‘demand deposits’?
Answer:
 Workers who receive their salaries at the end of each month have
extra cash at the beginning of the month.
 This extra cash is deposited with the bank by opening a bank account
in their name.
 Banks accept the deposits and also pay an interest rate on the
deposits.
 In this way, people’s money is safe with the banks and it earns an
interest as well.
 People also have the provision to withdraw the money as and when
they require.
 Since the deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand,
these deposits are called demand deposits.
5. How are demand deposits accepted as a means of payment?
Answer: (i) Demand deposits offer another interesting facility. It helps
in making the payment in cheque.
(ii) A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount
from the person’s account to the other person or to the account holder.
(iii) Thus, we see that demand deposits share the essential features of
money.
(iv) The facility of Cheques against demand deposits makes settlement
of payments possible without using cash.
(v) Since demand deposits are accepted widely as a means of payment,
along with currency, they constitute money in the modern economy.
6. State three disadvantages of the barter system.
Answer: (i) In a barter system, double coincidence of wants is required.
(ii) Here, the person is required to sell only what the other wishes to buy.
(iii) If both parties do not agree, the goods cannot be exchanged for
goods.
7. Illustrate with examples the role of ‘loan’ in ‘businesses’.
Answer: Role of Loan
(i) Loan is a crucial element in economic life and plays a vital and
positive role.
(ii) It helps to increase earnings. Salim obtains credit to meet the
working capital needs of production. The credit helps him to meet the
ongoing expenses of production, complete production on time, and
thereby increase his earnings. Credit therefore plays a vital and positive
role in this situation.
(iii) It makes a person economically better off than before.
(iv) It helps the poor and needy at the time of crisis.
(v) It helps the person to meet the ongoing expenses of production and
complete production on time.
(vi) In another situation, because of the crop failure, loan pushes the
person into a debt trap.
(vii) Examples of Salim and Laksmi could be given
8. Why are terms of credit required for a loan or credit?
Answer: (i) Terms of credit are required so that the borrower knows the
conditions to take the loan.
(ii) The collateral, in the form of security or guarantee, is given to the
lender until the loan is repaid.
(iii) If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has all the rights to
sell the assets or collateral to obtain the payment.
9. Why does the formal or informal sector asks for a collateral?
Answer:
I- Every loan agreement specifies an interest rate which the
borrower must pay to the lender along with the repayment of the
principal. In addition, lenders may demand a collateral or an
asset that the borrower owns to use it as a guarantee until he
repays the loan.
II- Interest rate, collateral and documentation requirement and the
mode of repayment are the terms of credit required for formal or
informal sectors for loans.
10. How are cooperatives functioning in the rural areas to solve the
problem of credit?
Answer: Besides banks, the other major source of cheap credit in rural
areas are the cooperatives. Members of a cooperative, pool their
resources for cooperation in certain areas.
Cooperatives form members, who accept deposits from its members.
With these deposits as collateral, the cooperative obtains a large loan
from the bank. These funds are used to provide loans to members. Once
these loans are repaid, another round of lending can take place.
11. Identify transactions involving money in our day-to-day life.
Answer: There are several transactions involving money in any single
day. In many of these transactions, goods are being bought and sold with
the use of money. It eliminates the need for double coincidence of
wants.
In some of these transactions, services are being exchanged with money.
For some, there might not be any actual transfer of money taking place
now but a promise to pay money later.
12. Why are transactions made in money?
Answer: A person holding money can easily exchange it for any
commodity or service that he or she might want. Thus, everyone prefers
to receive payments in money and then exchange the money for things
that they want.
Take the case of a shoe manufacturer. He wants to sell shoe in the
market and buy wheat. The shoe manufacturer will first exchange shoe
that he has produced for money and then exchange the money for wheat.
13. State any three advantages of an ATM.
Answer: (i) ATM is a provision called the Automated Teller Machine.
(ii) In case of an ATM, direct interaction with the bank is not required.
(iii) Money can be withdrawn from the ATM during the entire twenty-
four hours in a day, whereas banks close their public dealings at a
particular time, binding the depositor to come within that stipulated
period.
14. Explain any three loan activities of banks in India.
Answer: Loan activities of Banks in India:
(i) Banks use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans.
(ii) Banks make use of the deposits to meet the loan requirements of the
people.
(iii) Banks mediate between those who have surplus funds (the
depositors) and those who are in need of these funds (the borrowers).
(iv) Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what it offers on
deposits.
15. Which objects were used as money?
Answer: (i) Before the introduction of coins, a variety of objects were
used as money. For example, since the very early ages, Indians used
grains and cattle as money.
(ii) Thereafter, came the use of metallic coins—a phase which continued
well into the last century.
16. How do farmers get into debt trap?
Answer:
I-Farmers usually take crop loans at the beginning of the season and
repay the loan after harvest. Sometimes, the failure of the crop makes
loan repayment impossible. So, the farmers have to sell a part of their
land to repay the loan.
II- Credit in such a condition pushes the borrowers into a situation from
which recovery is painful and they get into the debt trap.
17. Self-help Groups support has brought about a revolutionary
change in the rural sector.
Answer: (i) The idea is to organize rural poor, in particular women, into
small Self Help Groups (SHGs) and pool their savings. Members can
take small loans from the group itself to meet their needs. The group
charges interest on these loans but this is still less than what the
moneylender charges.
(ii) If the group is regular in savings, it becomes eligible for availing
loan from the bank. Loan is sanctioned in the name of the group and is
meant to create self – employment opportunities for the members. The
SHG is responsible for repayment of the loan, banks get ready to give
loans without collateral.
(iii) Self-help, self-reliance and creating a support system and platform
to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such as health, nutrition,
domestic violence etc.
18. Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India?
Give three reasons.
Answer: (i) The cost of informal loans is much higher and often leads to
a debt trap. Also, people who might wish to start a new enterprise by
borrowing may not do so because of the high cost of borrowing in such a
case.
(ii) Most loans from informal lenders carry a very high interest rate and
do little to increase the income of the borrowers. Thus, it is necessary
that banks and cooperatives increase their lending particularly in the
rural areas, so that the dependence of the poor on informal sources of
credit reduces.
(iii) It is important that the formal credit is distributed more equally so
that the poor can benefit from the cheaper loans.
20. Explain the values which a borrower should observe for the
proper use of loan taken.
Answer: Borrower should observe the following for the proper use of
loan taken:
(i) Proper planning of both for borrowing and spending of loan amount.
(ii) Use the loan for the purpose for which it has been borrowed.
(iii) Follow the terms and conditions of the credit.
(iv) To develop consciousness to repay the loan on time.
21. “The credit activities of the informal sector should be
discouraged.” Support the statement with arguments.
Answer: The credit activities of the informal sector should be
discouraged because:
(i) 85% of loans taken by the poor households in the urban areas are
from informal sources.
(ii) Informal lenders charge very high interest on their loans.
(iii) There are no boundaries and restrictions.
(iv) Higher cost of borrowing means a larger part of the earnings of the
borrowers is used to repay the loan.
(v) In certain cases, the high interest rate for borrowing can mean that
the amount to be repaid is greater than the income of the borrower.
(vi) This could lead to increasing debt and debt trap, therefore the credit
activities of the informal sector should be discouraged.
22. “Deposits with the banks are beneficial to the depositers as well
as to the nation”. Examine the statement.
Answer: Deposits with the banks are beneficial to the depositors as well
as to the nation.
Benefits to the Depositors
(i) Banks accepts the deposits and pay interest to the depositor.
(ii) People’s money is safe with the banks.
(iii) People can withdraw the money as and when they require.
Benefits to the Nation
(i) Banks use money of the depositor to afford loans.
(ii) There is a huge demand for loans for various economic activities.
(iii) Banks mediate between those who have surplus funds and those
who are in need of these funds. Thus it helps in the economic
development of the nation.
23. Credit has its own unique role for development’. Justify the
statement with arguments.
OR
Describe the vital and positive role of credit.
Answer: “Credit has its own unique role for development”
(i) Credit helps to increase earning and therefore the person is better off
than before. For example, as in (Salim’s case)
(ii) Credit helps to earn money as well as capital for the future.
(iii) Credit helps in the development of infrastructure of the society that
leads to the overall development.
24. How is money transferred from one bank account to another
bank account? Explain with an example.
Answer: Money Transfer from one bank account to another bank
account. If a person has to make a payment to his or her friend and
writes a cheque for a specific amount, this means that the person
instructs his bank to pay this amount to his friend. His friend takes this
cheque and deposit in his account in the bank. This said amount is
transferred from one bank account to another bank account.
25. How is the concept of Self Help Groups important for poor
people? Give your view point.
Answer:
(i) Self Help Groups help in pooling the savings of the members, who
are poor people.
(ii) Members can get timely loans for a variety of purposes.
(iii) They get loan at a reasonable rate of interest.
(iv) It helps borrowers to overcome the problem of lack of collateral and
documentation.
(v) It saves them from exploitation of the money lenders.
(vi) This interest income becomes an extra source of income of the
members
Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks)
1. Review any three merits and any two demerits of ‘formal sector of
credit’ in India.
Answer:
Merits
(i) Helps to meet the working capital needs of production.
(ii) Helps in ongoing expenses of production.
(iii) Helps in completing production on time.
(iv) Helps in increasing earnings.
(v) Low interest rates.
(vi) Easy access of loans to small cultivators and small scale industries.
Demerits
(i) Difficulty in obtaining loans.:
(ii) Collateral issues.
(iii) Documentation could be a problematic issue for few.
(iv) Lack of credibility in rural areas.
2. Why are poor households still dependent on informal sources of
credit?
OR
“Poor households still depend on informal sources of credit.”
Support the statement with examples.
Answer: Reasons:
 Banks are not present everywhere in rural India.
 Even if they are present, getting a loan from a bank is much more
difficult than taking a loan from informal sources.
 Bank loans require proper documents and a collateral. Absence of
collateral is one of the major reasons which prevents the poor from
getting bank loans.
 Informal lenders like moneylenders know the borrower personally
and hence, are often willing to give a loan without a collateral.
 The borrowers can, if necessary, approach the moneylender even
without repaying their earlier loans.
 However, the moneylenders charge very high rates of interest, keep
no records of the transactions and harass the poor borrowers.
3. What are the advantages of SHGs?
Answer: Advantages of SHGs:
(i) The SHGs help the borrower to overcome the problem of lack of
collateral.
(ii) They can get timely loans for a variety of purposes and at a
reasonable interest rate.
(iii) SHGs are the building blocks of organisation of the rural poor.
(iv) Not only do they help women become financially self-reliant, the
regular meetings of the group provide a platform to discuss and act on a
variety of social issues such as health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc.
4. What are the differences between formal and informal sources of
credit?
Answer: Formal sources:
(i) These sources of credit are registered by the government and have to
follow its rules and regulations.
(ii) RBI supervises the functioning of formal sources of credit.
(iii) They generally charge lower rates of interest.
(iv) Their main motive is social welfare.
Example: Banks and cooperatives.
Informal sources:
(i) These include those small and scattered units which are largely
outside the control of the government.
(ii) There is no organisation which supervises the credit activities.
(iii) They charge much higher rates of interest.
(iv) Their main motive is profit-making.
Example: Moneylenders, traders, employees, relatives and friends, etc.
5. What is a cheque? How does it replace currency?
Answer: A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific
amount from the person’s account to the person in whose name the
cheque has been drawn.
(i) The facility of cheque against demand deposits makes it possible to
directly settle the payments without the use of withdrawal.
(ii) For payment through cheque, the payer who has an account with the
bank, makes out a cheque of a specific amount.
(iii) The money is transferred from one bank account to another in a
couple of days. The transaction is complete without any payment of
cash.
6. What is credit? How can credit be both an asset as well as a debt
trap?
Answer: Credit refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the
borrower with money, goods or services in return for the promise of
future payment.
(i) Example of credit as an asset: During the festival season, a shoe
manufacturer has received an order of making shoes in bulk, within a
month’s time. To complete production, he hired some extra workers and
has to purchase the raw materials. He asks the supplier to supply leather
now and promises to pay him later. Then he took some advance payment
from the trader. By the end of the month, he is able to deliver the order,
make a good profit and repay the money he had borrowed.
(ii) Example of credit as debt trap: A farmer picks up the loan from a
moneylender to meet the expenses of cultivation. But unfortunately the
crop is hit by the pests and fails. So, he is unable to repay the loan and
debt grows larger with interest. Next year, he picks up a fresh loan and is
able to have a normal crop that year. But earnings are not enough to pay
the earlier debt. So, he is caught in a debt trap. He can repay the loan,
only after selling a part of the land.
In shoemaker’s case, credit plays a vital and positive role, whereas in
farmer’s case credit pushes the borrower into a situation from which
recovery is very painful.
7. What are the terms of credit?
Answer: (i) Every loan agreement specifies an interest rate which the
borrower must pay to the lender along with repayment of the principal.
(ii) In addition, lender may demand collateral, i.e., an asset that the
borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee until the loan is repaid.
(iii) If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to sell
the collateral to obtain payment.
(iv) Terms of credit comprise interest rate, collateral and documentation
requirement, and the mode of repayment.
(v) The terms of credit vary substantially from one credit arrangement to
another. They may vary depending on the nature of the lender and the
borrower.
8. “The rich households are availing cheap credit from formal
lenders whereas the poor households have to pay a heavy price for
borrowing.” Comment.
Answer:
 The formal sector still meets only about half of the total credit needs
of the rural people.
 The remaining credit needs are met from informal sources.
 Most loans from informal lenders carry a very high interest rate and
do little to increase the income of the borrowers.
 Thus, it is necessary that banks and cooperatives increase their
lending particularly in the rural areas, so that the dependence on
informal sources of credit reduces.
 While formal sector loans need to expand, it is also necessary that
everyone receives these loans.
 At present, it is the rich households who receive formal credit
whereas the poor have to depend on the informal sources.
9. Who takes the important decisions of SHGs and why?
OR
“‘Self Help Groups’ help borrowers to overcome the problem of
lack of collateral.” Examine the statement.
Answer:
 Most of the important decisions regarding the savings and loan
activities are taken by the group members.
 The group decides as regards the loans to be granted—the purpose,
amount, interest to be charged, repayment schedule, etc.
 It is the group which is responsible for the repayment of the loan.
 In case of default by any one member, it is followed up seriously by
other members in the group.
 Because of this feature, banks are willing to lend to the poor women
when organised in SHGs even though they have no collateral as such.
10. Write a note on the success story of ‘Grameen Bank of
Bangladesh’.
Answer:
I- Grameen Bank of Bangladesh was founded by Prof. Muhammad
Yunus in year 1970. Over the last 42 years i.e., from 1976 to 2017, the
operations of the bank spread to a large area of Bangladesh. The bank
was started with a very small project and in year 2005, it spread across
40,000 villages with 6 million borrowers in various parts of Bangladesh.
Most of the borrowers of this bank are women and belong to poor
sections of society. These poor women have started ‘self-employment’
projects by taking credit from this Grameen bank. This credit has
positive impact on these women as they started a gainful employment,
which helped them not only to repay their loan but also to earn a good
living for themselves and their family.
11. How can the formal sector loans be made beneficial for poor
farmers and workers? Suggest any five measures.
Answer: Formal sector loans can be made beneficial for poor farmers
and workers in the following ways:
(i) It is required to create awareness among farmers about formal sector
loans.
(ii) Process of providing loans should be made easier.
(iii) It should be simple, fast and timely.
(iv) More number of Nationalised banks/cooperative banks should be
based in rural sector.
(v) Banks and cooperatives should increase facility of providing loans so
that dependence on informal sources of credit reduces.
(vi) The benefits of loans should be extended to poor farmer and small
scale Industries.
(vii) While formal sector loans need to expand, it is also necessary that
everyone receives these loans.