Control Terms1
Control Terms1
A signal flow graph is a diagram that represents a set of simultaneous linear algebraic
equations. Each signal flow graph consists of a network in which nodes are connected
by directed branches. Each node represents a system variable, and each branch acts
as a signal multiplier. The signal flows in the direction indicated by the arrow.
Node: A node is a point representing a variable or signal.
Branch: A branch is a directed line segment joining two nodes.
Transmittance: It is the gain between two nodes.
Input node: A node that has only outgoing branche(s). It is also, called as source and
corresponds to independent variable.
Output node: A node that has only incoming branches. This is also called as sink and
corresponds to dependent variable.
Path: A path is a traversal of connected branches in the direction of branch arrow.
Loop: A loop is a closed path
Self loop: It is a feedback loop consisting of single branch.
Loop gain: The loop gain is the product of branch transmittances of the loop.
Nontouching loops: Loops that do not posses a common node.
Forward path: A path from source to sink without traversing an node more than once.
Feedback path: A path which originates and terminates at the same node.
Forward path gain: Product of branch transmittances of a forward path
Addtion rule The value of the variable designated by a node is equal to the sum of all
signals entering the node.
Transmission rule :The value of the variable designated by a node is transmitted on
every branch leaving the node.
Multiplication rule: A cascaded connection of n-1 branches with transmission functions
can be replaced by a single branch with new transmission function equal to the product
of the old ones.
Masons Gain Formula: The relationship between an input variable and an output
variable of a signal flow graph is given by the net gain between input and output nodes
and is known as overall gain of the system. Masons gain formula is used to obtain the
over all gain (transfer function) of signal flow graphs.
• Every variable in a signal flow graph is designed by a Node.
• Every transmission function in a signal flow graph is designed by a Branch.
• Branches are always unidirectional.
• The arrow in the branch denotes the direction of the signal flow.
• There are four variables in the equations (i.e., x1,x2,x3,and x4) therefore four
nodes are required to construct the signal flow graph.
• Arrange these four nodes from left to right and connect them with the associated
branches.
A signal flow graph is the graphical representation of the relationships
between the variables of set linear algebraic equations.
a) True
A node having only outgoing branches.
a) Input node
Use mason’s gain formula to find the transfer function of the given signal
flow graph:
b) abdeg/1-(bc+ef)+bcef
Use mason’s gain formula to find the transfer function of the following signal
flow graph:
b) acdfg+bcefg/1-cd-fg-cdfg
Loop which do not possess any common node are said to be ___________
loops.
c) Non touching loops
Signal flow graphs:
a) They apply to linear systems
Signal flow graphs are reliable to find transfer function than block diagram
reduction technique.
a) True
The relationship between an input and output variable of a signal flow graph
is given by the net gain between the input and output node is known as the
overall______________
a) Overall gain of the system
Use mason’s gain formula to calculate the transfer function of given figure:
b) G1+G2/1+G1H
Use mason’s gain formula to find the transfer function of the given figure:
c) G1+G2/1+G1H+G2H