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    Geometric Algebra

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    hursidfajzullaev525

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    Geometric Algebra

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    Geometric Algebra

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    hursidfajzullaev525

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    Consolidating the Geometric Algebra Talk

    Khurshid Fayzullayev
    November 2024

    1 Component-Wise Product of Two Vectors


    1.1 Distributivity
    To show that the component-wise product (Hadamard product) of two vectors is dis-
    tributive, we must demonstrate both left and right distributivity:

    1. v ⊙ (u + w) = (v ⊙ u) + (v ⊙ w),

    2. (u + w) ⊙ v = (u ⊙ v) + (w ⊙ v),
    where u = (u1 , u2 , . . . , un ), v = (v1 , v2 , . . . , vn ), and w = (w1 , w2 , . . . , wn ) are n-dimensional
    vectors.
    Let us first prove left distributivity:

    v ⊙ (u + w) = (v1 (u1 + w1 ), v2 (u2 + w2 ), . . . , vn (un + wn )),

    = (v1 u1 + v1 w1 , v2 u2 + v2 w2 , . . . , vn un + vn wn ),
    which can be expressed as:

    (v1 u1 , v2 u2 , . . . , vn un ) + (v1 w1 , v2 w2 , . . . , vn wn ).

    Thus:
    v ⊙ (u + w) = (v ⊙ u) + (v ⊙ w).
    Similarly, for right distributivity:

    (u + w) ⊙ v = ((u1 + w1 )v1 , (u2 + w2 )v2 , . . . , (un + wn )vn ),

    = (u1 v1 + w1 v1 , u2 v2 + w2 v2 , . . . , un vn + wn vn ),
    = (u1 v1 , u2 v2 , . . . , un vn ) + (w1 v1 , w2 v2 , . . . , wn vn ).
    Thus:
    (u + w) ⊙ v = (u ⊙ v) + (w ⊙ v).
    This proves that the Hadamard product is distributive.

    1
    1.2 Geometric Meaning
    Consider the vectors u = (1, 0) and v = (0, 1). Their Hadamard product is:

    u ⊙ v = (0, 0).

    Now, apply a rotation matrix R(60◦ ) to rotate u and v by θ = 60◦ :

    u′ = R(60◦ )u = (0.5, 0.866),

    v′ = R(60◦ )v = (0.866, 0.5).


    Recalculating their Hadamard product:

    u′ ⊙ v′ = (0.433, 0.433).

    This result depends on the coordinate system, violating the property that a geometric
    operation should remain invariant under rotations. Therefore, the Hadamard product
    lacks meaningful geometric interpretation.

    2 Modified Complex Product


    2.1 Complex Conjugate Argument
    Let z = r1 eiθ1 , where |z| = r1 and arg(z) = θ1 . The complex conjugate z̄ is:

    z̄ = r1 e−iθ1 .

    Thus:
    arg(z̄) = − arg(z).
    The modified product is defined as:

    z · w = z w̄.

    For w = r2 eiθ2 , the modified product becomes:

    z · w = r1 r2 ei(θ1 −θ2 ) .

    Hence, the magnitude is the product of the magnitudes:

    |z · w| = |z||w| = r1 r2 ,

    and the argument is the angle between z and w in the plane:

    arg(z · w) = θ1 − θ2 .

    2.2 Distributivity
    The modified product satisfies real-bilinearity but not complex bilinearity. When scaling
    by a complex scalar, the magnitude scales by |α|, but the argument shifts non-linearly.
    Thus, the product is not complex-bilinear.

    2
    2.3 Commutativity
    The modified product z · w is commutative (z · w = w · z) if and only if both z and w are
    real numbers.

    3 Anti-Commutativity of the Exterior Product


    To prove anti-commutativity:
    u ∧ v = −(v ∧ u),
    consider two vectors u and v in R3 , and use their expansion in terms of the basis vectors
    e1 , e2 , e3 .

    4 Geometric Product of Vectors


    Given u, v, w ∈ R2 , the geometric product is derived by combining dot and wedge prod-
    ucts. For instance:
    uv = (u · v) + (u ∧ v),
    and extending this to uvw by sequentially applying the product rules.

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