Socio-Religious Reform

Movements

Raja Ram Mohan Roy (father of modern India)

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● Factors which gave Rise to Reform Movements

• Presence of colonial government on Indian soil.

• Various ills plaguing Indian society—obscurantism, superstition, polytheism, idolatry, degraded
position of women, exploitative caste hierarchy.
• Spread of education and increased awareness of the world.
• Impact of modern Western culture and consciousness of defeat by a foreign power.
• Rising tide of nationalism and democracy during the late 19th century.

● Social Base

Emerging middle class and Western-educated intellectuals.

● Ideological Base

Rationalism, religious universalism, humanism, secularism.

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 Religious and Social Reform Movements

Betterment of Position of Women Degraded Legislative Measures for Women

Bengal Regulation (1829) banning sati
position due to
Bengal Regulations (1795, 1804)—declaring
• Purdah system
infanticide illegal.
• Early marriage
Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act, 1856.
• Lack of education
Age of Consent Act, 1891
• Unequal rights in marriage, divorce, inheritance
Sarda Act, 1930
• Polygamy
Special Marriage Act, 1954
• Female infanticide
Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
• Restrictions on widow remarriage
Hindu Succession Act, 1956
• Sati
Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act
Maternity Benefits Act, 1961
Equal Remuneration Act, 1976
Child Marriage Restraint (Amendment) Act,
1978
Suppression of Immoral Traffic Act in Women
and Girls, 1956
(amended in 1986)
Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 (amended in 1986)

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4
• Abolition of Sati: efforts of Raja R a m M o h a n Roy, regulation of 1 8 2 9.
• Preventing Female Infanticide – The Bengal regulations of 1795 and 1804 declared infanticide illegal
• An Act passed in 1870 made it compulsory for parents to register the birth of all babies
• Widow Remarriage – Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar in enactment of widow’s remarriage Act, 1856.
• Jagannath Shankar Seth and Bhau Daji-promoters of girls’ schools in Maharashtra
• Vishnu Shastri Pandit had established the Widow Remarriage Association in the 1850s.
• In 1 8 5 2 , K ars o n d as Mulji started the Sat ya Prakash in Gujarati in 1 8 5 2 to advocate w i d ow remarriage .
• In Western India D K Karve-upliftment of widows.
• In Madras - Veerasalingam Pantulu played a prominent role for the emancipation of women.

• Lord Wellesley - Prohibition of Infanticide (1802)

• Lord William - Bentinck Prohibition of Sati (1829)
• Lord Ellenborough - Abolition of Slavery (1843), Lex Loci Report 1840
• Lord Hardinge - Suppression of Practice of Human Sacrifice
• Lord Dalhousie - Widow Remarriage Act 1856.
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Brahmo Samaj:
• Founder: Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833)

• father of Indian Renaissance a n d the make r of M od e r n India.

• Morning Star of Reform Movement.

• H e believed in the synthesis of East a n d Wes t

• 1815 - At m iya S a b h a in Calcutta an d h e re name d it as B ra h m o

S amaj in 1828. This was the first a n d foremost move me nt in India.

• The features of B r a h m o S a m a j m ay be s u m m e d t h u s —
o denounced polytheism and idol worship.
o discarded faith in divine avataras
o no definite stand on doctrine of karma and transmigration of soul.
o criticised caste system

• Activities of Brah m o S am aj opposed by D h a r m a S ab ha of Rad h akanth D eb

Journals:
• In 1821, 'Samvadha Kaumudhi’- first I n d i a n journal.
• [In 1 7 8 0 First p ap er in India w as 'Bengal Gazette' an English p ap er -James Augustus Hickey]
• Mirat-ul-Akbar, First Persian paper in India.
• Banga Duga (in many vernacular languages)
Literature -
o Tuhufat -ul- Muwahiddin (Gift to Monotheists)- Persian
(1805)
o Th e Guide to Peace a n d Happiness.
o Precepts of Jesus (1820)
o Anushthan (Interpretation of Vedas).
o Translated Upanishads to Bengali and English

Wester n Education
o 1817 Hindu College in Calcutta was started (founded by
Davir Hare)
o 1 8 2 5 Vedanta College' at Calcutta

• D ied in 1833-sent as a n envoy of Akb ar II to seek hike in

pension.
Raja Rammohan Roy’s Efforts at Social Reform:

• anti-sati struggle in 1818- William Bentick.

• attacked polygamy and the degraded state of widows
• demanded the right of inheritance and property for women.
• cond e mne d oppressive practices of Bengali zamindars
• d e mand e d fixation of m a x i m u m rents.
• d e mand e d abolition of taxes o n taxfree lands.
Adi Brahmo Swaraj:
• Devendrantah Tagore- conservative wing.
• 1839 – Tatvabodhini Sabha to propagate Ram Mohan’s
• 1843 – Joined the Brahmo Samaj
• Indian Mirror

Bharatiya Brahmo Swaraj:

• Keshav Chandra Sen- radical wing-spread throughout India.
• Good Will Fraternity (earlier Sangat Sabha)
• Indian Mirror, Bambodhini Patrika (U C Dutt).
• Thunderbolt of Bengal.

• J u ga l b a n dhi→ Kesh u b C h a n d ra S en + D eb en d ra n a t h
• Keshab and his followers founded the Brahmo Samaj of India in 1866

• 1 8 6 1 Prathana Samaj' at B o m b a y by At m a r a m Pa n d u Ranga.

• Mahadeo Govind Ra n a d e (1842-1901), joined the samaj in 1870. r
• bhakti cult of Maharashtra.
• D h o n d o Keshav Kar ve a n d Vishnu Shastri – Ranade’s c ha m pio n s .

• KC Sen -1872 Civil Marriage Act (Native Marriage Act )-

• 14 for girls and 18 for b oys .

• 1878 'Sadhana Brahmo Samaj' was started by Shivanatha Sastry".

• 1864 Veda Samaj' by Sridharlu Naidu
 Henry Vivian Derozio(1809-31)
• Taught at the Hindu College from 1826 to 1831
• Started Young Bengal Movement.
• Followers known as Derozians or Young Bengal.
• Started two journals Bengal Spectator and Hesperus.
• first nationalist poet of m o d e r n India
• To India- My Native Land – Poem

Eshwara Chandra Vidya Sagar: (1820-91)

• Principal of Sanskrit College, Calcutta.
• Organised 1st Widow remarriage in Bengal
• 1856-Women Remarriage Act
• In 1842 Bethune College in Calcutta- First women college in India
• Kadambini Ganguly was first women graduate in India
• Imp. Literary Works – Bahubibaha and Bidhaba Bibaha
• S tarted the Bengali N e w s pa pe r S ome Prakash (1858)
Reformers of Western India
Mahadev Govind Ranade (1842-1901)
• judge of the Bombay High court
• 1 8 6 7 – setup of Prarthana Samaj, a Brah m o m ove m e n t in Maharashtra by
reorganizing the Paramh ans a Mandali.
• 1870 – He played a key role in establishment of Poona Sarvajanik Sabha.
• He even edited the Bombay daily – Induprakash.
• He was a founding member of Indian National Congress.
• 1887 – He founded the Indian National Social Conference along with
Raghunath Rao. It functioned as a social reform cell of the Indian National
Congress.
• He is also known as the Father of Indian Economics

His 3 followers were prominent- they are

• Panditaine Ramabai Ranadey - His wife - Seva Sadan' and 'Sharadha
Sadan', a school for widows
• Gopal Gan es h Agarkar - In 1894- Deccan Educational Society
• Raghunath a Rao - started Pledge Movement' to eradicate child marriage

Dondu Keshav Karve:

• He founded a widow home in Bombay to promote Widow Remarriage. In
1916-First Women University in India at Pune.
• 1899 – He established a Widow’s Home in Poona
• He also established an Indian Women’s University at Bombay in 1916.
Indian Social Conference
• Fo u n der - M.G. Ranad e a n d Rag h unath Rao
• It was the social reform cell of the Indian National Congress.
• It launched the ‘Pledge Movement’ against child marriage.

Pandita Ramabai (1858-1922)

• 1889 – She founded Sharda Sadan/ Home for Learning and Mukti
Sadan at Bombay. Later, it was shifted to Poona.
• Taste for reading enabled her to become the first woman in India to
earn the titles of Pandita a n d Sarasvati at the age of 20.
• Fo un ded the Ar ya Mahila Samaj.
Beharamji M Malabari:
Vice-Chancellor of Bombay University
• His journals - Indian Spectator, East and West, Times of India and Mahapap
Balavivaha in Hindi.
• H e started 'Seva Sadan' in B o m b ay with his friend D iw a n D a y a r a m Gid u ma l

Gopal Krishna Gokhale:

•In 1905- 'Servants of India Society' with the help of M.G. Ranade.
Important m e m b e r s of this society were
• Narayah Malhar Joshi - In 1920 at Bombay-All India Trade Union Congress
(AITUC) with Lala Lajpat Rai as its first president.
• Hru daya Nath Khunjru - H e founded 'Seva Samithi' at Allahabad
• Sree Ram Bajpai In 1914- 'Seva Samithi Boy Scouts Association' at Bombay.

Thulasi R am or Shivadayal Saheb:

• He founded 'Radha Swami Satsang' in Agra-promotes western education.

Balshastri Jambhekar (1812-46)

• H e started the n e w s pa pe r D ar pan in 1832. K n o w n as the father of Marathi
journalism.
• In 1840, he started Digdarshan
• Jambhekar founded the B o m b a y Native General Library.
• He was the first professor of Hindi at the Elphinston College, besides being a
director of the Colaba Obser vator y.
Reformers of S outhern India

Veeresha Lingam Panthulu:

• South India E s hwara Ch an dra Vidya Sagar'.
• Viveka Vardini a telugu magazine was started by him.

Ved Samaj (1864)

• Fou n der – Kesh u b C h a n dra Sen a n d K. Sridharalu N a i du in 1864.
• 1871 – K. Sridharalu renamed the Ved Samaj as Brahmo Samaj of
Southern India.
Controlling Child Marriage:

• Th e Native Marriage Act (or Civil Marriage Act), 1 8 7 2 prohibited child marriage.
• The relentless efforts of a Parsi reformer, B.M. Malabari, were rewarded by the enactment of the Age of
Consent Act (1891) which forbade the marriage of girls below the age of 12.
• The Sarda Act of 1930-marriage age to 18 and 14 for boys and girls respectively.
• In free India, the Child Marriage Restraint (Amendment) Act, 1978 raised the age of marriage for
girls from 15 to 18 years and for boys from 18 to 21.

Education for Women:

• B et h u n e school Th e Christian missionaries we re the
first to set up the Calcutta Fem a l e Juvenile Societ y in 1819.
T h e B e t h u n e S ch o o l , f o u n d e d b y J.E.D. B e t h u n e
• Charles Wood’s Despatch on Education (1854)- need for female education.
• In 1 9 1 6 – Prof. D K Ka r ve set u p the Indian Wo m e n Universit y, n a m e d
a s S N D T Co l l ege, M u m b a i .
• L a dy H a rd in ge Medical College was o p en ed in Delhi.
• Health facilities to wo m e n-D ufferin Hospitals in the 1880s.
• Sarojini Naidu went on to become the president of the Indian National
Congress (1925) a n d later the governor of the United Provinces (1947-49).

Women’s Organisation –
• In 1910, Sarla Devi C h a u d h u rani convened the first meeting of the Bharat
Stree M ah amand al in Allahabad.
• 1904 - Ra m a b a i Ra n a d e - Ladies Social Conference (Bharat Mahila
Parishad).
•Pandita Ramabai Saraswati founded the Arya Mahila Samaj in Bombay. In
1925, the National Council of Wo men in India, Mehribai Tata played a vital
role in its formation.
• Cornelia Sarabji, India’s first lady barrister
• All India Women’s Conference (AIWC), 1927 – Founded by Margaret Cousins in
1927, was perhaps the first women’s organisation with an egalitarian approach.
• Its first Margaret conference was held at Ferguson College, Pune.
Arya Samaj
• Founder: Moola Shankara (Swami Dayanand Sarawati (1824-83).
•started in 1875 at Bombay later the headquarters established at Lahore.
He wrote books like
• Satyartha Prakashika in Hindi
• D eva Bashya in Sanskrit
• Veda Bashya Bhumika in Hindi and Sanksrit

He postulated 3 concepts called Triple concept

• Swadh arm a
• Swab ash a
• Swaraj( became the Congress slogan)

Vedas -‘India’s Rock of Ages’, H e gave the slogan “Back to the Vedas”
• Dayananda had received education from a blind teacher named Swami Virajananda in Mathura.
• Cow Protection Program (Gau Samrakshana)
• Shuddhi Program
• After his death in 1883
• Conservative wing led by Swami Shradda Nanda-Gurukul in Haridwara.
Radical Wing led by Lala Hans raj - Dayananda Anglo Vedic (DAV) college in Lahore in 1886, which sought
to emphasise the importance of Western education.
Bharat Dharma Mahamandala
• Founder: Din Dayal S h ar ma in 1 8 8 7 at Haridwara. This was against Ar ya Samaj.
Ramakrishna Society:
• Founder: NarendraDutt (1862-1902) . Swami Vivekananda. His guru was
Ramakrishna Paramahamsa.
Ramakrishna Paramhansa (1834-86)
• Attained the highest spiritual experience available to Hindus.
• priest at the Kali Te mpl e in Dakshineswar, near Calcutta.
• Yatra Jiv, Tatra Shiv

Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902)

• H e joined Kes h ab C h and ra Sen's N ava Vidhan.
• By 1 8 8 1 → Joined Ramakr i s hna Paramhansa.
• By 1893-1897→ Travelled western world
• Sponsored by → Raja of Ramnad, when he visited Madurai.
• Chicago conference in 1 8 9 3 at the Parliament of Religions held at C h ica go in which he represented
Hinduism. balance bet ween Spiritualism a n d materialism . Dear Brothers an d Sisters of America'
• In 1897 two organizations- with Belur near Calcutta as headquarters
o Ramakrishna Mutt' (Spiritual )
o Ramakrishna Mission' (Charity and Social Services)-motto- 'To serve human is to serve God'.
• His two journals Prab ud d h a Bharat –English, Utbodhana in Bengali.

• I m p Literar y works:
o Bartaman Bharat,
o Lectures from Colombo to Almora
o The East and the West
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• Swamiji founded Vedanta Society of N e w Yo rk in America a n d Europe.
• one Irish follower Margaret Nobel- Sister Nivedita.
• Swamji died at age of 39 in 1902. Sister Nivedita became head.
• Other monasteries: Mayavati in the Himalayas (near Almora), the Advaita
Ashram.
• Subash C h and ra Bose – Sw a m i Vivekanda as the spiritual father of mod e r n
nationalist movement.
• He co m p o s ed " K h and ana Bhava–Bandhana", a prayer song dedicated to
Ramakrishna.

Theosophical Society
• Founder: Madame Helena Blavatsky (1831-91) in 1875 New
York USA.later joined by Col. Henry S. Olcott (1832-1907)
• Th e o me ans divine w i s d o m ( Brah m a g n an am u / Divya g n an am u .
• Later, they shifted their HQ to India at Adyar near Madras.
• 1889- Ms Annie Beasant (1847-1933)-Theosophical Society.
• 1898- She laid the foundation of Central Hindu College in
Banaras. Banaras Hindu University in 1916 by Madan Mohan
Maliya.
• 1907-President of Theosophical Society.
• She wrote two journals - New India and Common Weal
• In 1916 BT College (Besant Theosophical) at Madanapalli.
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 Caste Revolts
Any of the ranked, hereditary, endogamous social groups, often linked with occupation, that together constitute traditional
societies in South Asia, particularly among Hindus in India

STRUGGLE AGAINST CASTE-BASED EXPLOITATION

• Factors Undermining Caste Rigidities
• Forces unleashed by colonial administration
• Social reform movements
• National movement
• Gandhi’s campaign against untouchability
• Stirrings among lower castes due to better
education and employment
• Free India’s Constitution

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During the 19th an d 20th C m a ny anti-Brahmanical m ove m e n ts took place in India against the causes like
untouchability, social domination, decimation etc.
Burning of scriptures, forcible temple entry, fighting for water rights, wedding without Brahmin.

Satyashodaka Samaj:
• Mahatma Phule. Mali caste (Flower Seller), not a dalit caste.
• 1851 – Mahatma Phule and his wife founded a girl’s school in Poona.
• 1854 – First Indian to start a school for the untouchables.
• He was also a pioneer of the widow remarriage movement
• 1 8 7 3 – S a t y a S o d h a k S a m a j (Society for finding Truth)
• Imp. literary Works –
o Deen Bandhu – Marathi Journal
o Gu l am gin (Slavery) –
o Setakaryancha Asuda (the whip cord of the peasanrty)
o Isara (a warning)
o Savitribai p o e m s - Kav ya Phule an d Bavan Kashi S u b o dh Ratnakar.
• After Phule Mukund Rao Patil continued this movement. He wrote journal 'Deena Mitra' and books like
Hindustani Brahmin and Kulakarni.
30
Gopalhari Deshmukh ‘Lokahitawadi’ (1823-1892)
• He wrote for a weekly Prabhakar- pen name of Lokahitawadi.
• “If religion does not sanction social reform, then change religion.”
• weekly, Hitechhu, Gyan Prakash , Indu Prakash an d Lokahitawadi.
• He started Punarhavivahamandali' an organisation for widow remarriages.
• He wrote his famous 100 letters Shatapatren in the Prabhakar, a Marathi weekly.

Gopal Ganesh Agarkar

• He was also the first editor of Kesari, the journal started by Lokmanya Tilak.
• Periodical -Sudharak-spoke against untouchability a n d the caste system.
• He was a cofounder of the New English School, the Deccan Education Society and Fergusson College. He
was a principal of Fergusson College.
Vithhal Ramaji Shinde (1873-1944)
• 1901 – He was selected by the Prarthana Samaj to go to England and study
comparative religion.
• 1906- H e established the Depressed Class Mission with an objective to
provide education to the Dalits, remove untouchability and solve their social
problems.

K T Telang (1850-93)
• He played a prominent role in introducing Compulsory Primary Education
in Bombay
• He was the first Indian Vice-Chancellor.
Satya Sodhak Samaj (Kolhapur), 1913 –
• It was established by Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj (1874-1922) of Kolhapur.
• He gave 5 0 % reservation for BCs in administration. H e started schools for Non-Brahmins; Inter caste
marriages, Inter caste dinning wa s also allowed.
• He helped Ambedkar to pursue higher studies.

Mahar Movement:
• Maharastra. Mah ars are the untouchable.
• In rescue of them Gopal Baba Valangakar) in 1894 started this.
• Under leadership of Ambedkar in 1920.
Depressed Classes Society of India:
• Maharastra. This organisation was started by Vital Ramji Shinde.
Vokkaligas and Lingayats (Karnataka): In 1905 Mysore
• a vital role in the non-Brahmin Movement.

Justice M ove m e n t :
M a d ra s .
• middle order caste.
• In 1917 a political party 'South Indian Liberal Federation' (popularly Justice Party) was started by T.M
Nair, C C N Mudiliyar, Thyagaraja Shettiyar
• 1924 E V Ramaswamy Nayakar (Popularly 'Periyar elderly person)-started self respect movement.
• In 1 9 3 7 Periyar ren am ed Justice party as 'Dravida Kazhagam'.
• journals in Tamil like Kudiarasu, Vidutalai, an d Yekutaripu.
• In 1 9 4 9 C N A n n a Dorai follower of Periyar- ''Dravida Mu n n etra Kaz h agam' an d in 1 9 7 2 All India A n n a
Dravida Mu n n etra K a z h a ga m by M G Ram ach an dran (Both are offsprings of DK).
34
Ezhava/ Aravippuram Movement, Kerala (1888)
• Ezhava, a n untouchable co m m u n i ty of Kerala
• startedat Aravippuram led by Narayanaguru ,
• 1888 – Shivratri, Shri Narayan Guru- installed an idol of Shiva at
Aravippuram, Kerala.
• Temple Entry Movement.
• organisation Shree Narayan Dharma Pratipalana Yogam' in 1902 with a motto
of 'One God, One Religion, One Caste'
• In 1925 congress leaders started Vykom Satyagraha' in_accessing temple
entry. Leaders were TK Madhavan, K Kelappan, C F Andrews( he was a
Britisher follower of Gandhi and had a title called Dina Bandu)
• Ayappan led this movement after Narayanaguru. No God, No Religion, No
Caste.'

Nair Movement:
• In Kerala
• This was started by Nairs, a middle order caste people of Kerala. These were
revolting against Nambudri Brahmans.
• Leaders of this movement were: CV Raman Pillai wrote a novel in Malayalam
Marath an da Varm a
• Chandra Menon wrote a novel in Malayalam 'Indu Lekha'
• Padm an ab h a Pillai started in 1 9 1 4 called Nayars Service Society' :
Bhim Rao Ramji Ambedkar (1891-1956)
• Bhim Rao Ambedkar was born in 1891 in a Mahar
(untouchable) caste at Mhow. Baba Saheb.

Activities of Baba Saheb –

• He founded Bahishkrit Hitkarni Sabha(Depressed Classes
Institute) in B o m b ay , 1924.
• Journal – Bahishkrit Bharat, Mooka Nayak and Janata
• 1 9 2 7 → S amt a S amajh S an gh
• Started Satyagraha→ Mahar Satyagraha @ Right to use water
body
• 1930→ Kalaram Mandir Satyagraha @ Nashik.
• 1927- burnt the ‘Manusmriti .
• 1930 – He established the Depressed Class Federation
• 1936 – He set up the Independent Labour Party.
• 1942 – All India Scheduled Caste Federation, as an All India
Party. It later evolved into the Republican Party of India.
• 1956 – He converted to Buddhism-mass conversions of Dalits.
Literar y Wo r k s
• The Annihilation of Castes
• The Buddha and his Dhamma (In 1956, 60 lakh Dalits
converted to Buddhism)
• W h o were the Shudras?
• The Untouchables
• Pakistan or Partition of India
• Caste in India, Mech an i s m an d D evel o pm ent
• What Congress and Gandhi have done to Untouchables
• Harijan Sevak S an gh
He also started a J o u rn al called Harijan', (weekly Journal)
38
 Important Muslim Movements

Wahabi/Waliullah Movement (1830-60)

• first Muslim movement in response to western influences.
•• It was a revivalist movement. orthodox and conservative
movement.
led by Abdul Wahab of Arabia and Delhi Saint Shah Waliullah
Dehlawi .
• popularized by Syed A h m e d Barelvi (Also k n ow n as Syed
A h m e d of Rae Bareli) an d S h ah Abdul Aziz.

V iew s a n d activities –
• Barelvi- return to original religion of Islam of Prophet’s time-to
end British rule by Jihad

Aligarh Movement
• Founder: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817- 98)
• This movement was started at Aligarh
• emphasis was o n western education. pro-British
• In 1 8 7 5 at Aligarh Syed A h m e d Kh an started Anglo Oriental College-
Aligarh Muslim University.
• his magazine Tahdhib-ul-Akhlaq.
• Sir Syed book– Asbab-e-Bhagawat- Hind (Causes of Indian Revolt)
Deobandh Movement/ Deoband School or Darul Uloom (1866) –
Saharanpur, modern U P
• Founder – Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi and Rashid Ahmad
Gangohi.
• orthodox section among the Muslim ulema - Madarsa education.
• This movement was Anti-british and pro-congress.

The Faraizi Movement (1838- 51)

• Founder – Haji Shariatullah in Eastern Bengal.
• It originally began as a p e as an t m ove m e n t .
• Under the leadership of Dudu Mian (Son of Haji), the Faraizis
turned into a religious sect advocating radical religious and socio-
political changes.

Ahmadiyya Movement (1889)

• It was a religious Islamic movement founded in
Punjab.
Founder – Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
Titumir’s Movement (1831)
• Led by – Mir Nisar Ali (Also known as Titur Mir).
• Muslim Peasants of Bengal against the Hindu
landlords and British Indigo Planters.

Important Parsi Movement

Rahnumai Mazdayasan Sabha/Religious Reform Organisation (Bomaby,1851)

• Mazda - God of Zoroastrian and Yasna - Worshipper (So this is Association of
Worshipper of Mazda).

• Imp Leaders –
o Naoroji Furdunji (President),
o Sorabji Shapurji Bengali (Secretary),
o K N K ama and
o Dadabhai Naoroji
o Nauroji Furdunji→ published Fam-i-Famshid, Tarikh-e-farthest.
• Newspaper of Association – Rast-Goftar (Truth Teller) started by Naoroji
and Kama in 1851.
• Journal by S S Bengalee - Jagat Mitra (Friend of the World), Jagat P re mi
(Lover of the World).
Important Sikh Movements

Sikh is an Ahl-e-Kitab religion -only worship of scripture

Nirankari movement (Rawalpind, Punjab)

• Founder - Bada Dayal Das (1783-1855)
•He was a contemporary of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Namdhari or Kuka movement (Western Punjab), 1840

• Founder – Bhagat Jawahar Mal (Sian Saheb) and Baba Balak Singh
• Gu ru Gobind Singh as their only true guru an d earlier 9 are not.
•It emerged as a powerful instrument of socio-religious reforms among the Sikhs under Baba R am Singh.

Singh Sahab Movement, 1843:

• Th e S ab ah opened a numb e r of Khalsa Schools a n d Colleges in Punjab.
• Khalsa College at Amritsar,1892 .

Akali Movement/Gurudwara Reform Movement (1920-25)

• The Akali Movem en t was an offshoot of Singh S ah ab
M ove me nt .
• objective of liberating the Sikh Gurudwaras (temples)
from the control of corrupt Mahants (priests).
• Leaders - Bab a Kh arak Singh an d Tara Singh.
• Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee- SGPC. controls all the activities of Gurudwaras.
• President of SGPC – Baba Kharak Singh. Baba Kharak Singh was first President of this SGPC.
• The Punjab Government also passed the Sikhs Gurudwaras and Shrines Act, 1922 which provided
for a Committee nominated by the Government to take over the control of the Gurudwaras.

Pa ssa ge of the G u r u d w a r a Bill,1925 – 'Gurudwara Act' liberating all Gurudwaras fro m

Mah an tas grasp.

Counter-reformation movements
Dharma Sabha:
• Founder: Radh a Kant D ev in 1 8 3 0 at Calcutta against Brah m o S am aj

Bharat Dharma Mahamandala

• Founder: Din Dayal S h ar ma in 1 8 8 7 at Haridwara. This was against Ar ya Samaj.
Personality Magazine/paper/Institution Organisation

Bengal

Raja Ram Mohan Roy • The precepts of Jesus : A guide to • (1815)Atmiya

(Raja title given by Akbar II) Happiness and peace. sabha(Monotheism and evil
• Tuhfat-ul-Muwahiddin (Islam) practices of Hinduism)
• Sabad kaumundi (sati) • Brahmo Samaj (1828) to purify
• Hindu College(1817) Hinduism and Preach
• Vedanta college(1825) monotheism

Debendranath Tagore • Tatvabodhini Tatvabodhini sabha and Tatvabodhini

Patrika
Brahmo samaj(1843)
Later Adi-Brahmo Samaj
Keshub Chandra sen • Indian reform Association (1870), Brahmo samaj of India(1866)
Indian Mirror
• Native marriage act (1872)male-
18yrs ,Female-14 yrs
Anand Mohan Bose, Shibchandra Sadharana Brahmo Samaj(1878)
Deb and Umesh Chandra Datta.

44
Derozio Hindu college Young Bengal Movement

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Sanskrit college(Prin) Widow remarriage act(1856).

Bethune Schools
Barnay Parichoy (Bengali Classic)
Swami Vivekananda Prabudha bharat(eng) Ramakrishna math(1886)
Udbodhana(Ben) Ramakrishna Mission(1897)

Western India
Dayanand Saraswati Satyarth Prakash(Hin) Arya Samaj(1875-
Back to Vedas Veda Bhasya Bombay)
(Sanskrit) Gurukula Section-
Swaami shradananda
College section-Lala
lajpat rai(DAV
schools)

45
Western India

Atmaram Panduran Prarthana Samaj(1867)

MG Ranade, RG Bhandarkar

Jyotiba phule Sarvajanik satya Dharma Satyashodhak Samaj(1873)

Ghulamgiri(Dalit) (widow remarriage,female
infanticide )
Gopal Hari Deshmukh Prabhakar, Hitechhu, Gyan • IF RELIGION DOES NOT
(Lokahitawadi) Prakash, Indu Prakash SANCTION SOCIAL
REFORMS CHANGE THE
RELIGION
Bal Shastri Jambekar Digdarshan, Darpan (father Bombay Native General
of Marathi journalism) Library, Native Improvement
Society
Gopal Krishna Gokhale Servants of India

NM JOSHI Social Service

league,AITUC(1920)
Shiva Narayan Agnihotri Deva shaastra Deva samaj

M.G Ranade Indian Social Conference(1887)

46
SOUTH INDIA

Madame Blavatsky,MS olcott Theosophical movement

Annie Beasant -1898 Central Hindu College-1898

Sri Narayan Guru Temple Entry, Government Sri Narayana Dharma

One caste One god One Jobs Paripalana Movement
religion

E.V Ramaswamy Naicker Self respect Movement

Kandukuri Veeresalingam VivekaVardhini Hitakarini

(Gadya Tikkana) (Benefactor)Widow
remarraige
Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu 'SVARAJYA"
Andhra Kesari
Guruzada Apparao KanyaShulkam(widows)
Deshamunu preminchamanna:
Deshamu ante Matti kadoyi…

47
MUSLIMS
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Magazine- Tahdhib-ul-Akhlaq Mohammedan Anglo-
Oriental College (later, the
Aligarh
Muslim University) at Aligarh
in 1875
Qasim Nanovatavi and Rashid welcomed Deoband Movement
Ahmed Ganghoi the formation of the Indian
National Congress
Abdul Wahab of Arabia, revivalist Wahabi/Walliullah
Shah Walliullah (1702-1763) Movement
Sayyid Ahmed Barelvi-
Founder

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Mohammedan Renaissance Ahmadiyya Movement

1889

Haji Shariatullah in 1818 eradication of un-Islamic Faraizi Movement

practices

48
PARSIS

DadabhaiNaroji,Naoroji Rast Goftar Rahnumai Mazdayasnan

Furdonji,KR Cama,SS Bengalee Sabha

Behramji Malabari The Indian Spectator Sevasadan

Widow Remarraige
Child Marriage
Age of Consent Act,1891
(Girls age 12 )

AMONG SIKHS Khalsa college(1892) Shiromani Gurudwara

Singh Sabha Movement Prabandak Committee
Akali Movement

49
British Queen takes over India from
the Company after 100 years of rule

52
 Transportation systems that
helped the British rule better.

1869: Suez Canal 1853: Indian Railways

53
Factories In India :

• 1853-Cotton Mills ,Bombayby CowsjeeNanabhoy

• 1855-Jute Mills,Clacutta

• 1845-Coal Fields

• 1874-Smelting of Ironore

• 1905-TISCO

• 1881(First) ,children between 7-12 yrs of age cannot be employed more than 9 hrs

• 1891(second),weekly holiday,women working hours(11hrs) work for children 7 hrs

• FICCI,1927 (1st head was Purshottamdas Thakurdas)

54
Drain of Wealth:

Dadabhai Naoroji-Poverty and UnBritish rule in India.

• Home charges
• Remittances to England by officials.
B.H. Baden-Powell’s The Land Systems of British
India, also in two volumes.

R.C Dutt’s : Economic History of India,

Suez Canal : 1869

“India is the pivot of our Empire... If the Empire loses any other part of its Dominion
we can survive, but if we lose India, the sun of our Empire will have set.”
-Victor Alexander Vruce, the Viceroy of British India
in 1894
55
56
57
58
Sir John Strachey, Budget speech of 28 March 1877 (Colonialism and Identity)

59
The Madras famine of 1876-78, which covered most of the southern part of the country,
occurred at a time when expenditure on wars was soaring

60
61
62
• 'Hicky's Bengal Gazette,' the country's debut newspaper, launched in Kolkata in 1780 but ceased in 1782 after
two years.

• Until the 1880s, Kolkata dominated newspaper production. Sir George Campbell's 1876 survey noted Kolkata's
contribution of half of the 38 existing newspapers.

• The first Bengali newspaper, 'Samachar Darpan,' began on May 23, 1818, via the Serampore Mission press. In
1821, Rammohan Roy sponsored 'Sambad Kaumadi.'

• 'Sambad Pravakar,' the initial Bengali daily, started in 1839, backed by Iswar Chandra Gupta. Early Bengali
papers championed indigo plantation workers' and peasants' causes, notably 'Som Prakash,' 'Grambartha
Prakashika,' and 'Amrita Bazar Patrika' (pre-English weekly).

• Key newspapers such as 'Bengalee' (S.N. Banerjee), 'Hitabadi' (Dwijendranath Tagore), and 'Sanjibani' (K.K.
Mitra) held significant influence.

63
64
65
 The Struggle Begins (1858-1905)

Reasons Asiatic Society of Bengal-1784

• Understanding of contradictions in Indian • William Jones-
and colonial interests Abhijnanashakuntalam
• Political, administrative and economic • Charles Wilkins-Bhagavadgita
unification of the country
• Western thought and education Bombay Asiatic Society-1804
• Role of press and literature Asiatic society of Great Britain-1823
• Rediscovery of India’s past-historical • Max Muller –sacred books of East
researches. • Vincent Arthur Smith-Early history of
• Rise of middle class intelligentsia. India
• Impact of contemporary movements world • Ramakrishna Bhandarkar-Ashoka
wide And Ancient Indian
• Reactionary policies and racial arrogance of • R.C Majumdar-History & culture of
rulers Indian People
• Brahmi script by James Princep
in 1837 -nationalistic presence.
Liberal a n d radical thought of Eu rop ean writers like Milton, Shelley, John Stuart Mill, Rousseau, Paine,
Spencer and Voltaire helped many Indians imbibe modern rational, secular, democratic and nationalist
ideas.

66
POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS BEFORE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (INC)
 Debendranath Tagore was
first Secretary of British
Indian Association

Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty was the founder of first Indian owned newspaper in Madras – The Crescent
72
 Formation of Indian National Congress Founder-AO. Hume. viceroy-Dufferin and secretary of state
was Lord Cross.
• T he first session at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in B o m b a y in D e c e m ber 1885.

D ecem ber annually-president shall be elected with tenure

of o n e year.

• First session 1 8 8 5 D e c e m b e r - Bombay - Wumesh

Chandra Banerjee President (a converted Christian)
attended by 72 delegates.

• S e c o n d session 1 8 8 6 D e c e m b e r
- Calcutta - Dadabai Naoroji (Parsi)

• T hi rd session 1 8 8 7 D e c e m b e r - M a d ra s -
Badruddin Tyabji(Muslim)

• Fourth session 1 8 8 8 D e c e m b er -
Allahabad - George Yule (Britisher).

• Kadambini Ganguly, the first woman graduate of Calcutta University, addressed the Congress
session.
• The 1st Women president of INC- Annie Beasant.
• The 1st Indian Women president of INC Sarojini Naidu and second woman.

73
Phase I MODERATE PHASE (1885- 1905) Its objectives, demands, goals, ends were
• Their ideology and methods and activities were • Dominion status was first a n d foremost priority.
within ambit of law. • Promotion of education
• objective was to attain dominance status • Indianisaion of Civil Services
• They believed in peaceful constitutional methods - • Promote and protect mod e r n industries in India.
“Three P’s methods” i.e. petitions, prayers a n d press. • Liberal constitutional democratic reforms
Leaders in this period were • Expansion of Legislative Council– “no taxation
• Dada Bhai Naoroji (Grand Old Man of India) without representation”.
• Surendranath Banerjee • Reduction in military expenditure
• A n an d M o h a n Bo s e • Increase in expenditure on developmental works-
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale (Guru of Gandhi) • Economic and Industrial development-
• Feroz S h ah Meh ta Separation of Judiciary from executive
• Maha Govinda Ranade (Guru of Gopal Krishna
Gokhale)
• Ras h Bihari Go s h
Means through which they want to realize these objectives
• Propaganda through Press
o Dada Bhai Naoroji - Voice of India. Followed 3 Ps method
o Surendranath Banerjee – Bengali. • P-Prayers (pray to britishers.
o Feroz Shah Mehta - Bombay Chronicle. • P- Petitions.
o Gopal Krishna Gokhale - Sudharak • P - Protests (Not rebellion)

Contributions of Moderate Nationalists

• Economic Critique of British Imperialism

• Dadabhai Naoroji, R.C. Dutt, D i ns h aw Wach a - “drain theory ”
• Dadab h ai Naoroji- first person-issue of Drain of Wealth. The povert y and British Rule in India.
76
"Bengal united is a power; Bengal divided will pull in several ways" is by H. H. Risley

77
Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1866-1920)
• H e is k n o w n as Lo kam anya
• He started 2 journals- Kesari in Marathi. Maratha in English
•born in Brahmin 'Chitpawan' family in Pune. He is mixture of both conservative and radical elements.
Instances of conservative elements -
• Tilak seriously condemned 1891 Age of Consent Act.
• In Maharastra started 'Akhadas' -religious - only hindus
• Tilak Akhadas were against cow killing-communal tensions;
•started Ganesh festival in 1893 and Shivaji festival in 1895
Radical aspect
• In 1896-'No Tax' campaign in Maharashtra on account of famine.
• In 1 8 9 8- Man dal ay Jail, Bu rm a - 1 8 months.1908 -6 years
• British author Chiroll' in his book Indian Unrest- Tilak as Father of Indian unrest.
Lala Lajpat Rai Ajit Singh
• H e is k n o w n as Punjab Kesari • H e was uncle of Bhagat Singh
• He wrote a book called Unhappy India' • He started journals
• He started 2 journals o B h a ra t M a t a .
o Punjabi - Punjabi o Peshwa
o Pupil English He started organizations like

Bipin Chandra Pal (kader in Bengal) • Anjuman Mohabbat-e-Watan (Association of

• He started 2 journals Lovers of Land)
o New India. • Bharat M a t a Society
o Paridarshak

Aurobindo Gosh
• ashram at Pondicherry
• His Patriotic journal: Bandemataram' and his
Devotional journal Arya'
• He wrote books
o Life Divine
o Savitri Longest Epic in English literature.
o Old lamps were new
81
Emergence Of Extremists : Lal ,Bal,Pal

82
Aurobindo Gosh

• 1893-Political Ideology-”New lamps for the world”

• Coined words like National Education,passive

resistance,“Mother India”.

• Prafulla chaki and Khudirambose case arrested

Kennedy Murder Case-Deshbandhu Chittaranjan
Das(defender)
• Alipore Jail and his Transformation(Vivekananda )

Karmayogin in English and Dharma in Bengali

Spirituality
Life divine ,Savitri(spiritual epic), The Synthesis of Yoga

83
Partition of Bengal and Split in Congress Party
• December 1903: Viceroy Curzon -administrative convenience
o Wes t Bengal with Calcutta as capital
o East Bengal with Decca (present Dhaka) as capital
• Divide and Rule policy
• 1903 to 1905 anti-partition movements were held not by
adopting Swadeshi but by 3 Ps methods. It was led by
Surendranath Banerjee, K K Mitra and Prithwishchandra Ray
• n ews papers such as Hitabadi, Sanjibani a n d Bengalee.
• July 1 9 0 5 – announce d the date of partition -16th October, 1905.
• On August 7, 1905-Boycott Resolution passed-Calcutta Town
hall, the formal proclamation of Swadeshi Movement
• 16th October 1905 partition came into force.

People’s Reaction –
• October 16, 1905-as a day of mourning throughout Bengal. ‘Amar Sonar Bangla’, the national anthem of
present-day Bangladesh, was composed by Rabindranath Tagore.
• People fasted and lit no fire in their kitchens
• The people of Bengal bathed in the Ganga and walked barefoot in processions singing Vande Matram
which soon became the theme song of the national movement.
• Ta go re - Ra k sh a -B a ndh an
 The movement was also
spread to different parts
• Bombay and Poona -
B.G.Tilak
• P u n ja b – Ajit Sin gh a n d
Lala Lajpat Ra i
• Delhi – Syed H a id er
Ra z a
• Madras – Chidambaram
Pillai
• Vandemataram was the theme song and slogan of this movement Vandemataram song written by
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee-book 'Anand math' written in 1882 Book was on Sanyasi revolt.
• Rabindranath Tagore- 'A m ar Sonar Bangle.. national A n th em of Bangladesh

Leaders of this movement- Spread throughout nation

• Andhra - Gadicharla Hari Sarvottama Rao (Andhra Tilak)
• Bengal- Bipin chantra Pal. A s hw in Ku m a r Dutt. Aravinda Go s h
• Bo m b ay - Bala Gan gh adh ara Tilak.
• Delhi an d J a m m u - Syed Hyder Raja.
• Madras-Vivo Chidambaram Pillai
• Punjab Lala Lajpat Rai
Activities of this movement/Forms of Struggle/ Methods

• Co m p l ete boycott of British goods:

o Bengal Chemicals Swadeshi Store -P C Ray with financial assistance fo rm Rabindranath Tagore.
o Godavari Swadeshi Store-Kashinathani Nageshwar Rao in Rajahmundry, (founder of Amruthanjan)

• Boycott of british educational institutions:

o Bengal National College with Aurobindo Ghosh as its principal.
o On August 15, 1906-National Council of Education was set up
o National College in Machilipatnam with Kompella Han u m an th a Rao as principal.
o The Bengal institute of Technology

• Swadeshi/Indigenous enterprise
o Swadeshi or Indigenous Enterprises V.O. Chidambaram Pillai’s-national shipbuilding enterprise
Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company at Tuticorin

• Formation of Yuvajena Samitis

o Bala Bharatha Samithi in Rajahmundry.
o Co r p s of Volunteers or ‘Samitis’- Swades h Ban dh a b Samiti of Ashwini Ku m a r Dutta (in Barisal
Bengal;)

• Public meetings & processions:

• Traditional popular festival & melas :

• Emphasis given to Self-Reliance /Atma Shakti

• Impact in the Cultural Sphere
o In Tamil Nadu, S u b ra m a nia Bharati wrote Sudesha Geetham .
o In painting, Abanindranath Tagore broke the domination of Victorian naturalism over the Indian art
scene an d took inspiration fro m Ajanta, Mu gh al an d Rajput paintings. Bharat M a ta Painting of
Abanindranath. H e h ad established the Indian Society of Oriental Art. His paintings were classified as
revivalist in nature. He em erg ed as the First exponent of Swadeshi values in India Art
o Nandalal Bose, w h o left a major imprint o n Indian art, was the first recipient of a scholarship offered
by the Indian Society of Oriental Art, founded in 1907.
o Writer – Krishna Kumar Mitra was a writer and leader of the Brahmo Samaj. The idea of Boycott was
first suggested by Mitra in his journal Sanjibani.
o Inspiration songs written by Rabindranath Tagore like A m a r sonar Bangla.

Extent of Mass Participation

• Student participation, Wo m e n , Peasants:
• Workers: September, 1 9 0 5 – Boycott of 2 4 7 clerks of Burn company October,1905 – First real labour
Union the Printers Union was formed July 1 9 0 6 – Railwaymen’s Union was formed.
B/W 1907-1908, 9 major leaders in Bengal including Ashwini Kumar Dutta & Krishna Kumar Mitra were
deported.
o Tilak- 6 years imprisonment in Mandalay.
o Ajit Singh and Lala Lajpat Rai of Punjab were deported.
o Chidambaram Pillai and Hari Sarvotham Rao from Madras and Andhra were arrested.
o Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh retired from active politics
 In December 1906 at Decca All India
Muslim League Party was formed by
group of Aristocrats
• Aga Khan was its first President.
• N awa b Salim ullah Kh a n ( N awab of
Decca).
• N awa b Wa q a r ul-mulk.
• Nawab Mohsin ul-mulk

Government Repression
• The Seditious Meetings Act, 1907.
• Indian Newspapers (Incitement to
Offences) Act, 1908
• Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1908.
• Th e Indian Press Act, 1910.
• Tilak-tried in 1909 for sedition. Kesari
about a bomb thrown by Bengal
revolutionaries in Muzaffarpur
Home Rule Movement came to an end by 1917- August declaration.
August Declaration
Secretary of State for India, Edwin Samuel Montagu-August 20, 1917 in the British House of Commons -
giving 2 promises to India but after WW.I.
• Self-rule:
• Responsible Government (Parliamentary type of government)
LUCKNOW SESSION - 1916
• Presided by A C Maju m dar.
• two important events: Lucknow Merger and Lucknow Pact.
Lucknow Merger- extremists and moderates got united
Lucknow Pact between INC – Muslim League

Separate electorates to Muslims Art. 325 of present constitution banned this) as suggested by 1909 Act
Minto-Marley reforms.
• this laid foundation for Pakistan.
WORKING CLASS MOVEMENTS –
• the Factory Acts of 1881 and 1891
• Bipin Chandra Pal a n d G. Sub ramanya Aiyar -better
conditions for workers and other pro-labour reforms.
• 1870: Sasipada Banerjea started a workingmen’s club an d
newspaper Bharat Shramjeevi.
The All India Trade Union Congress, 1920
• Lala Lajpat Rai, was elected as the first president of AITUC
an d D e w a n C h a m a n Lal as the first general secretary.
• Th e prominent Congress an d Swarajist leader C.R. D a s
presided over the third a n d the fourth sessions of the
AITUC.
• The Gaya session of the Congress (1922) welcomed the
formation of the AITUC and a committee was formed to
assist it.
Trade Union Act, 1926:
• It recognised trade unions as legal associations
In 1931, joshi left AITUC and started the All India
Trade Union Federation
 Militant Nationalism (1905-1918)

WHY MILITANT NATIONALISM GREW

• Realization that the true nature of British rule was exploitative, and that the
Government, instead of conceding more, was taking away even what existed.
• Growth of self-confidence and self-respect
• Impact of growth of education-increase in awareness and unemployment.
• International influences and events which demolished the myth of
white/European supremacy. These included
Emergence of Japan-an Asian country-as an industrial power.
Abyssinia’s (Ethiopia) victory over Italy.
Boer Wars (1899-1902) in which the British faced reverses.
Japan’s victory over Russia (1905)
• Nationalist movements worldwide.
• Reaction to increasing Westernisation.
• Dissatisfaction with the achievements of Moderates.
• Reactionary policies of Curzon such as the Calcutta Corporation Act (1899) the
official Secrets Act (1904) the Indian Universities Act (1904)and partition of Bengal
(1905)
• Existence of a militant school of thought.
• Emergence of trained leadership.

92
 Revolutionary Terrorism

GOVERNMENT ACTS FOR REPRESSIONOF SWADESHI MOVEMENT

Seditious Meetings Act (1907)
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act (1908)
Indian Newspapers (Incitement to Offences) Act (1908)
Explosive Substances Act (1908)
Indian Press Act (1910)

REVOLUTIONARY TERRORISM
Younger elements not ready to retreat after the decline of open phase.
Leadership’s failure to tap revolutionary energies of the youth.
Government repression left no peaceful avenues open for protest.

Ideology
Assassinate unpopular officials thus strike terror in hearts of rulers and arouse
people to expel the British Physically based on individual heroic actions on lines of
Irish nationalists or Russian nihilists and not a mass-based country wide struggle.

93
Revolutionary Terrorist Movements
true patriots and true nationalist who believed in supreme sacrifices.
Phase I-Upto 1915 - Movements in India as well as outside
Phase II- From 1925 onwards
• First phase-fallout of the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement .
• Second phase started as a fallout of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Phase I: Movements in India
Maharastra:
• Maharastra was the birth place of revolutionary terrorism.
Vasudev Balwant Phadke
• First revolutionary in India was Vasudeva Balwant
Phadke (father of Indian revolutionary movement). Ramosi
Peasant Force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke
• arrested by Nizam of Hyderabad in Maharastra sent to
Aden Jail ( Yem en )
Chapekar Brothers:
• Bala Krishna Chapekar and Damodar Chapekar-ICS
officer Rand in 1897 who was Pune Plague
Commissioner- first political murder in the Indian
History of freedom struggle
Sawarkar Brothers:
• Ganesh Sawarkar and Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. In 1899-
Nasik Mitra Mela' and in 1904 renamed it as Abhinav Bharat.
Important members were Anantha Lakshman Karkare and
Madam Lal Dhingra.
• In 1 9 0 7 Ananth a L aks h man Karkare assassinated Nasik Dist
J u d g e Jackson'; later was hanged
• Madan Lal Dhingra-student of Law in London, in 1909 he
assassinated Curzon Willy in London.
• 1 9 0 6 - Savarkar wrote Mazzini Charitra.
• 1906 – Savarkar laid the foundation of Free India Society in
London
• Sawarkar Brothers were sent to Andaman jail ( Kala Pani) in
Nasik Conspiracy case.
• Nasik, Poona and Bombay emerged as centres of bomb
manufacture.
Newspaper Associated in Maharashtra – Kal
Bengal
• Anushilan Samiti of Calcutta by Pramod Mittar and other members are Jatindranath Banerjee,
Barindrakumar Gosh (Brother of Aravinda Gosh) and Bhupendranatha Dutt (brother of Narendra Dutt).
Also known as Bodybuilding society.
• A n u s h i l a n S a m i t i o f Ca l cu t ta - jou rnal s S a n d h y a a n d
Yugantar (1906) by Barindra K Ghosh &
Bh u p en dran ath Dutta.
• Barisal Conference (April 1906), the Yugantar wrote: The
30 crore people inhabiting India must raise their 60
crore hands to stop this curse of oppression. Force must
be stopped by force.”
• In 1907, an abortive attempt was m a d e by the Yugantar
on British official, Sir Fuller.
• In December 1907- to derail the train-Sri Andrew Fraser.
1908 – Alipore Conspiracy Case/Manicktolla or Murraipukur conspiracy case
• In 1908, Barrah dacoit y by D acca Anushilan under Pulin Das.
• Maniktala Gardens in Alipore was their headquarters-bomb factory.
• In 1 9 0 8 attacked district judge of Muzzafarnagar , Bihar Kingsford'. This was failure but in the attack
t wo ladies Mrs. Ke nne d y and daughter of Kennedy died, so this case is popularly k n o w n as Ken n edy
Mu rder Case. Judge entered hit-list because of his brutal ju dg em en t of 2 0 hunter lashes to a youth w h o
was singing Van dem ataram. Tw o revolutionaries involved in this were
o Kudiram Bose He was captured and hanged in 1909 (he almost 17 years).
Prafulla Kumar Chakri - Shot himself.
o • Aurobindo was released but Barindra and
Ullaskar Dutta were found guilt
Barisal Conspiracy Case (1913) –
• It was a trail of 44 Bengali nationalists who were
accused of inciting rebellion against the British
Government.
• A n u s h il an S amiti was banned.
• In 1909 police raided Maniktala gardens- B o m b
factory was ceased. was end of Anushilan Samiti of
Calcutta
• J a t i n Mukherjee (popularly Baga Jatin) also
revolted against British in 1914-15. (Baga - Tiger).
In 1 9 1 5 h e was killed at Balasore, Orissa in an
encounter.
Punjab
Punjab Colonization Act of 1906:
• It provided that the property of a person shall be transferred to the
government if the person died without leaving any heirs.
• Lala Lajpat Rai who brought out Punjabee (with its motto of self-help
at any cost).
Bharat Mata Society/ Anjuman –e-Muhibban-e-Watan
• Ajit Singh (Bhagat Singh’s uncle)- Anjuman-i-Mohisban-i-Watan in
Lahore with its journal Bharat Mata in Lahore.
Tamil Nadu
• Vanchi Aiyar/ Vanchinathan Iyer- Bharat
M ata association. H e assassinated Dist
collector of Thiruvanavelli 'Ashey'.
Delhi – Delhi Conspiracy 1912:
• R a s h Bihari B o s e a n d S achindra S anyal
in 1 9 1 2 hurled b o m b s o n Governor General
Hardinze II while h e was in Chandini
Ch owk , Delhi. This wa s failure attempt. S o
Ras h Bihari Bo s e escaped to Japan.
• Sachindra Sanyal-Journal 'Bandi Jeevan'
(Slavery).
Movements outside India
London:
India House /Indian Home Rule Society
• Shyamji Krishnavarma.
• In 1905 started Indian Home Rule Society—‘India House’
• journal The Indian Sociologist.
• Savarkar and Hardayal b ecam e the m e m b e r s of India Ho us e
France-Paris:
• Madam Bhikaji Cama was a Parsi lady from Gujarat married
Rustam K R Cama. from Paris and Geneva.
• She founded the Paris Indian Society with the help of
Munchershah Burjorji Godrej and S R Rana in 1905.
• Journal of Paris India Society Bande Matram. Lala Hardayal
as a n editor.
• S h e unfurled the First Flag of India o n International
Socialist Co n f e rence at Stuttgart , G e r m a ny o n 3 rd
August , 1907. (1st person to hoist & flag in foreign country)
• The Flag was designed by Madam Cama , Veer Savarkar and
Shyamji Krishna Verma.
mother of Indian Revolutionaries
Germany – Berlin:
• Bengali revolutionary Veerandranath Chattopadhya' stated a paper from
Berlin Talwar.
• Berlin Committee for Indian Independence was established in 1915 by
Virendranath Chattopadhyay, Bh u p en dranath Dutta, Lala Hardayal an d
others with the help of the German foreign office under ‘Zimmerman Plan’.
Kabul:
• Raja Mahendra Pratap He had setup a provisional/parallel government for
India in Kabul
Tokyo:
• Rash Bihari Bose- India's Independent League' (later merged in to Azad Hind
fouz of Bose)
Vancouver:
• Bengal revolutionary Taraknath Das-journal Free Hindustan'
USA - S an Francisco:
GHADAR MOVEMENT (1913-1915)
• journal Gadar' ('Gadar Party').
• The caption on its paper was – Angrezi Raj ka Dushman
-collection called Gadar-di-Goonj
• To carry out revolutionary activities-‘Swadesh Sevak
H ome ’ at Vancouver a n d ‘United India House’ at Seattle.
Finally in 1913, the G h a d a r was established.
• Founders : S oh an Singh Bakhna- President. Lala
Hardayal General Secretary, M o h d Barkatullah,
• Kashi R a m is Treasurer.
Gadar party en ded after Kamagatam ar u event in 1914.
Kam agatam aru was a Japanese ship carr ying 3 7 6 Punjabi s
fro m Vancouver to Calcutta.
Phase II
Major Influences
• Upsurge of working class trade unionism after the War; Russian Revolution (1917)
• Newly sprouting communist groups- Marxism, socialism and the proletariat.
• Role of Sachindranath Sanyal:
o H e wrote Bandi J a wa n
o He also wrote- HRA Manifesto
o He was the mentor of revolutionaries like Chandrashekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh.
• Role of Sarathachnadra Chatterjee-
o He wrote Pather Dabi (1926)
Revolutionaries in Northern India-
Hindustan Republican Association or Army (HRA, Kanpur, October, 1924)-
The revolutionaries were reorganised by Chandra Shekhar Azad, Ram Prasad Bismil ,Sachindranath
S anyal a n d Jogesh Chatterjee.

• In 1925 Bhagat Singh joined renamed in 1928 as

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Kakori Robbery 9th August 1925:
• Village near Lucknow. 40
Revolutionaries led by Ram
Prasad Bismal planned to loot
the train. Ram Prasad Bismil,
Ashfaqullah, Roshan Singh,
Rajendra Lahiri.

• Ram Prasad Bismal-'Sarfaroshi ki tamanna ab hamaare dil mein hai; Dekhna hai zor kitna baazu-e-
qaatil mein hai
• Chandrashekhar A z ad escaped. Ps eu do ny m of Pandit Harishankar Brahmachari .
• Hindustan Republic Association at a historic meeting in the ruins of Ferozshah Kotla in Delhi (September
1928). Under the leadership of Chandra Shekhar Azad, the name of HRA was changed to Hindustan
Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
• The Philosophy of the Bomb- Written by Bhagwati Charan Vohra with the help of Chandrashekhar Azad
an d Yashpal.
Saunders Murder Case\ Second Lahore Conspiracy Case-
• death of Sher-i-Punjab Lala Lajpat Rai- anti-Simon Commission procession (October 1928).
• O n 17th December, 1928- B h agat Singh, C Azad, S u k h d ev a n d R ajg u ru a police officer Saunders in
Lahore, instead of James Scott.
Assembly Bomb Case (April, 1929)
• To protest against Public Safety Bill and Trade Disputes Bill.
• In April 8th 1929 Bhagat Singh an d Bh u tu kes hwar Dutt hurled b o m b s in Central legislative A s s em bly
to gain attention of the nation.
• In 1929 Chandra Shekhar Azad-bombs on
Viceroy Irwin.
• O n 2 3 March 1 9 3 1 Bhagat Singh, S u k h dev an d
Raj Gu ru were given death punishment in the
judgement of Saunders's murder case. They were
executed in Lahore prison. Jatin D as b ecam e the
first mart yr on the 64th d ay of his fast.

• In February1931 at Allahabad Chandra Shekhar Azad got

killed Alfred Park, which was renamed as Azad Park
Bengal:
• Many cooperated with C.R. Das in his Swarajist work.
• After Das’s death (1925), the Bengal Congress broke up into two factions—
on e led by J . M . Sengupta (Anushilan group joined forces with him ) an d the
other led by Subhash Bose (Yugantar group backed him). an assassination
attempt on Calcutta Police Commissioner, Charles Tegart (another m a n
n a m e d D ay got killed) by Gopinath Saha in 1924.
• Many including Subhash Bose were arrested. Gopinath Saha was hanged.
The Chittagong Armoury Raid (18th April,1930)
• Surya Sen popularly known as Master Da started a revolutionary
organisation Indian Republican Army'.
• looted Chittagong armory, two girls also involved Kalpana Dutt and Pritilatha
Waddedar.
• A rai d l e d b y G a n e s h G h o s h .
o Santi Ghosh and Suniti Chandheri, school girls of Comilla, who shot dead
the district magistrate. (December 1931); and Bina Das who fired point
blank at the governor while receiving her degree at the convocation
(February 1932).
107
109
110
• His Methods(Young India & Harijan)

• SatyaGraha
Based on Truth and Non-violence ,appeal to the good in the person ,hate the wrong
not the person doing it ,if he is made to realize it then he will be transformed

• Ideas from Contemporary west Thoreau,Emerson,Tolstoy(A letter to a Hindu)

• Tolstoy Farm(training in Satyagraha)
• Satyagraha –Fasting
Strikes and hartals last resort
Hind Swaraj (1909) Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the
cooperation of Indians and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians
refused to cooperate, British rule would collapse and swaraj would come

Non-Cooperation=with a virtuous man is a minimum duty of a virtuous man

Civil-Disobedience =All the unjust laws of any tyrannical government must be opposed

• Constructive Programmes
Khadi programme
Village Reconstruction
Harijan Welfare Programme
Hindu-Muslim Unity
UpLiftment of Women.
NaiTalim-Education system implemented as Wardha Scheme
111
 Emergence of Gandhi-The Mass Nationalist Phase

Peasant Movements
• Indigo Revolt(1859-60)
Digambar Vishwas and Bishnu Biswas,NEELDARPAN-Deen Banadhu Mitra
Indigo Commision –notification in 1860
• Pabna Agrarian League
Bengal Tenancy Act,1885
• Deccan Riots
Deccan Agricultural Relief act,1879
• Punjab Riots
Punjab Land Alienation Act,1902
• Mooplah Revolts
1921

GANDHI’S EARLY ACTIVISM IN India

Champaran Satyagraha (1917)-First Civil Disobedience.(Thinkathiya-3/20
,Babu Rajendra prasad)
Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918) –First Hunger Strike(workers-50%,owners-20%,final-
35%)
Anasuya Ben
Kheda Satyagraha(1918)- First Non-Cooperation(No tax when less than ¼ of normal
yield)
112
113
114
Home Rule Movement
Tilak-Home Rule league-Bombay,Apr,1916
Annie Beasant
1917-Montagu Declaration of Responsible government

Rowlatt Act( Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919): this act effectively authorized the
government to imprison any person suspected of terrorism living in the Raj for up to two years
without a trial. The unpopular legislation provided for stricter control of the press, arrests
without warrant, indefinite detention without trial, and juryless in camera trials for proscribed
political acts.

Gandhiji named the Rowlatt Act as "black act".

Rowlatt Satyagraha (1918)- First mass-strike.

JallianwalaBagh-To protest against the arrest of Kitchlew & satyapal.

Rabindranath Tagore : Renounce his knighthood as "a symbolic act of protest”

The Hunter Commission :

115
116
 The Non-Cooperation movement

Three demands-
• Favorable treaty for Turkey
• Redressal of Punjab wrongs
• Establishment of Swaraj

Techniques used
• Boycott of government-run schools colleges(Jamia milla and kasi
vidyapeeth), law courts, municipality and government service, foreign
cloth, liquor; setting up of national schools, colleges, panchayats and using
khadi; second state to include civil disobedience by non-payment of taxes.

Nagpur Congress Session (December 1920)

• Congress goal changed to attainment of swaraj through peaceful and
legitimate means from attainment of self-government through
constitutional means.

Chauri -Chaura Incident (February 5, 1922)

• Violence by agitated mob-prompted Gandhi to withdraw movement.

117
 Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
• Dyarchy in provinces.

• Two lists-reserved and transferred-for administration. Reserved subjects to be

administered by governor through executive council and transferred subjects
to be administered by ministers from legislative council.

• Extensive powers to governor, governor- general and secretary of state for

interference
Franchise expanded, powers also extended.

• Governor-general to administer with an executive council of 8-3 to be Indians.

• Two lists for administration-central and provincial.

• Bicameral central legislature- Central Legislative Assembly as the lower house

and Council of States as the upper house.

118
 The Decade of 1920’s

SWARAJISTS AND NO-CHANGERS

• Swarajists advocated council entry after withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement with an
aim to end or mend the councils.
No-Changers advocated constructive work during transition period.

EMERGENCE OF NEW FORCES DURING 1920S

• Spread of Marxism and socialist ideas
• Activism of Indian youth
• Peasants’ agitations
• Growth of trade unionism
• Caste movements
• Revolutionary terrorism with a tilt towards socialism
ACTIVITIES OF HRA/HSRA REVOLUTIONARIES IN BENGAL
Established-1924 Surya Sen’s Chittagong Revolt Group
and Chittagong robberies-1930
Kakori robbery-1925
Reorganised-1928
Sounders’ murder-1928
Bomb in Central Lagislative Assembly-1929
Bid to blow up viceroy’s train-1929
Azad killed in police encounter-1931
Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev hanged-1931 119
120
121
Women leaders and organisations : CPI:

• In 1882, Tarabai Shinde wrote a book A • Karl Marx-The Communist manifesto(1848),

comparison between men and women Das kapital(1867-1894).
• Pandita Ramabai took the lead and started • 1864 International Workingmen’s
Arya Mahila Samaj in Maharastra Association (First International)
She also started Mukti Mission and Sharda
Sadan to uplift the condition of widows. She • Communist International (Comintern)
also defied many of the social practices like
hypogamy, seclusion, conversion etc • Comintern(Second world congress),1920
• IN 1917, Women's Indian Association • CPI-Abani Mukherjee,M.NRoy
appeared @ Madras and it was started by
the enlightened european and Indian ladies
like Margaret Cousins and Annie Besant

• All India Women's Conference in 1927 -

initially as a non political body - to promote
education by Margaret Cousins

• Sarada Act (Male-18,Female-14 later

changed to 21 and 18)
122
 Trade Union and Peasant Agitations

Peasant Agitations Trade union Movement

Congress 1870-Sasipada Benerjee-Workingmens Club ,bharat
Champaran(1917) Shramjeevi
Exploitative Tinketia sysytem 1880-Narain Meghajee Lokhanday –Deenbandhu and
Rajkumar Shukla set up Bombay Mill and Millhands Association
Khera (1918) 1899-First strike by the great Indian Peninsular
Drought situation ,Request for Tax Railways
relief
Bardoli (1928) 1919-International Labor Organisation.
Sudden unilateral increase in Land AITUC-1920
revenue Lala Lajpat Rai-First President
Class Conscious Movements Dewan Chaman Lal –First Secretary
1923-N.G.Ranga-Ryots association
1936-First All India Kisan Congress Important leaders-J.L.Nehru,Subhas Bose,C.F
1-Sept ,(Kisan Day),Swami Andrews,J.M SenGupta,VV Giri,Sarojini Naidu.
sahajananda
Abolishing Zamindari system 1926-Trade Union Act
50%-reduction in land revenue Trade Union Recognised
Abolition of Forced Labour Public Safety Act,1929
Tebhaga Trade Dispute Act,1929
Telangana Meerut Conspiracy,1929
Muzzafar Ahmed,S.A Dange,Phili Spratt,Ben Bradley,
123
124
1930: Gandhi takes Indians on Civil Disobedience.
Breaks laws on making salt in Dandi, Gujarat.

125
126
127
COMMUNAL AWA R D
• Communal Award-British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, on August
16, 1932. chaired the committee on minorities.
• The Communal Award, based on Indian Franchise Committee (also called the
Lothian Committee), established separate electorates and reserved seats for
minorities, including the depressed classes which were granted seventy-eight
reserved seats.
• Thus, this award accorded separate electorates for Muslims, Europeans,
Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, depressed classes, and even to the
Marathas for s ome seats in B o m b a y

Main Provisions of the Communal Award

• A n arrangemen t for depressed classes was to be m a d e for a period 2 0 years.
• Except N W F P 3 per cent seats were to be reser ved for w o m e n in all provinces.
• In the province of Bombay, 7 seats were to be allocated for the Marathas.
Gandhi’s Response:
• indefinite fast o n September 20, 1932.
POONA PACT (24TH SEPTEMBER, 1932)-
• Gandhi an d Dr. B R A m b e dka r with the mediation of M C
Rajah a n d M a d a n M o h a n Malviya.
Provisions of Po o n a Pact-
• Dr. A m b edkar accepted the principle of joint electorates for
depressed classes a n d agreed to reject the separate electorates.
• 7 1 in the Award to 1 4 7 and 1 8 % of total in central legislatures.
Gandhi’s Harijan Campaign and thoughts on Caste:
• campaign against untouchability
• All India Anti-Untouchability League in September 1932 and
started the weekly Harijan in January 1933.
• In August 1933 – Gandhi released from jail. Satyagraha
Ashram (Sevagram Ashram) in Wardha as he had vowed in
1930 not to return to Sabarmati Ashram (Ahmedabad) unless
swaraj was won.
• Starting from Wardha, he conducted a Harijan tour of the country in the period from November 1933 to
July 1934, covering 20,000 km, collecting money for his newly set up Harijan Sevak Sangh, and
propagating removal of untouchability in all its forms.
o H e said, “Hinduism dies if untouchability lives, untouchability has to die if Hinduism is to live.”
G OV E R N M E N T O F IN DIA ACT, 1 9 3 5
Main Features:
• An All India Federation:
• Bicameral legislature
• Council of States was to be a permanent body with one-third members retiring every third year. The
duration of the assembly was to be 5 years.
• Three lists for legislation purposes were to be federal, provincial and concurrent.
• Franchise or voting rights (About 10 % of the population got voting rights).
• establishment of the Federal Public Service Commission a n d joint Public Service Commission .
• It abolished the Council of India
Provincial Autonomy
• Provincial autonomy replaced diarchy.
Chalo Delhi Satyagraha- Press Movements
• British has curtailed a n d curbed m a ny press rights a n d suppressed its freedoms by passing m a ny
legislations then Gandhi in 1 9 40 launched individually a Satyagraha to fight this.
132
133
T R I P U R A S E S S ION A N D G A N D H I B O S E L I N K AG E S
T R I P U R A SESSION, 1 9 3 9
• Haripura, Gujarat, in Februar y 1938, Bose-
president of the session
• Tripuri Crisis (March 1939) Bose vs Pattabhi
Sitaramayya. Bose w o n the election an d Gandhi
declared Pattabhi defeat as more mi ne than his.
•Bose resigned in April 1 9 3 9 an d in M a y 1 9 3 9 Bose-For ward Bloc.
Objective of Fo r wa rd Bloc
• Forward Bloc would work for a Socialist state through: -
o Reorganization of agriculture and industry on socialist terms.
o Abolition if Zamindari system
o Introduction of a n e w monetar y a n d credit system.
• Bose advocated mass civil disobedience against Viceroy
Linlithgow’s decision to declare war on India’s behalf.
• Bose organized m as s protest- ‘Holwel m o n u m en t ’
commemorating the Black of Calcutta.
CO N G R E S S I N S TA N C E A N D W O R L D WA R II
SECOND WOR L D WA R AND FOLLOWING INSTANCE –
• Second World War-September 1939 and Britain declared India’s
support for war
Congress Working Committee meeting at Wardha (10-14th
September, 1939)-
• S C Bose, Acharya Narendra D ev an d Jayprakash N a raya n were also invited.
• The Leftists view- India should not support the British
• Gandhian view- to cooperate with the British-not supported by even his close followers.
• Nehru’s view- India should neither join the war until the countr y is free itself nor take advantage of
Britain’s difficulty.
R A M GA RH SESSION (1940)
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad in the president’s chair. It was an
anti-compromise conference.
• the people of India would accept nothing short of complete
independence.
D E M A N D F O R PA K I S TA N
• M u h a m m a d Iqbal-first articulated the d e mand for a separate Muslim state in
the Indian sub- continent. H e presided over the Allahabad session of the
Muslims league in 1930.
• During the Round Table Conference, R a h m a t Ali- Punjab, N o r t h – Wes t
Fr o n t i e r o r A f g h a n P rov in ce, Ka s h m i r, S i n d a n d B a l u ch i s t a n .
• Rahmat Ali founded the Pakistan National Movement in 1933 to propagate the
idea. He wrote a book Now or Never.
• In march, 1940 the Muslim league in its Lahore session declared that the
Muslims in India mus t have a separate independent state. It was presided by
M.A. Jinnah.
AU G U S T O F F E R ( AU G U S T 8, 1 9 4 0 O F F E R )
Ci rcu ms tan ces
• G e r man success in Europe , Britain was forced to adopt a conciliatory position.
• viceroy Linlithgow, offered from Shimla-proposal to the Congress
• Th e August offer turned d ow n congress d e mand for setting u p Provisional National Government.
Response of Congress: -
• Conception of dominion status was ‘dead a s a door-nail’.
• In September, 1940, at Shimla Gandhi h ad a futile meeting with the Viceroy Linlithgow.
I N D I V I D UA L S AT YAGR A H A :
• Limited Sat yagraha o n the Individual basis by few selected individuals in ever y Locality.
Acharya Vinoba Bhave (First Satyagrahi, 17th October 1940)
• Wa s to deliver a n anti-war speech- ‘Delhi chalo’ move me nt .
• Th e Individual Sat yagraha was inaugurated by Achar ya
Vinobha B h ave o n 17th October, 1 9 40 at Paunar village near
Ward h a .
• Vallabhai Patel and Nehru were arrested.
J . N e h r u b e c a m e t h e s e c o n d in d iv id u a l s a t y a g r a h i
CRIPPS MISSION (1942)
Attack on pearl harbour (an American naval base) by
Japan in 1942
• entr y of Japan into the war o n 7 th December, 1 9 41
• Th e allies of Britain pressurized the British- India’s
cooperation in the war.
C r i p p s m i s s i o n a r r iv e d in I n d i a o n 2 4 t h M a r c h , 1 9 4 2 .

CR IP P S P R O P O S A L
O ne - me mb e r commission -Sir Stafford Cripps.
• Dominion status to be given to India after the end of world war.
• to set up an elected body for the forming of new constitution
S IG N IF ICA N CE O F CR IP P S M IS S ION
For the first time-acknowledged India’s right to be a dominion.
• failed to satisfy the Indian aspiration-congress rejected
• Gandhiji cited the proposal as a n outdated cheque.
• M U S L I M L E A G U E rejected-does not accept d e m a n d of separate state.
• After the rejection of Cripps proposal -Quit India movement
• Official negotiators for the congress with the Cripps mission - Jawaharlal Nehru and Maulana Azad
• Prime minister of England-Cripps proposal – Winston Churchill.
QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT (REVOLT OF 1942)
T H E ‘QUIT INDIA’ R E S O LU T I O N
• In July 1 9 4 2 - C WC me t at Wa r d h a a n d adopted the ‘Quit India Resolution’ ratified by AICC me t at
B o m b a y o n Au gu st 8th, 1 9 4 2 an d passed ‘Quit India resolution’-non-violent mas s struggle.
• Gandhi- ‘Do or Die’
o Government Servants were asked not to resign but to
openly declare their loyalty to the Congress.
o The Soldiers were asked not to leave their posts but
refused to fire on their own people.
o The Princes were asked to accept the Sovereignty of their
own people rather than of Foreigners.
• Gandhi arrested o n August , 9th.

• people devised their own methods of protest that included-

o Attack o n symbols of British Authorit y such as police stations, railway stations a n d post offices.

• T h e A I C C a n d P CC ’ s w e r e al s o b a n n e d .

• Gandhiji, Kasturba Gandhi and Sarojani Naidu in Aga Khan Palace, Jawaharlal Nehru in Almora jail,
Rajendra Prasad in Bankipur jail and Jayprakash Narayan in Hazaribagh jail.

• A n all India underground leadership with prominent m e m b e rs such as Achyut Pat wardhan, Ar una Asaf
Ali, R a m M anoh ar Lohiya, Sucheta Kriplani, Chotubahi Puranik, Biju Patnaik, R.P. G oe nka an d later after
his escape fro m jail Jayprakash N arayan h ad also b e g u n to emerge.

• An Underground radio was broadcast by Usha Mehta.

• Th e H era l d a n d Harijan ceased publication.

• At Ahmedabad, textile strike - three and a half months -Stalingrad of India.

PA R A L L E L G OV E R N M E N T
Parallel governments were established at many places:
• Ballia – in East U.P. leadership of Chintu Pandey.
• Tamluk – Jatiya Sarkar
• S atara – N a n a patil, Y.B. Chauhan, Achyut Pat wardhan .
UNDERGROUND MOVEMENT-
• Jay Prakash Narain a n d Ra m n a n d a n Mishra.
• Underground Social Activities were carried out by leaders like Aruna Asaf Ali, Ram Manohar Lohiya,
Achyut Patwardhan, Sucheta Kripalani and Biju Patnaik. Ram Manohar Lohiya
• Usha Mehta started the underground Congress Radio from Bombay
1945- Wavell Plan at Shimla-an All-party conference-Quit India movement officially came to an end.
R E A C T I O N O F G A N D H I O N V I O L E N C E A N D HIS FAST -
• obser ve 2 1 days fast
• He commenced a fast on February 10, 1943 in Jail (Aga Khan Palace).
• Lord Wavell-Viceroy of India, in October 1943, released him.
O B S E RVA N C E O F PA K I S TA N DAY B Y M U S L I M L E AG U E -
• Pakistan D ay o n 23rd March, 1943.
• Jinnah -demand for Pakistan was the final national goal of all Muslims.
• The League also adopted a new slogan for the League-Divide and Quit.
141
T H E R A JA G O PA L AC H A R I F O R M U L A ( CR F O R M U L A O R
RAJAJI F O R M U L A M A R C H 1944)
Background
• Lord Linlithgow -Indian National Congress (INC) and the
Muslim League resolve their differences.
• first acknowledgement by a Congressman about the
inevitability of the partition.
Rajaji Proposals
o Th e league woul d endorse the d e mand for Independence
and cooperate with the Congress in forming a government
o Plebiscite shall be held in all Muslim majority areas in the
north-west and the north-east.
o In case of acceptance of partition, agreement for
safeguarding defence, commerce, communications, etc.
Jinnah’s objections:
• He wanted the INC to accept the Two-Nation Theory.
• He did not want the entire population of the Muslim majority
areas to vote on the plebiscite, but only the Muslim population
• Jinnah wanted separate dominions to be created before the
English left India.
DESAI-LIAQUAT PLAN ( JAN, 1945)-
• both came up with the draft proposal for the formation of
an interim government at the centre, consisting of—
o An equal number of persons nominated by the
Congress and the League in the central legislature.
o 20% reserved seats for minorities.
o No settlement could be reached between the
Congress and the League on these line

THE WAVELL PLAN AND THE SIMLA CONFERENCE

(1945)
• all the Indian Political parties and interest groups at
Shimla in 1945
The Conservative -Churchill was keen to reach a solution

• This conference officially marked an end of the Quit

India Movement.
Shimla Conference-1945
• To discuss the Wavell Plan o n J u n e 25th, 1945.
• Conference a failure-League and Congress could not settle their differences.
• Jinnah insisted that only League me mb e r s could be the Muslim representatives
in the Council.
• war ended and a new Labour government -Prime Minister Clement Atlee. This
new government was intent on giving independence to India.
INA – INDIAN NATIONAL ARMY
INDIAN NATIONAL ARMY (INA)
• 1942-1945 no political activity in India.
• The nationalist movement-INA or Azad Hind Fauz.
• Ras Bihari Bose- Political refuge in Japan -conference in Tokyo of all Indian
leaders living from Malay to Burma-Indian Independence League in March, 1942.
• In June, 1 9 4 2 - B a n g k o k Confe re nce .
o It elected Ras h Behari Bose as its President
o It resolved to raise the INA
o Captain Mohan Singh was appointed as commander-in-chief of the INA
an d Su b a sh C h a n d r a B o se was invited to lead the INA movement .
• The INA, though founded by Captain Mohan Singh with the help of Japanese in 1942 itself in
Singapore recognized by Subhash Chandra Bose in 1943.
• O n 5th July, 1943- Ras h Behari Bose h and e d over the leadership
of Indian Independence League and INA to S C Bose. Bose n o w
called Netaji by the soldiers of INA.
• O n 2 nd July, 1943- H e reached Singapore and as s ume d the
leadership of the INA.

• O n 21st October, 1943- Bose set up the Provincial government of free India or A za d H in d Sarkar,
declaring himself as the Prime Minister a n d Commander -in-chief of India with H.C. Chatterjee (Finance
portfolio), M.A. Aiyar (Broadcasting), Lakshmi Swaminathan (Women Department), etc. at Singapore.
• This provisional government declared war on Britain and the United States, and was recognised by the
Axis powers.
• H e set u p t wo H Q of the INA- Ra n go o n a n d Singapore.
• In November, 1943- Th e Japanese h and e d over the administration of A n d a m a n a n d Nicobar Islands to
the Provincial governments. Bo s e himself visited the Islands an d ren am ed as S h ahe ed D w e e p a n d
Swaraj D weep.
• In April, 1944- A z a d H in d B a n k was inaugurated at Ra n go o n .
• O n July 6, 1944, Bose in a broadcast o n A zad Hind Radio addressed to Gandhiji as ‘Father of o u r
Nation’.
• Subash Bose also raised the famous slogan of Jai Hind, Delhi Chalo
a n d Tu m M ujh e K h oon do, m e t umh e Azaadi Dunga.
• Th e I NA raised 3 fighting brigades – Gandhi, N eh r u a n d Azad. Later,
Subash a n d Rani Jhansi Brigade were also raised. Rani Jhansi
Brigade was a n all-women brigade.
• The A zad Hind Fauz crossed the B u r m a border, an d stood o n
Indian soil o n M a r ch 18, 1944 .
• The INA advanced up to Kohima and Imphal.
• On April 14, Colonel Malik of the Bahadur Group hoisted the INA
flag for the first time on the Indian mainland at Moirang, in
Manipur.
• S h ah N a w a z with Japanese A rmy -Imphal campaign.
• British troops recaptured Rangoon in May, 1945 and INA troops
were forced to surrender and made prisoners
• final surrendered of Japan in 1 9 4 5
• S.C. Bose’s was believed to have died in an airplane accident on
his way to Tokyo.
 INA TRIALS AND NAVAL MUTINY-
Mass pressure against the trial of INA POWs-“an edge of a volcano”, 7,000 of them.
• first trial at the Red Fort in Delhi in November 1945.

CONGRESS SUPPORT FOR INA PRISONERS –

• first post-War Congress session in September
1 9 4 5 at Bombay-Congress support for the
INA cause.

Red Fort Trials

• famous red fort trial in Delhi. S h ah N awa z
Khan, Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon, P.K. Sehgal
etc. were put o n trial.

• INA Relief and Enquiry Committee

• Fund collection was organised.
INA Agitation-
• The campaign for the release of INA prisoners was conducted at large
• extensive press coverage
• INA D a y (November 1 2 , 1945) and INA we ek (November 5-11).
• All India Women’s Conference demanding the release of
INA prisoners
• Apart from the Congress, included the Muslim League,
Communi s t Party, Unionists, Akalis, Justice Party, Ahrars in
Rawalpindi, Rashtriya Swayams e vak Sangh, H i nd u
M ah as ab h a a n d the Sikh League.
• Men of the armed forces were unexpectedly sympathetic
and attended meeting
• The central theme became the questioning of Britain’s
right to decide a matter concerning Indians. ‘Indian versus
British’ colour
Feb r u a r y 18, 1 9 4 6 — i n B omb ay, strike by the Royal Indian
N avy ratings.
• 1100 Royal Indian Navy (RIN) ratings of HMIS Talwar
went on a strike to protest against racial discrimination
• The rebellious ratings hoisted the tricolour, crescent, and
the hammer and sickle flags. Other ratings soon joined and
they went around Bombay in lorries holding Congress flags
threatening Europeans and policemen.
• There we re strikes by the Royal Indian Air Force in
B omb ay, Poona, Calcutta, Jessore a n d Ambala.
• Patel and Jinnah persuaded the ratings to surrender on
February 23 with an assurance that national parties
would prevent any victimisation.
Mutiny by Royal Air Force
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• Revolt in the armed forces had a great liberating effect on the minds of people.
o Th e decision to send Cabinet Mission was taken in Januar y 1946 .
• It was a Maratha battalion in Bombay that rounded up the ratings and restored them to their barracks
C A B I N E T M IS S ION P L A N
E L E C T I O N O F 1945-

• Th e Muslim- co m m u n al Slogan - A vote for the League

a n d Pakistan was the vote for Islam.
Election Result-
Performance of Congress-
• It got 91 per cent of non-Muslim votes.
• It captured 57 out of 102 seats in the Central
Assembly.
• In the provincial elections, it got a majority in most
provinces except in Bengal, Sindh and Punjab. The
Congress majority provinces included the NWFP and
Assam which were being claimed for Pakistan
Performance of ML-
• It got 86.6 per cent of the Muslim votes. It captured
the 30 reserved seats in the Central Assembly.
• In the provincial elections, it got a majority in Bengal
a n d Si n dh.
• The League won all Muslim constituencies and hence
the elections proved to be a strategic victory for
Jinnah.
CABINET MISSION PLAN (1946)-
• The British government, now headed by Atlee of the
Labour party,
peaceful transfer of power in India
Members
• Pethick Lawrence-chairman (Secretary of State for India)
• Stafford Cripps (President of the Board of Trade)
• A.V. Alexander (First Lord of Admiralty)
• Cabinet Mission reached Delhi on M arch 24, 1946.
o interim government; and
o Principles and procedures for framing a new constitution giving freedom to India.
• As the Congress and the League could not come to any agreement on the fundamental issue of the unity
or partition of India
Cabinet Mission Plan – Main Points
• proposed a Federal Government for the whole of India.
• Grouping of existing provincial assemblies into three
sections:
• Three-tier executive and legislature at provincial and
union levels.
• A constituent assembly was to be elected by
provincial assemblies by proportional representation
• This constituent assembly would be a 389-member
body with provincial assemblies sending 292, chief
commissioner’s provinces sending 4, and princely
states sending 93 members.

• In the constituent assembly, m e m b e r s fro m groups A, B a n d C were to sit separately to decide the
constitution for provinces. Then, the whole constituent assembly (all three sections A, B a n d C combined)
woul d sit together to formulate the union constitution.
• A common centre would control defence, communication and external affairs.
• Provinces were to have full autonomy and residual powers.
• Princely states were n o longer to be under p a ra m o u n tc y of the British government .
• an interim government was to be formed from the constituent assembly.
155
Examination of the scheme of Pakistan and its rejection
• plan rejected the demand for a full – fledged Pakistan
(consisting of the 6 provinces, viz. Assam, Bengal, Punjab,
Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan)
Acceptance and Rejection-
• July 1 9 4 6 Elections we re held in provincial assemblies for
the Constituent Assembly.
• July 10, 1 9 4 6 N eh ru stated, “ We are not bo u n d by a single
thing except that w e have decided to go into the Constituent
Assembly
• July 29, 1 9 4 6 T h e Le ag ue call for “direct action” from
Au gu st 1 6 1 9 4 6 to achieve Pakistan.
I N T E R I M G OV E R N M E N T, 1 9 4 6
A Congress-dominated Interim Government headed by Nehru
was swo rn in o n S ep tem b er 2, 1 9 4 6
• Wavell brought the Muslim League into the Interim
Government on October 26, 1946.
From among the following statements regarding the Swadeshi movement, which are correct?
(A) The formal proclamation of Swadeshi movement was made on 7th August 1904
(B) During this movement a creative use of traditional popular festivals, such as Ganapati and Shivaji festivals, and
traditional folk theatre forms such as Jatras, were extensively made
(C) The Indian National Congress declined to accept Swadeshi call at its session at Benares in 1905
(D) The technique of ‘boycott’ included boycott of foreign goods, government schools, courts, titles, and government
service

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(1) (B) and (D) only

(2) (A) , (B) and (C) only
(3) (B) and (C) only
(4) (C) and (D) only

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160
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14 Ministers of Interim Government- (September 2, 1946–August 15, 1947)
• Jawaharlal Nehru: Vice President of Executive Council, External Affairs and Common Wealth
Relations
• Vallabhbhai Patel: Ho m e , Information an d Broadcasting
• B a l dev Singh: Defence
• Dr. John Mathai: Industries an d Supplies
• C. Rajagopalachari : Education
• C.H. B h a b h a : Works, Mines an d Power
• Rajendra Prasad: Agriculture and Food
• Jagjivan Ra m : Labour
• Asaf Ali: Railway
• Liaquat Ali K h a n ( M u s l i m League) : Finance
• Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar (Muslim League): Commerce
• Abdur Rab Nishtar (Muslim League): Communications
• Gh a zan far Ali K h a n ( M u s l i m League): Health
• Jogendra N a t h M a n d a l ( M u s l im League) : L aw
S ome of the decisions by the cabinet
• O n September 26, 1946, Nehru declared the government’s plan to engage in direct diplomatic relations
with all countries a n d goodwill missions.
• In November 1946, India ratified the Convention on International Civil Aviation.
• In April 1947, the U S announce d the appointment of Dr. H en r y F. Gra dy as its amb as s ad or to India.
• O n June 1, D ep artm ent of External Affairs an d Co m m o nweal th Relations.
• The League did not attend the Constituent A ssem b ly which had its first m eet in g o n D e ce m b e r 9,
1946.
• ‘Objectives Resolution’ drafted by Jawaharlal N eh ru passed.
MOUNTBATTEN PLAN AND INDEPENDENCE OF INDIA
PARTITION AND FREEDOM
Atlee’s Declaration February 20, 1947
• Date of British withdrawal from India was fixed as June 30, 1 9 4 8 an d the appointment of n e w Viceroy,
L o rd M o u n t b a tten wa s announced.
• A deadline of June 30, 1 9 4 8 was fixed for transfer of powe r even if the Indian politicians h ad not agreed
by that time on the constitution.
Arrival of Mountbatten in India
• Mountbatten proved firmer and quicker in taking decisions than his predecessors
165
Provisions of the Mountbatten Plan (Partition Plan)/3rd June Plan/ Dickie Bird Plan
• British India was to be partitioned into two dominions – India and Pakistan.
• The constitution framed by the Constituent Assembly would not be applicable to the Muslim majority
areas
• As per the plan, the legislative assemblies of Bengal a n d Punjab me t and voted for the partition.
• The legislative assembly of Sindh would decide whether to join the Indian constituent assembly or not. It
decided to go with Pakistan.
• A referendum was to be held on NWFP (NorthWestern Frontier Province) NWFP decided to join Pakistan
while Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan boycotted and rejected the referendum.
• The date for the transfer of power was to be August 15, 1947.
• B o u n d a r y Co m m issio n chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe.
• The princely states were given the choice to either remain
independent or accede to India or Pakistan.
• L o rd M o u n t b at ten w a s appointed the first Governor -
General of independent India a n d M.A. Jinnah b e ca m e
the Governor -General of Pakistan.
IN DIA I N D E P E N D E N C E ACT, 1947-
• O n 4t h July, the Indian Independence Bill was introduced in the House of Co m m o n s by the Labour
government of Clement Atlee an d Governor General Lord Mountbatten
o Th e Indian Independence Act was passed in 1947.
o The act created t wo n e w independent dominions India a n d Pakistan
o The Act repealed the use of ‘Emperor of India’ as a title for the British Crown and ended all existing
treaties with the princely states.
o The office of Secretary of State was abolished and his work was to be taken over by the Secretary of
Commonwealth Affairs.
Lord Mountbatten continued as Governor-General and Jawaharlal Nehru was appointed India’s first
Prime Minister, Muhammad Ali Jinnah became Pakistan’s Governor-General and Liaquat Ali Khan its Prime
Minster.
INDEPENDENCE OF INDIA-⮚ DAY OF INDEPENDENCE-
• Th e Constituent Assembly of India m et at 1 1 p.m. o n
August 14, 1947. Rajendra Prasad presided over the
session. at midnight of August 14-15, 1947, Jawaharlal
Nehru, speaking as the first prime minister of
Independent India, gave his historic speech.
• O n Au gu st 15, 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru, as Prime
Minister , hoisted the Indian national flag -Lahori Ga te
o f R e d Fo r t in D el h i .
First Cabinet of Free India-
• Jawaharlal Nehru: Prime Minister; Minister of External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations; Minister
of Scientific Research
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: Deputy Prime Minister; Minister of Home Affairs and States; Minister of
Information and Broadcasting
• 3. M a u l a n a Abul Ka l a m Azad: Minister of Education
• 4. J o h n Mathai: Minister of Railways an d Transport
• 5. S a rd a r B a l dev Singh: Minister of Defence
• 6. J a ira mdas D a u l a t ram : Minister of Fo o d an d Agriculture
• 7. Jagjivan Ra m : Minister of Labour
• 8. C.H. B h a b h a : Minister of C o m m e rc e
• 9. Am r it Ka u r : Minister of Health
• 10. Rafi A h m a d Kidwai: Minister of Co m m u nications
• 11. N a rh a r V ish n u Gadgil: Minister of Works, Mi n es an d Power
• 12. R.K. S h a n m u k h a m Chett y: Minister of Finance
• 13. K.C. N eo gy : Minister of Relief an d Rehabilitation
• 14. B.R. Ambedkar: Minister of Law (belonged to the Scheduled Castes Federation; resigned in 1951)
• 15. Shyama Prasad Mokherjee: Minister of Industries and Supplies [Hindu Mahasabha; first to resign
from the cabinet in April 1950]
• 16. N a r a s i m h a Go p a l a swa m i Ay ya ngar : Minister without portfolio; assigned the task to act as a link
between the union government and the cabinet of East Punjab government
• 17. M o h a n lal Saxena : Minister without portfolio
169
 Lord Mountbatten: Last
Viceroy of India sets
India’s freedom date for
15th August 1947 and
decides to partition the
country into two - India &
Pakistan.

170
Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee 1885 Bombay

Dadabhai Naoroji 1886 Calcutta

Badruddin Tyabji 1887 Madras
George Yule 1888 Allahabad
William Wedderburn 1889 Bombay
Henry Cotton 1904 Bombay
Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1905 Benares
Dadabhai Naoroji 1906 Calcutta
Rashbihari Ghosh 1907 Surat
William Wedderburn 1910 Allahabad
Ambica Charan Mazumdar 1916 Lucknow
Annie Besant 1917 Calcutta

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C. Vijayaraghavachariar 1920 Nagpur
Mohandas Gandhi 1924 Belgaum
Sarojini Naidu 1925 Kanpur
Motilal Nehru 1928 Calcutta
Jawaharlal Nehru 1929 & 30 Lahore
Vallabhbhai Patel 1931 Karachi
Subhas Chandra Bose 1938 Haripura, Gujarat
Subhas
ChandraBose(resigned)
Tripuri, Madhya Pradesh
Rajendra Prasad 1939
/ Chhatisgardh
replaced Bose after
the session.
Abul Kalam Azad 1940–46 Ramgarh
J. B. Kripalani 1947 Meerut
Pattabhi Sitaraimayya 1948 & 49 Jaipur

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 FAMOUS WOMEN IN MODERN INDIA

• Anansuya Sarabhai is known as India’s first female union leader. She founded India's oldest union of textile workers
the Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association (Majadoor Mahajan Sangh) in 1920.

• Rani Lakshmi Bai – She was one of the leading warriors of India’s first war of Independence (1857). She protested
against the “Doctrine of Lapse” and refused to give up Jhansi.

• Begum Hazrat Mahal – Also known as the Begum of Awadh, she played a major role in the rebellion of 1857.

• Savitribhai Phule – She played an important role in improving women’s rights during British rule. She along with
her husband founded the first women's school at BhideWadai in Pune in 1848. Apart from women’s rights, she also
worked against the abolition of caste-based discrimination.

• Sarojini Naidu – She was the first woman President of Indian National Congress and also the first woman governor
of an Indian state (United Province). She played a pivotal role in India’s Civil Disobedience Movement. She is also
known for her literary works.

• Aruna Asaf Ali – She is remembered for unfurling the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in
Bombay at the scheduled time, thus initiating the commencement of the Quit India Movement. She is popularly
known as Grand Old Lady of Independence.

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Madam Bhikaji Cama – She has the unique distinction of unfurling the first Indian National Flag designed by her in
Stuttgart, Germany in 1907. She is regarded as the “Mother of Indian Revolution”. She also started the journal “Bande
Mataram” to spread her revolutionary thought. She served as private secretary to Dadabhai Naoroji

• Annie Besant – She established the Home Rule League in 1916 and she is also one of the founders of Banaras Hindu
University. She also started newspapers New India & Commonweal and created tremendous enthusiasm among the
people through her speeches and writings.

• Usha Mehta – She was one of the youngest freedom fighters of Indian freedom movement. She participated in
“Simon Go Back” at the young age of 8. She is also credited with the Secret Congress Radio which was underground
radio operative during Quit India Movement.

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