Computer Networks

Practical File

Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 Index
Sr
Practical Date Remark Sign
No
Using, linux-terminal or Windows-cmd, execute
following networking commands and note the
1
output: ping, traceroute, netstat, arp, ipconfig,
Getmac, hostname, NSLookUp, pathping, SystemInfo
Using Packet Tracer, create a basic network of two
2 computers using appropriate network wire. Use Static
IP address allocation and show connectivity
Using Packet Tracer, create a basic network of One
server and two computers using appropriate network
3
wire. Use Dynamic IP address allocation and show
connectivity
Using Packet Tracer, create a basic network of One
server and two computers and two mobile / movable
4
devices using appropriate network wire. Show
connectivity
Using Packet Tracer, create a network with three
routers with RIPv1 and each router associated
5
network will have minimum three PC. Show
Connectivity
Using Packet Tracer, create a network with three
routers with RIPv2 and each router associated
6
network will have minimum three PC. Show
Connectivity
Using Packet Tracer, create a network with three
routers with OSPF and each router associated
7
network will have minimum three PC. Show
Connectivity
Using Packet Tracer, create a network with three
8 routers with BGP and each router associated network
will have minimum three PC. Show Connectivity
Using Packet Tracer, create a wireless network of
9
multiple PCs using appropriate access point.
Using Wireshark, network analyzer, set the filter for
ICMP, TCP, HTTP, UDP, FTP and perform respective
10
protocol transactions to show/prove that the
network analyzer is working
 ComputerNetworks SYCS

Practical No 1
Aim: Using, linux-terminal or Windows-cmd, execute following networking
commands and note the output: ping, traceroute, netstat, arp, ipconfig, getmac,
hostname, NSLookUp, pathping, systemInfo

Theory:
1) ping: ping is a computer network administration software utility used to test the
reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol network. It is available for virtually all
operatingsystemsthathavenetworkingcapability,includingmostembeddednetwork
administration software

2) traceroute: The traceroute command(tracert) is a utility designed for displaying the time
it takes for a packet of information to travel between a host system and the final
destination system. This command returns a list of the hops that the data packets take
along their path along their way to the destination

3) netstat:The netstat provides statistics about all active connections so you that we can find
out which computers or networks a PC is connected to
Some of the netstat commands commonly used are
i) netstat-in command
This netstat function shows the state of all configured interfaces.

ii) netstat-a command

The netstat-a command shows the state of all sockets.

iii) netstat-s
The netstat-s command shows statistics for each protocol(while the netstat -p
command shows the statistics for the specified protocol).

iv) netstat-r
Another option relevant to performance is the display of the discovered Path
Maximum Transmission Unit (PMTU).

4) arp: The ARP(Address Resolution Protocol) commands are used to view, display, or
modify the details/information in an ARP table/cache.
Some of the common arp commands are as follows
i) arp-a: This command is used to display the ARP table for a particular IPaddress.
It also shows all the entries of the ARP cache or table.
ii) arp-g: Same as the arp-a command.

1 Maharashtra College| Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 ComputerNetworks SYCS

iii) arp -d: This command is used to delete an entry from the ARP table for a
particular interface. To delete an entry, write arp –d command along with the
IP address in a command prompt to be deleted.
iv) arp -s: This command is used to add the static entry in the ARP table, which
resolvestheInetAddr(IPaddress)totheEtherAddr(physicaladdress).Toadda static
entry in an ARP table, we write arp –s command along with the IP address and
MAC address of the device in a command prompt.

5) ipconfig: ipconfig (Internet Protocol CONFIGuration) is used to display and manage the
IP address assigned to the machine. In Windows, typing ipconfig without any
parameters displays the computer's currently assigned IP, subnet mask and default
gateway addresses.

6) getmac: getmac is a Windows command used to display the Media Access Control
(MAC) addresses for each network adapter in the computer.

7) hostname: A hostname is a label that is assigned to a device connected to a

computer network and it is used to identify the device.

8) NSlookUp: Using this command we can find the corresponding IP address or

domain name system record. The user can also enter a command for it to do a
reverse DNS lookup and find the host name for an IP address that is specified.

9) Pathping: This command sends multiple echo Request messages to each router between
a source and destination, over a period of time, and then computes results based on the
packets returned from each router. It can be used to find the routers or links having
network problems.

10) SystemInfo: This command is use to display detailed configuration information about a
computer and its operating system, including operating system configuration, security
information, product ID, and hardware properties

Click on the link or scan the QR-code for the video demonstration of the practical :

https://youtu.be/CeMNBxW5LsM

2 Maharashtra College| Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 ComputerNetworks SYCS

Practical No 2
Aim: Using Packet Tracer, create a basic network of two computers using
appropriate network wire through Static IP address allocation and verify
connectivity

Theory:

We use the following network to verify the connectivity using Cisco packet tracer

Now we set the ipaddress of the devices as follows

Hostname ip Address Default

Gateway

PC0 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.1

PC1 192.168.1.3 192.168.1.1

1 Maharashtra College | Prof. Ismail H.Popatia

 ComputerNetworks SYCS

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In order to check the connectivity we send a ping command from PC0 to PC1 as follows

Result:

Hence the Connectivity between the PCs has been verified.

Click on the link or scan the QR-code for the video demonstration of the
practical:

https://youtu.be/yYYqDgM1XqQ

3 Maharashtra College | Prof. Ismail H.Popatia

 Computer Networks SYCS

Practical No 3
Aim: Using Packet Tracer, create a basic network of one server and two computers
using appropriate network wire. Use Dynamic IP address allocation and show
connectivity

Theory:

For assigning ip addresses dynamically we use the DHCP protocol

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol that
automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other
related configuration information such as the subnet mask and default gateway.
The DHCP server maintains a pool of IP addresses and leases an address to any
DHCP-enabled client when it starts up on the network. Because the IP addresses
are dynamic (leased) rather than static (permanently assigned), addresses no
longer in use are automatically returned to the pool for reallocation.
DHCP provides the following benefits.
1) Reliable IP address configuration. DHCP minimizes configuration errors
caused by manual IP address configuration, such as typographical errors, or
address conflicts caused by the assignment of an IP address to more than
one computer at the same time.
2) Reduced network administration. DHCP includes the following features to
reduce network administration
DHCP runs at the application layer of the Transmission Control Protocol/IP
(TCP/IP) stack to dynamically assign IP addresses to DHCP clients and to
allocate TCP/IP configuration information to DHCP clients. This includes
subnet mask information, default gateway IP addresses and domain name
system (DNS) addresses.

1 Maharashtra College |Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 Computer Networks SYCS

We use the following topology for the present case

Configuring the Server:

Enabling and setting the DHCP Service on the Server:

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Verifying the Dynamic Addressing on both the PCs:

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Checking the connectivity:

Result:

Hence the Connectivity between the PCs has been verified

Click on the link or scan the QR-code for the video demonstration of the practical:

https://youtu.be/Jnj8c_15AiE

4 Maharashtra College |Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 Computer Networks SYCS

Practical No 4
Aim: Using Packet Tracer, create a basic network of one server and two computers
and two mobile / movable devices using appropriate network wire. And verify the
connectivity

Theory:

A Wireless Access Point (WAP) is a networking device that allows wireless-

capable devices to connect to a wired network. Instead of using wires and cables to
connect every computer or device in the network, installing WAPs is a more
convenient, more secure, and cost-efficient alternative.

Setting up a wireless network provides a lot of advantages and benefits for you and
your small business.
1) It is easier to set up compared to setting up a wired network.
2) It is more convenient to access.
3) It is less complicated to add new users in the network.
4) It gives users more flexibility to stay online even when moving from one
area in the office to another.
5) Guest users can have Internet access by just using a password.
6) Wireless network protection can be set up even if the network is visible to
the public by configuring maximum wireless security.
7) Segmentation of users, such as guests and employees, is possible by creating
Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) to protect your network resources
and assets.
There are different purposes of setting up a wireless network using a WAP.

With a WAP, the following can be done:

1) Create a wireless network within your existing wired network.
2) Extend the signal range and strength of your wireless network to provide
complete wireless coverage and get rid of dead spots especially in larger
office spaces or buildings.
3) Accommodate wireless devices within a wired network.
4) Configure the settings of your wireless access points in one device.

1 Maharashtra College |Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 Computer Networks SYCS

For the present case we use the following topology

Configure the Server:

Configure PC0:

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Configure PC1:

Configure Smartphone0:

Configure Laptop0:

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Checking the connectivity (pinging laptop0 from PC0):

Similarly the ping message can be checked for all the devices

Result:

Hence the Connectivity of the network has been verified.

Click on the link below or scan the QR-code for the video demonstration

https://youtu.be/zvBKvkY8-nA

4 Maharashtra College |Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 Computer Networks SYCS

Practical No 5
Aim: Using Packet Tracer to create a network with three routers with RIPv1 and
each router associated network will have minimum three PC and show the
connectivity

Theory:

RIP is one of the dynamic routing protocols and the first distance-vector routing
protocol that uses the hop count as a routing metric. A lower hop count is
preferred.

Each router between the source and destination network is counted as one hop. RIP
prevents routing loops by imposing a maximum number of hops on the path
between source and destination.

In RIP, Every 30 seconds, each router broadcasts its entire routing table to its
nearest neighbors.

Pros and Cons of RIP Protocol

Pros:
1. The RIP protocol is ideal for small networks since it is simple to learn and
configure.
2. RIP routing is guaranteed to work with nearly all routers.
3. When the network topology changes, RIP does not require an update.

Cons:
1. RIP does not support variable length subnet masks
2. RIP transmits updates every 30 seconds, which cause traffic and consumes
bandwidth.
3. RIP hop counts are restricted to 15, hence any router beyond that distance is
deemed infinity and becomes unreachable.
4. The rate of convergence is slow in RIP compared to other routing protocols.
When a link fails, finding alternate network paths takes a long time.
5. RIP does not support multiple paths on the same route, which may result in
extra routing loops.

1 Maharashtra College |Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 Computer Networks SYCS

We use the following topology for the present case

We configure the above network using the following IP addresses

Host Interface IP address Network Default

Address Gateway
Router 0 G0/0 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.0
S0/1/0 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.0
Router 1 G0/0 20.0.0.1 20.0.0.0
S0/1/0 192.168.0.2 192.168.0.0
S0/1/1 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.0
Router 2 G0/0 30.0.0.1 30.0.0.0
S0/1/1 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.0
PC0 FastEthernet0 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.0 10.0.0.1
PC1 FastEthernet0 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.0 10.0.0.1
PC2 FastEthernet0 10.0.0.4 10.0.0.0 10.0.0.1
PC3 FastEthernet0 20.0.0.2 20.0.0.0 20.0.0.1
PC4 FastEthernet0 20.0.0.3 20.0.0.0 20.0.0.1
PC5 FastEthernet0 20.0.0.4 20.0.0.0 20.0.0.1
PC6 FastEthernet0 30.0.0.2 30.0.0.0 30.0.0.1
PC7 FastEthernet0 30.0.0.3 30.0.0.0 30.0.0.1
PC8 FastEthernet0 30.0.0.4 30.0.0.0 30.0.0.1

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 Computer Networks SYCS

Adding Serial Interface in each Router

Configuring PC0:

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Configuring PC1:

Configuring PC2:

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Configuring PC3:

Configuring PC4:

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Configuring PC5:

Configuring PC6:

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Configuring PC7:

Configuring PC8:

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Configuring Router 0 (using the CLI mode)

Router>en
Router>enable
Router#
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface gigabitEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial 0/1/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#
Router#

Configuring Router 1 (using the CLI mode)

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#interface gigabitEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#interface serial 0/1/0

Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#interface serial 0/1/1

Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown

8 Maharashtra College |Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 Computer Networks SYCS

Configuring Router 2 (using the CLI mode)

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#interface gigabitEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 30.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#interface serial 0/1/1

Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Setting the RIPv1 on Router 0

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0
Router(config-router)#exit

Setting the RIPv1 on Router 1

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0
Router(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
Router(config-router)#exit
Router(config)#
Router#

Setting the RIPv1 on Router 2

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
Router(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0
Router(config-router)#exit
Router(config)#

9 Maharashtra College |Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 Computer Networks SYCS

Checking the connectivity by using the ping command

Pinging PC8 (ip address 30.0.0.4) from PC0

Pinging PC0 (ip address 10.0.0.2) from PC8

Result:

Hence the RIPv1 has been studied and verified through the given network

Link for the video demonstration of the practical:

https://youtu.be/DLMpobkrDGw

10 Maharashtra College |Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 Computer Networks SYCS

Practical No 6
Aim: Using Packet Tracer to create a network with three routers with RIPv2 and
each router associated network will have minimum three PC and show the
connectivity

Theory:

RIPv2 is an enhancement to the original RIP protocol developed in 1994. RIPv2 is

also a distance vector routing protocol but has a few enhancements to make it more
efficient than RIPv1.
RIPv2 is more efficient than RIPv1, but is not suitable for larger, more complex
networks. It simply provides more flexibility on smaller networks.
RIPv2 uses the same routing metric as RIPv1, the hop count. Updates with RIPv2
are sent via multicasts and not broadcasts. RIPv2 can also be configured to do
classless routing. When configured for classless routing, RIPv2 will transmit
submit masks when it sends routing updates. This allows for the use of subnetting
and discontiguous networks.
RIPv2 allows for authentication to be required for updates. When authentication is
enabled, each router is configured with the RIP update password. The password
sent with the RIP update must match the password configured on the destination
router. If the passwords do not match, then the receiving router will not process the
update.

Advantages of RIPv2
1) It’s a standardized protocol.
2) It’s VLSM compliant.
3) Provides fast convergence.
4) It sends triggered updates when the network changes.
5) Works with snapshot routing – making it ideal for dial networks.

Disadvantage of RIPv2
1) Max hop count of 15, due to the ‘count-to-infinity’ vulnerability.
2) No concept of neighbors.
3) Exchanges entire table with all neighbors every 30 seconds (except in the
case of a triggered update).

1 Maharashtra College |Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 Computer Networks SYCS

We use the following topology for the present case

We configure the above network using the following IP addresses

Host Interface IP address Subnet Mask Network Default

Address Gateway
Router 0 G0/0 10.10.0.1 255.255.255.248 10.10.0.0
S0/1/0 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.252 192.168.0.0
Router 1 G0/0 10.20.0.1 255.255.255.248 10.20.0.0
S0/1/0 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.252 192.168.0.0
S0/1/1 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.252 192.168.1.0
Router 2 G0/0 10.30.0.1 255.255.255.248 10.30.0.0
S0/1/1 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.252 192.168.1.0
PC0 FastEthernet0 10.10.0.2 255.255.255.248 10.10.0.0 10.10.0.1
PC1 FastEthernet0 10.10.0.3 255.255.255.248 10.10.0.0 10.10.0.1
PC2 FastEthernet0 10.10.0.4 255.255.255.248 10.10.0.0 10.10.0.1
PC3 FastEthernet0 10.20.0.2 255.255.255.248 10.20.0.0 10.20.0.1
PC4 FastEthernet0 10.20.0.3 255.255.255.248 10.20.0.0 10.20.0.1
PC5 FastEthernet0 10.20.0.4 255.255.255.248 10.20.0.0 10.20.0.1
PC6 FastEthernet0 10.30.0.2 255.255.255.248 10.30.0.0 10.30.0.1
PC7 FastEthernet0 10.30.0.3 255.255.255.248 10.30.0.0 10.30.0.1
PC8 FastEthernet0 10.30.0.4 255.255.255.248 10.30.0.0 10.30.0.1

2 Maharashtra College |Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 Computer Networks SYCS

Adding Serial Interface in each Router

Configuring PC0:

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Configuring PC1:

Configuring PC2:

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Configuring PC3:

Configuring PC4:

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Configuring PC5:

Configuring PC6:

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Configuring PC7:

Configuring PC8:

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Configuring IP addresses on Router 0

i) Interface G0/0

ii) Interface S0/1/0

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Configuring IP addresses on Router 1

i) Interface G0/0

ii) Interface S0/1/0

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iii) Interface S0/1/1

Configuring IP addresses on Router 2

i) Interface G0/0

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ii) Interface S0/1/1

Configuring Router 0 for RIPv2 (using the CLI mode)

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#version 2
Router(config-router)#network 10.10.0.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0
Router(config-router)#exit
Router(config)#

Configuring Router 1 for RIPv2 (using the CLI mode)

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#version 2
Router(config-router)#network 10.20.0.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
Router(config-router)#exit
Router(config)#

11 Maharashtra College |Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 Computer Networks SYCS

Configuring Router 2 for RIPv2 (using the CLI mode)

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#version 2
Router(config-router)#network 10.30.0.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
Router(config-router)#exit
Router(config)#

Checking the connectivity by using the ping command

i) Pinging PC8 (ip address 10.30.0.4) from PC0

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 Computer Networks SYCS

ii) Pinging PC0 (ip address 10.10.0.2) from PC8

Result:

Hence the RIPv2 has been studied and verified through the given network

Link for the video demonstration of the practical:

https://youtu.be/qrBpjxSkZY8

13 Maharashtra College |Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 Computer Networks SYCS

Practical No 7
Aim: Using Packet Tracer, create a network with three routers with OSPF and
each router associated network will have minimum three PC and show
Connectivity

Theory:

Open shortest path first (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol that is used to find
the best path between the source and the destination router using its own shortest
path first (SPF) algorithm. A link-state routing protocol is a protocol that uses the
concept of triggered updates, i.e., if there is a change observed in the learned
routing table then the updates are triggered only, not like the distance-vector
routing protocol where the routing table is exchanged at a period of time.

Open shortest path first (OSPF) is developed by Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) as one of the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), i.e., the protocol which aims
at moving the packet within a large autonomous system or routing domain.

OSPF advantages –

1. Both IPv4 and IPv6 routed protocols

2. Load balancing with equal-cost routes for the same destination
3. Unlimited hop counts
4. Trigger updates for fast convergence
5. A loop-free topology using SPF algorithm
6. Run-on most routers
7. Classless protocol

There are some disadvantages of OSPF like, it requires an extra CPU process to
run the SPF algorithm, requiring more RAM to store adjacency topology, and
being more complex to set up and hard to troubleshoot.

1 Maharashtra College |Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 Computer Networks SYCS

We use the following topology for the present case

We configure the above network using the following IP addresses

Host Interface IP Default Subnet Mask Wildcard Mask

address Gatewa
y
Router 0 G0/0 10.0.0.1
S0/1/0 40.0.0.1
Router 1 G0/0 20.0.0.1
S0/1/0 40.0.0.2
S0/1/1 50.0.0.1
Router 2 G0/0 30.0.0.1
S0/1/1 50.0.0.2
PC0 FastEthernet0 10.0.0.2
255.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
PC1 FastEthernet0 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.1
PC2 FastEthernet0 10.0.0.4
PC3 FastEthernet0 20.0.0.2
PC4 FastEthernet0 20.0.0.3 20.0.0.1
PC5 FastEthernet0 20.0.0.4
PC6 FastEthernet0 30.0.0.2
PC7 FastEthernet0 30.0.0.3 30.0.0.1
PC8 FastEthernet0 30.0.0.4

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 Computer Networks SYCS

Adding Serial Interface in each Router

Configuring PC0:

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Configuring PC1:

Configuring PC2:

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Configuring PC3:

Configuring PC4:

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Configuring PC5:

Configuring PC6:

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Configuring PC7:

Configuring PC8:

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Configuring IP addresses on Router 0

i) Interface G0/0

ii) Interface S0/1/0

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Configuring IP addresses on Router 1

i) Interface G0/0

ii) Interface S0/1/0

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iii) Interface S0/1/1

Configuring IP addresses on Router 2

i) Interface G0/0

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 Computer Networks SYCS

ii) Interface S0/1/1

Configuring Router 0 for OSPF (using the CLI mode)

Router(config)#
Router(config)#router ospf 1
Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
Router(config-router)#network 40.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
Router(config-router)#exit
Router(config)#

Configuring Router 1 for OSPF (using the CLI mode)

Router(config)#
Router(config)#router ospf 1
Router(config-router)#
Router(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
Router(config-router)#network 40.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
Router(config-router)#network 50.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
Router(config-router)#exit
Router(config)#

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 Computer Networks SYCS

Configuring Router 2 for OSPF (using the CLI mode)

Router(config)#
Router(config)#router ospf 1
Router(config-router)#
Router(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
Router(config-router)#network 50.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
Router(config-router)# exit
Router(config)#

Checking the connectivity by using the ping command

i) Pinging PC8 (ip address 10.30.0.4) from PC1

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ii) Pinging PC0 (ip address 10.10.0.2) from PC8

Result:

Hence the OSPF has been studied and verified through the given network

Link for the video demonstration of the practical:

https://youtu.be/PVaQ3M-Jiq8

13 Maharashtra College |Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 Computer Networks SYCS

Practical No 8
Aim: Using Packet Tracer, create a network with three routers with BGP and each
router associated network will have minimum three PC and show Connectivity

Theory:

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is used to Exchange routing information for the
internet and is the protocol used between ISP which are different Autonoumous
Systems (AS).

The protocol can connect together any internetwork of autonomous system using
an arbitrary topology. The only requirement is that each AS have at least one router
that is able to run BGP and that is router connect to at least one other AS’s BGP
router.
BGP’s main function is to exchange network reach-ability information with other
BGP systems.

Characteristics of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP):

a) The main role of BGP is to provide communication between two

autonomous systems.
b) BGP supports Next-Hop Paradigm.
c) Coordination among multiple BGP speakers within the AS (Autonomous
System).
d) BGP advertisement also include path information, along with the reachable
destination and next destination pair.
e) BGP can implement policies that can be configured by the administrator.
f) BGP runs Over TCP.
g) BGP conserve network Bandwidth.
h) BGP supports CIDR.
i) BGP also supports Security

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 Computer Networks SYCS

We use the following topology for the present case

We configure the above network using the following IP addresses

Host Interface IP address Network Default

Address Gateway
Router 0 G0/0 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.0
AS 1000 S0/1/0 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.0
G0/0 192.168.2.1 192.168.2.0
Router 1
S0/1/0 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.0
AS 2000
S0/1/1 20.0.0.1 20.0.0.0
Router 2 G0/0 192.168.3.1 192.168.3.0
AS 3000 S0/1/1 20.0.0.2 20.0.0.0
PC0 FastEthernet0 192.168.1.2
PC1 FastEthernet0 192.168.1.3 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.1
PC2 FastEthernet0 192.168.1.4
PC3 FastEthernet0 192.168.2.2
PC4 FastEthernet0 192.168.2.3 192.168.2.0 192.168.2.1
PC5 FastEthernet0 192.168.2.4
PC6 FastEthernet0 192.168.3.2
PC7 FastEthernet0 192.168.3.3 192.168.3.0 192.168.3.1
PC8 FastEthernet0 192.168.3.4

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Adding Serial Interface in each Router

Configuring PC0:

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Configuring PC1:

Configuring PC2:

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Configuring PC3:

Configuring PC4:

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Configuring PC5:

Configuring PC6:

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Configuring PC7:

Configuring PC8:

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Configuring IP addresses on Router 0

i) Interface G0/0

ii) Interface S0/1/0

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 Computer Networks SYCS

Configuring IP addresses on Router 1

i) Interface G0/0

ii) Interface S0/1/0

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iii) Interface S0/1/1

Configuring IP addresses on Router 2

i) Interface G0/0

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 Computer Networks SYCS

ii) Interface S0/1/1

Configuring Router 0 for BGP (using the CLI mode)

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#
Router(config)#router bgp 1000
Router(config-router)#
Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
Router(config-router)#neighbor 10.0.0.2 remote-as 2000

Configuring Router 1 for BGP (using the CLI mode)

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#
Router(config)#router bgp 2000
Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
Router(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
Router(config-router)#neighbor 10.0.0.1 remote-as 1000
Router(config-router)#neighbor 20.0.0.2 remote-as 3000

11 Maharashtra College |Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 Computer Networks SYCS

Configuring Router 2 for BGP (using the CLI mode)

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#
Router(config)#router bgp 3000
Router(config-router)#
Router(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
Router(config-router)#neighbor 20.0.0.1 remote-as 2000

Checking the connectivity by using the ping command

i) Pinging PC8 (ip address 192.168.3.4) from PC1

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 Computer Networks SYCS

ii) Pinging PC0 (ip address 192.168.1.2) from PC8

Result:

Hence the BGP has been studied and verified through the given network

Link for the video demonstration of the practical:

https://youtu.be/fBEFfW-TWec

13 Maharashtra College |Prof. Ismail H. Popatia

 Computer Networks SYCS

Practical No 9
Aim: Using Packet Tracer, create a wireless network of multiple PCs using
appropriate access point

Theory:
A Wireless Access Point (WAP) is a networking device that allows connecting the devices with
the wired network. A Wireless Access Point (WAP) is used to create the WLAN (Wireless Local
Area Network), it is commonly used in large offices and buildings which have expanded
businesses.

A wireless AP connects the wired networks to the wireless client. It eases access to the network
for mobile users which increases productivity and reduces the infrastructure cost.

Advantages of Wireless Access Point (WAP):

1) More User Access
2) Broader Transmission Range
3) Flexible Networking

Disadvantages of Wireless Access Point (WAP):

1) High cost
2) Poor stability
3) Less Secure

Application of Wireless Access Point:

1) It is a device that creates a WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) in large enterprises.
2) It is used to extend the coverage area of the network so that it can’t disconnect which
allows more users to connect to the network easily.
3) An access point connects a switch, Ethernet cable, wired router, and Wi-fi to designate
the particular area.
4) It is used to provide connectivity to the users in large offices or enterprises which allows
users to roam easily anywhere in the office and be connected to a network.
5) LANs can also be provided in public places such as coffee shops, restaurants, airports,
etc.

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 Computer Networks SYCS

We use the following topology for the present case (5PCs and an Access Point)

Add a Wireless interface to each PC as follows

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Assigning IP Address to each PC (select Static)

1) PC0 :

2) PC1 :

3) PC2 :

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 Computer Networks SYCS

4) PC3 :

5) PC4 :

The IP addresses assigned are

Host IP address
PC0 10.0.0.1
PC1 10.0.0.2
PC2 10.0.0.3
PC3 10.0.0.4
PC4 10.0.0.5

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We verify the connectivity by sending ping message from any PC to any other PC

Pinging PC2 (10.0.0.3) from PC0 (10.0.0.1)

Pinging PC4 (10.0.0.5) from PC1 (10.0.0.2)

For the video demonstration of the given practical click on the following link:
https://youtu.be/c91hCh01DCA

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 Computer Networks [SYCS]

Practical No 10
Aim: Using Wire-shark to capture and analyze Packets

Theory:
Wireshark is popular and powerful network protocol analyzer software. It is primarily used for:

1. Network Troubleshooting: Wireshark allows you to capture and inspect network traffic in real-time or from
previously captured packet data. This is invaluable for diagnosing and resolving network problems, such as
connectivity issues, slow network performance, and packet loss. You can identify where packets are being dropped or
delayed and pinpoint the source of network issues.

2. Security Analysis: Wireshark can be used to detect and investigate security breaches and malicious activity on a
network. By examining network traffic, security professionals can identify suspicious or unauthorized activities, such
as intrusion attempts, malware infections, and data exfiltration. It's an essential tool for network security monitoring.

3. Network Protocol Analysis: Wireshark supports a wide range of network protocols, and it allows you to analyze
and decode packets to understand how different devices and applications communicate over the network. This is
helpful for developers, network administrators, and security analysts who need to understand the behavior of network
protocols and applications.

4. Network Performance Optimization: By analyzing network traffic patterns, Wireshark can help optimize network
performance. You can identify bandwidth hogs, inefficient network configurations, and bottlenecks in the network
infrastructure. This information can be used to fine-tune network settings and improve overall performance.

5. Educational and Training Purposes: Wireshark is often used in educational settings and for training purposes to
teach networking concepts and packet analysis techniques. It provides a hands-on way to learn about network
protocols and their interactions.

6. Compliance and Auditing: Some organizations use Wireshark for compliance and auditing purposes. It helps ensure
that network traffic conforms to security policies and regulatory requirements. Organizations can use Wireshark to
monitor and record network activities for auditing and legal purposes.

7. Software Development: Developers use Wireshark to debug network-related issues in their applications. It can help
identify problems with network communication and assist in troubleshooting.

8. Packet Capture and Analysis: Wireshark allows you to capture packets from various network interfaces and save
them for later analysis. You can filter and search through the captured data to extract specific information and gain
insights into network behaviour.

9. Prototyping and Testing: Wireshark can be used to test and validate network configurations and prototypes before
they are deployed in a production environment. It helps ensure that new network setups work as expected and meet
performance criteria.

1 Theory: | [Type the company name]

 Computer Networks [SYCS]

Wireshark's user-friendly interface, extensive protocol support, and robust filtering capabilities make it a
valuable toolfor anyone involved in networking, security, or network-related development tasks. However,
it's important to note that using Wireshark to capture and analyze network traffic may have legal and privacy
considerations, so it should be used responsibly and in compliance with applicable laws and policies.

Install Wireshark:
In order to demonstrate the packet capture and analysis, we install Wireshark by visiting the website
www.wireshark.org/download
And download the software according to our OS

Analysis:
Before doing the analysis of the packets, we must first know the UDP, TCP and IP packet format

UDP Packet format

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TCP Segment format:

IP packet format:

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Using Wire-Shark:
We use Wireshark to do the analysis of the packet, we get the following interface when we start
Wireshark

The above interfaces are shown, as in our case the internet connection is available on the Ethernet
interface, we double click on this interface and get the following

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Now we click on any TCP packet and analyze it,

When we double click on the above TCP packet (packet 24) in the above case we get

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TCP segment analysis:

When we click on Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), we get the information about the TCP
segment and we cananalyse the segment

As seen from the

above we get
Source Port: 443
Destination
Port: 61967
Sequence
number1441
Acknowledgem
ent Number: 1
And also the other information such Flags, Window, Urgent Pointer etc

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IP packet analysis:
When we click on Internet Protocol Version 4, we get the information about the IPv4 packet and
we can analyse it

We can easily analyse the packet and get the information about
the IP packetSource IP address: 207.246.93.86
Destination IP address:
192.168.2.247 Header
Length: 20 bytes
Total Length: 1480
Other fields are also seen

Similarly we can also analyse any UDP packet

For the video demonstration of the practical click on the link below or scan the QR-code

https://youtu.be/pT93ag0zSXQ

7 Maharashtra College |Prof. Ismail H. Popatia