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Protection Engineering Lab2

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7 views7 pages

Protection Engineering Lab2

Uploaded by

seifessam69209
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Protection Engineering

Lap 2

Name: Abdelrhman Ahmed Salem

ID:1901025
TT Earthing System

Over the last century, electrical safety standards have evolved into very
sophisticated systems that encompass all components of a safe installation,
including TT Earthing Systems and other types in the category. In Low-voltage (LV)
Electrical Installations, the reference standard IEC 60364 is used to determine the
actions to ensure the safety of employees and property.

Introduction
The IEC 60364 standard divides the Earthing Systems into three categories:
TT, IT, and TN. IEC develops International Standards for all electrical,
electronic, and associated technologies and is the leading international
organisation in its field. IEC 60364 is the apex level publication that informs
the standards for LV Electrical Installations.

What is TT Earthing?
In this sort of Earthing System, the connection to the supply source is
connected directly to the earth, and the load end or installation metalwork is
also directly connected. As a result, in the case of an overhead line, the
earth’s mass will serve as the line’s return path.
Because the power distributor only offers the supply neutral or protective
conductor for the connection to the consumer, the neutral and earthing
conductors must be separated during the installation.

First: T stands for Direct connection to the Earth &


Second: T stands for Terra meaning Earth
Significance of TT Earthing System and its
graphical representation
This system is set up similarly to the TN-S system, except it does not provide
users with their earth connection. The main objective is to reduce the earth
resistance or provide low resistance (impedance) path.
A consumer must insert dirt (wet mud or wet dust for better earthing) along
with an earth electrode or earth plate for better earthing.
TT earthing main characteristics:
–It gets power from the public LV distribution network directly.

-No continual monitoring is required (a periodic check on the RCDs may be


necessary).

-Special devices, known as residual current devices (RCDs), provide


protection and reduce the chance of fire when set to less than 500 mA.
-Each insulation fault causes a power outage, but the outage is limited to the
faulty circuit by connecting the RCDs in series (selected RCDs) or in parallel
(parallel RCDs) (circuit selection).

-Loads or sections of the installation that create large leakage currents


during operation require additional precautions to avoid nuisance tripping,
such as supplying the loads with a separation transformer or using
appropriate RCDs.

Importance of RCD in TT Earthing System:


-All exposed-conductive portions of the installation/loads must connect to a
common earth electrode in a TT earthing system.

-The source system’s neutral point is earthed outside the influence area via
the ground electrode.

-As a result, the earth fault impedance consists primarily of two earth
electrodes in series (i.e., the source and installation electrodes). The
magnitude of the earth fault current is generally too small to operate
overcurrent relays or fuses, necessitating a residual current operated device
as first-level isolation.

-A TT system’s automatic disconnection is done by an RCD, with a sensitivity


of IΔn ≤ 50\Ra (where RA is the resistance of the installation earth electrode).

-IΔn is the RCD’s rated residual operating current.

-The earth electrode’s resistance for the installation is RA.

-The value of 50 V is substituted by 25 V for temporary supply (to work sites,


etc.) and agricultural and horticultural premises.
-The earth electrode of the substation neutral Rn has a resistance of 10
ohms.

-The earth electrode of the installation RA has a resistance of 20.

-Id = 7.7 A is the earth-fault loop current.

-The fault voltage Uf = Id x RA = 154 V, which is serious, but in 50/20 = 2.5 A,


which means that a 300 mA RCD will clear the fault in roughly 30ms without
intentional time delay if a fault voltage exceeding occurs on an exposed-
conductive-part.

-The RCD will close the circuit if there is a leakage current in the system. By
detecting tiny leakage currents, RCD’s may turn away electrocution as part of
the automatic disconnection of power, which switches off when a fault
develops in the circuit rather than requiring human intervention.

TT Earthing AC Power Supply System:


The grounding protection can considerably reduce the risk of electric shock
when the metal shell of the equipment is charged (the phase line hits the
shell or the equipment insulation is damaged and leaks).

Low-voltage circuit breakers (automatic switches) do not always trip, leading


the earth-leakage voltage to exceed the acceptable voltage, making the
voltage harmful.

A fuse may not explode when the leakage current is minimal. A leakage
protector is mandatory for safety in such cases. As a result, popularising the
TT system is challenging.

TT earthing system uses an ample amount of steel, recycling that steel is


time-consuming and problematic.

Construction companies use TT. A unique protection line reduces the


quantity of steel used for the grounding mechanism when the construction
unit borrows its power supply for temporary energy use.

Separate the new special protection line PE from the working zero-line N,
which has the following characteristics:

1) The grounding line and the working neutral line have no electrical
connection.

2) The (working) zero lines can have current in operation, but the protection
line can’t.
3) The TT system is well suited to areas where ground protection is sparse.

Applications:
Remote areas use TT, where the cost of an additional PE conductor
outweighs that of a local earth connection. Especially in older properties,
where safety might otherwise be at risk by the fracture of an overhead PE
conductor by, say, a fallen tree branch. In most TN-C-S systems, TT supplies
to individual homes when a property is deemed unfit for TN-C-S service.

Installations on a construction site, a farm, or a swimming pool may be


improper unless additional measures, like installing extra earth electrode is
adopted.

For LV system earth, TT earthing helps in earthing such devices when low
voltage arises in the system.

All metallic enclosures and extraneous parts are at equipotential.

Protection from lightning because of low fault current.

Protection from earth fault current because of low resistance path.

Advantages of TT Earthing:
-Simplicity (very few calculations when installing)

-Extension that does not necessitate the calculation of lengths

-Fault currents are low

-There is very minimal upkeep

-Operation with a low projected current source

-Ease of entry for conductors, smooth edges

-It is economical, safe and high graded in use

-Good withstanding capacity against harmonics supplied in the system

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