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THE BAPTIZED MUSE
The Baptized Muse
Early Christian Poetry as Cultural Authority
KARLA POLLMANN
1
3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
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and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Karla Pollmann 2017
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
First Edition published in 2017
Impression: 1
Some rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
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Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial – No Derivatives 4.0
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Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of this licence
should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2016952147
ISBN 978–0–19–872648–7
Printed in Great Britain by
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Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
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contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
Acknowledgements
My interest in early Christian poetry began with my PhD work on the anonymous
Carmen adversus Marcionitas (published Göttingen 1991), supervised and exam-
ined by the classicist Siegmar Döpp and the historical theologian Wilhelm
Geerlings, both then at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany. It is a Christian
didactic poem which is as intricate as it is unknown. Its author cannot be
determined and its controversially debated time of origin was located by me
into the early fifth century at the very earliest. From then onwards this area of
research has never ceased to fascinate me. This volume presents a collection of
articles containing some of the ensuing fruits of my further studies in the field
of early Christian poetry over the last two decades in a revised and updated
form. The Principal’s Fund of the University of St Andrews, Scotland, gave a
generous award to allow for the translation of six of the contributions in this
volume from German into English. I am much indebted to Alastair Matthews
and Madeleine Brook for their hard and diligent work with translating the
sometimes very technical German. Their astute and critical minds not only
helped to clarify some of the original statements but also removed a few factual
infelicities. I am very grateful to Professor Irmgard Männlein-Robert and to
the SFB 923 ‘Threatened Orders’ who invited me to spend the summer of 2014
as a visiting professor at the University of Tübingen, and generously funded
two research assistants, Therese Hellmich and Sarah Blessing. I owe deep-felt
thanks to both of them, as well as to Thomas G. Duncan, University of St
Andrews, and my PhD student Lorenzo Livorsi, Universities of Kent, and then
Reading, for helping me with various stages of finalizing this manuscript. Natur-
ally all remaining errors are my own.
Some of these chapters have in the meantime become ‘classics’ (such as
Chapter 4), while others are more the coveted gems of connoisseurs (like
Chapter 6 and 9). By offering these and selected other studies, all of them
now in English, updated in line with recent scholarship, and with a few
corrections—partly also following suggestions made by reviewers—added
where necessary, this volume will make these chapters more widely and easily
accessible to the academic community.
As this research interest has accompanied me throughout my entire aca-
demic career, it seems appropriate to acknowledge some of the people that
have supported and inspired me on this academic journey. Professor Siegmar
Döpp was the first to introduce me to the exciting and intricate field of early
Christian poetry. He taught me to ask critical, imaginative, and unbiased
questions and discover intellectually valid and exciting connections in
vi Acknowledgements
unexpected areas. For this I am most grateful, as for his kindness, good sense
of humour, contagious enthusiasm, and high academic ethics. This is also true
of the late Professor Wilhelm Geerlings whose wit and creative imagination
were unparalleled. Further important academic influences were the late Profes-
sors Manfred Fuhrmann (Classics, formerly Konstanz) and Reinhart Herzog
(Classics, formerly Konstanz) to whose ground-breaking works in this field
all my contributions owe more than can be made explicit. Among the
many marvellous colleagues by whom I have been inspired and with whom
I have shared thoughts, I wish to highlight Angelo di Berardino (Rome),
Jan den Boeft (Leiden), Jean-Louis Charlet (Aix-en-Provence), Catherine
Conybeare (Bryn Mawr), Jacques Fontaine (Paris), Roger Green (Glasgow),
Hildegund Müller (Notre Dame), Willemien Otten (Chicago), Roberto Palla
(Urbino), Kurt Smolak (Vienna), the late Basil Studer (San Anselmo, Rome),
Mark Vessey (University of British Columbia), Dorothea Weber (Salzburg),
Klaus Zelzer, and the late Michaela Zelzer (both Vienna). I am aware that
there are numerous others who remain unnamed.
I am grateful for permission from the publishers to reprint, partly in
translated form, the articles that were originally published by other presses:
1. ‘Tradition and Innovation. The Transformation of Classical Literary
Genres in Christian Late Antiquity’ (= in: J. Ulrich et al. (eds), Invention,
Rewriting, Usurpation. Discursive Fights over Religious Traditions in
Antiquity (Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang Verlag, 2012), 103–20).
2. ‘The Test Case of Epic Poetry in Late Antiquity’ (= ‘Das Epos in der
Spätantike’, in: J. Rüpke (ed.), Von Göttern und Menschen erzählen
(Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001), 93–129).
3. ‘Reappropriation and Disavowal: Pagan and Christian Authorities in
Cassiodorus and Venantius Fortunatus’ (= in: J. Frishman/W. Otten/
G. Rouwhorst (eds), Religious Identity and the Problem of Historical
Foundation (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 289–316).
4. Sex and Salvation in the Vergilian Cento of the Fourth Century (= in: R. Rees
(ed.), Memento Romane: Vergil in the Fourth Century (London: Bristol
Classical Press, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2004), 79–96).
5. ‘Versifying Authoritative Prose: Poetical Paraphrases of Eucherius of Lyon
by Venantius Fortunatus, Walafrid Strabo, and Sigebert of Gembloux’ (=
‘Poetry and Suffering: Metrical Paraphrases of Eucherius of Lyons’ Passio
Acaunensium Martyrum’, in W. Otten and K. Pollmann (eds), Poetry and
Exegesis in Premodern Latin Christianity (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 293–313).
6. ‘Jesus Christ and Dionysus: Rewriting Euripides in the Byzantine
Cento Christus Patiens’ (= ‘Jesus Christus und Bacchus. Überlegungen
zu dem griechischen Cento Christus patiens’, Jahrbuch für Österreichische
Acknowledgements vii
Byzantinistik 47 (1997), 87–106; Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie
der Wissenschaften).
7. ‘Culture as Curse or Blessing? Prudentius and Avitus on the Origin
of Culture’ (= ‘Varia rerum novitate (Prud. C. Symm. 2,329): Zwei
frühchristliche Kulturentstehungslehren bei Prudentius und Avitus’, in
V. Panagl (ed.), La poesia tardoantica e medioevale (Alessandria: Edizioni
dell’Orso, 2007), 53–71).
8. ‘Christianity as Decadence or Progress in Pseudo-Hilary’s Paraphrastic
Verse Summary of the History of Salvation’ (= ‘Populus surgit melior?
Dekadenz und Fortschritt im pseudo-hilarianischen Doppelgedicht
Metrum in Genesin-Carmen de Evangelio’, in: H. Harich-
Schwarzbauer/P. Schierl (eds), Lateinische Poesie der Spätantike
(Basel: Schwabe Verlag, 2009), 179–95).
9. ‘How Far Can Sainthood Go? St Martin of Tours in Two Hagiograph-
ical Epics of Late Antiquity’ (= ‘Kontiguität und Eklipse: Zwei Auffas-
sungen von Heiligkeit im hagiographischen Epos der lateinischen
Spätantike’, in: Th. Kobusch/M. Erler (eds), Metaphysik und Religion
(Munich/Leipzig: K. G. Saur, 2002; later taken over by Walter de
Gruyter Verlag), 611–38).
10. ‘Conclusion: Authority as a Key to Understanding Early Christian
Poetry’ (= ‘Authority and Arguments in Christian Poetry of Latin
Late Antiquity’, Hermes 141 (2013), 309–33; Franz Steiner Verlag).
Karla Pollmann
Reading
December 2016
Contents
Bibliography 235
Name Index 259
Subject Index 263
Introduction
How to Approach Early Christian Poetry
GENERAL REMARKS
Early Christian poetry, with its beginnings in the middle of the third century
and lasting until around 600 AD, continues to be an area that is neglected in
research on later ancient literature. The main reason for this is that this literary
genre falls between two stools as regards the boundaries of academic discip-
lines: for classicists, on the one hand, the genre’s chronologically late roots in
the ‘decadent’ period of late antiquity, combined with the ‘proper’ classicist’s
dislike for things Christian (which had, for instance, not been the case in the
seventeenth century), render the genre’s literary quality and merit suspect.
Theologians, on the other hand, do not regard early Christian poetry as
contributing anything of vital interest to the delineation of a normative
theology or dogmatic history; prose texts are seen as having the prerogative
in this context. Present-day theologians are supported in this position by the
very critical attitude of some authoritative fourth- and fifth-century Christian
thinkers towards the phenomenon of Christian poetry which was coming to
the fore in their time. Most notably Jerome and Augustine denied value to
practically any form of Christian poetry, which was at best an idle waste of
time; some 1,500 years later Ernst Robert Curtius in his classic European
Literature and the Latin Middle Ages notoriously called biblical epic a genre
faux (see in this volume Chapter 2, pp. 62–3). This unfortunate state of affairs
is only insufficiently compensated for by the acknowledgement of some
literary critics from late antiquity up until early modernity as to the high
quality of some of these versifications. It is therefore in scholarly studies on
medieval and early modern literature that one is most likely to find consider-
ation given to the artistry, the reception, and the later tradition of early
Christian poetry.
There are, however, some notable exceptions to this trend in the discipline of
classics, where, in particular, scholars from France (Jacques Fontaine, Jean-Louis
2 Introduction
S T A T E OF R E S E ARC H
When one looks at the last decade or so of research in the field of Latin early
Christian poetry, the dominant trend is still to concentrate on individual
authors or poems. Examples of this include Roger Green, Latin Epics of the
New Testament: Juvencus, Sedulius, Arator (Oxford, 2006); Luigi Castagna
(ed.), Quesiti, temi, testi di poesia tardolatina (Frankfurt a.M., 2006); Aniello
Salzano, Agli inizi della poesia cristiana latina; autori anonimi dei secc. IV-V
(Salerno, 2007); Marc Mastrangelo, The Roman Self in Late Antiquity: Pru-
dentius and the Poetics of the Soul (Baltimore, 2008); Michael Roberts, The
Humblest Sparrow: The Poetry of Venantius Fortunatus (Ann Arbor, 2009);
Henriette Harich-Schwarzbauer and Petra Schierl (eds.), Lateinische Poesie der
Spätantike (Basle, 2009); Anthony Dykes, Reading Sin in the World: The
‘Hamartigenia’ of Prudentius and the Vocation of the Responsible Reader
(Cambridge, 2011); Martha A. Malamud, Prudentius. Origin of Sin: An English
Translation of the Hamartigenia (Ithaca and London, 2011) which contains a
substantial interpretative essay; and Gerard O’Daly, Days Linked by Song:
Prudentius’ Cathemerinon (Oxford, 2012). Notably, the long neglected genre
of the cento has attracted recent scholarly attention that embeds this genre in a
wider literary–historical context, considering both its origins and its reception,
by Martin Bažil, Centones Christiani. Métamorphoses d’une forme intertex-
tuelle dans la poésie chrétienne de l’Antiquité tardive (Paris, 2009); Valentina
Sineri, Il Centone di Proba (Acireale, 2011); Karl Olav Sandnes, The Gospel
‘According to Homer and Virgil’: Cento and Canon (Leiden, 2011); and by
Sigrid Schottenius Cullhed, Proba the Prophet. The Christian Virgilian
Cento of Faltonia Betitia Proba (Leiden, 2015; see the review of this book
by Gottfried Kreuz in Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum 20 (2016),
197–202, and my review of the original Göteborg Ph.D., 2012, in Samlaren
134 (2013), 251–6).
In addition to these contributions, there are now steps being taken to go
beyond the analysis of individual works and poets of late antiquity and to
pursue a better understanding of the poetic and aesthetic principles that
guided this period in particular. The ultimate aims are to define more clearly
the specific peculiarities of literary aesthetics in late antiquity in comparison
to the preceding classical period, to elicit its distinctive ambitions and the
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