Communication Skills Class 10 Notes

In this chapter of class 10 Employability Skills, we will discuss the various methods of
communication. This article includes all the topics covered in CBSE syllabus 2020-21. You
have to study a total of 4 chapters in this unit. Here I have tried to provide you complete
notes for your Class 10th board exam 2020. You can download the PDF format of all the
notes in a single click. Please share with your friends.
Communication Skills means how do we communicate with each other. The way of
presenting our information is very important. Communication Skills include those areas
which deal with our talking, writing, expressing our views. By reading this chapter you will
understand how to communicate with others decently. This includes the overall
development of your personality.
Session 1: Methods of Communication
The word ‘communication’ comes from the Latin word commūnicāre, meaning ‘to share’. Clear and
concise communication is of immense importance in work and business environment as there are
several parties involved.
Communication has three important parts:
1. Transmitting — The sender transmits the message through one medium or another.
2. Listening — The receiver listens or understands the message.
3. Feedback — The receiver conveys their understanding of the message to the sender in the form of
feedback to complete the communication cycle.
Communication Process and Elements
The various elements of the communication cycle are:
Sender: the person beginning the communication.
Message: the information that the sender wants to convey.
Channel: the means by which the information is sent.
Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent.
Feedback: the receiver’s acknowledgment and response to the message.

Methods of Communication
· Face-to-face informal
· communication
· e-mail
· Notices/Posters
· Business Meetings
· social networks, message, phone call for communication, newsletter, blog, etc

Choosing the right method of communication depends on

• Target audience
• Costs
• Kind/type of information
• Urgency/priority

Session 2: Verbal Communication

Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language, and speech. Speaking is one of the most
effective and commonly used ways of communicating. It helps in expressing our emotions in words.

Type of Verbal Communication

Interpersonal Communication: This form of communication takes place between two individuals and is
thus a one-on-one conversation. It can be formal or informal.

Written Communication: This form of communication involves writing words. It can be letters, circulars,
reports, manuals, SMS, social media chats, etc. It can be between two or more people.

Small Group Communication: This type of communication takes place when there are more than two
people involved. Each participant can interact and converse with the rest.
 Public Communication: This type of communication takes place when one individual addresses a
large gathering.

Advantages of Verbal Communication

It is an easy mode of communication in which you can exchange ideas by saying what you want and
get a quick response.

Disadvantages of Verbal Communication

Since verbal communication depends on written or spoken words, sometimes the meanings can be
confusing and difficult to understand if the right words are not used.

Mastering Verbal Communication

Think Before You Speak

 • Think about your topic.

 • Think about the most effective ways to make your listeners

Understand the topic.

 Write or note down whatever you plan to say.

 Concise and Clear
 Speak clearly, loudly and at moderate speed.
 Be sure the information you want to share is to the point.
 Do not repeat the same sentences.
 Confidence and Body Language
 Be confident.
 Maintain eye contact, stand straight and be attentive.
 Be friendly.

Session 3: Non-verbal Communication

Non-verbal communication is the expression or exchange of information or messages without using
any spoken or written word.

Importance of Non-verbal Communication

In our day-to-day communication
• 55% communication is done using body movements, face, arms, etc.
• 38% communication is done using voice, tone, pauses, etc.
• only 7% communication is done using words.

Types of Non-verbal Communication

• Facial Expressions
• Posture
• Gestures or Body Language
• Touch
• Space
• Eye Contact
• Paralanguage : tone, speed and volume of our voice.

Examples of Visual Communication

Session 4: Communication Cycle and the Importance of Feedback

For effective communication, it is important that the sender receives an acknowledgement from the
receiver about getting the message across. While a sender sends information, the receiver provides
feedback on the received message.

Types of Feedback
• Positive Feedback
• Negative Feedback
• No Feedback

A good feedback is one that is:

• Specific: Avoid general comments. Try to include examples to clarify your statement. Offering
alternatives rather than just giving advice allows the receiver to decide what to do with your feedback.

• Timely: Being prompt is the key, since feedback loses its impact if delayed for too long.
• Polite: While it is important to share feedback, the recipient should not feel offended by the language
of the feedback.
• Offering continuing support: Feedback sharing should be a continuous process. After offering
feedback, let recipients know you are available
for support.

Importance of Feedback
• It validates effective listening: The person providing the feedback knows they have been understood
(or received) and that their feedback
provides some value.
• It motivates: Feedback can motivate people to build better work relationships and continue the good
work that is being appreciated.
• It is always there: Every time you speak to a person, we communicate feedback so it is impossible
not to provide one.
• It boosts learning: Feedback is important to remain focussed on goals, plan better and develop
improved products and services.
• It improves performance: Feedback can help to form better decisions to improve and increase
performance.

Session 5: Barriers to Effective Communication

What is Effective Communication?
Effective communication follows the basic principles of professional communication skills.

Barriers to Effective Communication

Physical Barriers
Physical barrier is the environmental and natural condition that act as a barrier in communication in
sending message from sender to receiver. Not being able to see gestures, posture and general body
language can make communication less effective.
Linguistic Barriers
The inability to communicate using a language is known as language barrier to communication.
Language barriers are the most common communication barriers, which cause misunderstandings
misinterpretations between people
Interpersonal Barriers
Barriers to interpersonal communication occur when the sender’s message is received differently from
how it was intended.
Organisational Barriers
Organisations are designed on the basis of formal hierarchical structures that follow performance
standards, rules and regulations, procedures, policies, behavioural norms, etc. All these affect the free
flow of communication in organisations
Cultural Barriers
Cultural barriers is when people of different cultures are unable to understand each other’s customs,
resulting in inconveniences and difficulties.People sometimes make stereotypical assumptions about
others based on their cultural background
Ways to Overcome Barriers to Effective
Communication
• Use simple language
• Do not form assumptions on culture, religion or geography
• Try to communicate in person as much as possible
• Use visuals
• Take help of a translator to overcome differences in language
• Be respectful of other’s opinions

Session 6: Writing Skills — Parts of Speech

Writing skills are part of verbal communication and include e-mails, letters, notes, articles, SMS/chat,
blogs, etc.

Capitalisation Rules
Punctuation : Full stop, Comma, Question mark, Exclamation mark

Basic Parts of Speech

The part of speech indicates how a particular word functions in meaning as well as grammatically within
the sentence. Some examples are nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs ,adverbs , Conjunctions,
Prepositions, Interjections

Session 7: Writing Skills — Sentences Active and Passive Sentences

Types of Sentences
1. Statement or Declarative Sentence
2. Question or Interrogative Sentence
3. Emotion/Reaction or Exclamatory Sentenc
4. Order or Impe rative Sentence

Unit2: Self Management Skills

Self Management Skills are those skills that help a person to control his thoughts, wants, feelings
and actions. It allows you to maximize your productivity and performance in various fields of your
career. When we talk about employability, Self-management skills help you to manage a good
career path. It helps you to overcome in many bad situations. Here in this article, we will discuss
Stress and Stress Management Techniques and also we will discuss how to work independently.
Following are some of the skills you must master to succeed in life:
• Self-awareness: Ask for honest feedback. Gather insights on your personality and work-
specific proficiencies. Think about your daily interactions and how you handled situations well or
could have handled them differently.
• Responsibility: Taking responsibility for your tasks is very important. Taking ownership is the step
towards self-development. For example, if you have been assigned a task by a teacher; ensure you take
complete ownership. Even if you are unable to complete the task on time, you must report it and then
correct it.
• Time Management: Prioritise the things you have to do. Remove waste and redundancy from work.
Make a time table and follow it diligently.
• Adaptability: Stay current with best practices and read up on new information always.
Prepare yourself for new changes, so that you can transition seamlessly.

Session 1: Stress Management

What is Stress?
Stress can be defined as our emotional, mental, physical and social reaction to any perceived demands
or threats. These demands or threats are called stressors. Stressors are the reason for stress.
For example,
• you are too close to the exams but feel unprepared.
• you are experiencing a loss of someone close in the family.
• you are worried about what people would think of you if you don’t dress well or cannot
speak confidently.

Stress Management
Managing stress is about making a plan to be able to cope effectively with daily pressures. The ultimate
goal is to strike a balance between life, work, relationships, relaxation, and fun. By doing this, you are
able to deal with daily stress triggers and meet these challenges head-on.
Always keep in mind the ABC of stress management
A: Adversity or the stressful event
B: Beliefs or the way you respond to the event
C: Consequences or actions and outcomes of the event

Management Techniques
Here are a few simple stress management techniques.
• Time management: Proper time management is one of the most effective stress-relieving techniques.
• Physical exercise and fresh air: A healthy lifestyle is essential for students. Stress is generally lower
in people who maintain a healthy routine. Doing yoga, meditation and deep breathing exercises help in
proper blood circulation and relaxes the body. Even taking a walk or playing in the park will help you get
a lot of fresh oxygen, which will help you become more active.
• Healthy diet: Having a healthy diet will also help you reduce stress. Eating a balanced diet, such as
Dal, Roti, vegetables and fruits will give you the strength to do your daily work efficiently.
• Positivity: Focussing on negative aspects of life will add more stress. Instead, learn to look at the
good things and stay positive. For example, instead of feeling upset over a scoring less in a test, try to
maintain a positive attitude and look at ways to improve the next time.
• Sleep: We should get a good night’s sleep for at least 7 hours so that your brain and body gets
recharged to function better the next day.
• Holidays with family and friends: Going to a relative’s place, such as your grandparents’ house or a
new place during your summer vacations can help you break from the normal routine and come back
afresh.

Ability to Work Independently

If you can become a calm and relaxed person, you will have the ability to work independently, which
means.
 1. becoming self-aware, self-monitoring, and self-correcting.
2. knowing what you need to do.
3. taking the initiative rather than being told what to do.
4. recognising your mistakes and not blaming others.
5. having the ability and the will to learn continuously.

Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and manage one’s own emotions, as well as the emotions
of others.
• Emotional awareness : the ability to identify and name one’s own emotions.
• Harnessing emotions : the ability to harness and apply emotions to tasks like thinking and problem
solving.
• Managing emotions : the ability to regulate one’s own emotions when necessary and help others to
do the same.

Some steps to manage emotional intelligence are as given below.

• Understand your emotions: Observe your behaviour and note the things you need to work on. You
can then work on the things you need to improve.
• Rationalise: Do not take decisions abruptly; be rational in your thinking.
• Practise: Do meditation and yoga to keep yourself calm.

Session 2: Self-awareness — Strength and Weakness

Analysis
Techniques for Identifying your Strengths and Weaknesses
Finding Strengths (or abilities)
 Think of anything that you are always successful at.
 Think about what others like in you.
 Take out time and think about what you do well.

Finding Weaknesses
 Point out the areas where you struggle and the things you find difficult to do.
 Look at the feedback others usually give you.
 Be open to feedback and accept your weaknesses without feeling low about it. Take it as an
area of improvement.

Difference between Interests and Abilities (Strengths)

Interests
1. Things that you like to do in your free time that make you happy. An acquired or natural capacity
2. Things you are curious about or would do even if no one asked you to do it.
3. Things you want to learn or would like to do in the future

Ability
1. An acquired or natural capacity
2. nable you to perform a particular job or task with considerable proficiency.

Session 3: Self-motivation
Self-motivation is simply the force within you that drives you to do things. Self-motivation is what pushes
us to achieve our goals, feel happy and improve our quality of life. In other words, it is our ability to do
the things that need to be done without someone or something influencing us.
Qualities of Self-motivated People
1. Know what they want from life
2. Are focussed
3. Know what is important
 4. Are dedicated to fulfill their dreams

Building Self-motivation
 Find out your strengths
 Set and focus on your goals
 Develop a plan
 to achieve your goals
 Stay loyal to your goals

Session 4: Self-regulation — Goal Setting

Goals : They are a set of dreams with a deadline to get them, for example, saving pocket money to
buy a favourite mobile phone by a particular date.
Goal setting : It is all about finding and listing your goals and then planning on how to achieve them.
How to Set Goals?
We can use SMART method to set goals. SMART stands for:
• Specific : A specific and clear goal answers six questions. Who is involved in the goal? What do I want
to do? Where do I start? When do I start and finish? Which means do I use? Why am I doing this?
Not a specific goal: “I would learn to speak English.”
Specific goal: “I would learn to speak English fluently by joining coaching classes after my
school everyday, and in six months I will take part in the inter-school debate competition.”
Measureable : A measureable goal answers the questions “How much?”, “How many?” and “How do I
know that I have achieved results?”
Not measurable goal: “I want to be rich.”
Measurable goal: “I want to have 5 times more money than what I have today in my hand at the
end of this year.”
Achievable : Breaking down big goals into smaller parts will make the goal achievable. Bigger Goal: “I
want to become a teacher in my school.”
Realistic : A realistic goal would be something that we want to achieve and can work towards.
Example of unrealistic goal: “I will read my entire year’s syllabus in one day and get good
marks.”
Realistic goal: “I spend 3 hours every day of the year after school to revise my subjects to get
good marks in the exams.”
• Time bound : A SMART goal should have a timeframe by when the goal needs to be achieved.
This encourages us to take actions to completely fulfill the goals.
Not a time bound goal: “I want to lose 10 kg someday.”
Time bound goal: “I want to lose 10kg in the next 6 months.”
Session 5: Self-regulation — Time Management
Time Management and Its Importance
Time management is the thinking skill that helps you to
• complete tasks on time.
• make a daily timetable.
• make a good guess at how long it will take you to do something.
• submit homework and assignments on time.
• not waste time during the day.
Four Steps for Effective Time Management Organise
1.Organise: We plan our day to- day activities.
2. Pritortis: We make a to-do list that has all our activities and we rank them in the order of importance.
3. Control: We have a control over our activities and time.
4. Track: We identify and note where we have spent our time.

Unit 3: Basic ICT Skills

Topics to Study:
Session 1: Basic Computer Operations
Session 2: Performing Basic File Operations
Session 3: Computer Care and Maintenance
Session 4: Computer Security and Privacy
In this chapter Basic Information and Communication Skills of Employability Skills class 10, you will learn
about some basic knowledge of computer and its maintenance. These skills will help you to perform daily
activities of computer easily. Here, you will get to know hardware and software information. Computer
security is also a very important thing to learn. in this chapter, you will also study how to keep your computer
safe from threats. Employability Skills class 10 unit 3: Basic ICT Skills gives you a complete understanding of
computer operations and its maintenance.

Session 1: Basic Computer Operations

ICT skills help us to communicate, run our business and stay connected with our family and friends.
Hence, every person needs to acquire ICT skills and build them to stay updated with the latest software
and applications (apps).

Computer Hardware and Software

A computer system consists of two main parts—
Hardware- The physical parts that we can see and touch are called hardware. It is the machinery of a
computer. These are the keyboard, monitor, CPU, etc.
Software: The part which cannot be seen but it makes hardware to work. Example: Windows, MS office
etc.
Operating System (OS). This is the software that starts working as soon as we switch on a computer. It
displays the desktop on the monitor. Some of the most commonly used operating systems for laptops
and desktop are Ubuntu, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS.
Starting a Computer
To start a computer, press the Power button on the CPU. This will start the operating system and
display the desktop on the monitor.
Basic Functions performed when a computer starts a computer automatically runs a basic program
called BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) as soon as it is switched on or the power button is pushed
on. The BIOS first does a self-test. If the self-test shows that the system is fine, the BIOS will load
the Operating System.
Login and Logout
When you login to the computer with your login-ID and password (as shown in Figure 3.5), the
computer knows that you are an authorised person and allows you to work on the applications in the
computer.
Shutting Down a Computer
You can shut down the windows computer clicking Star button at the bottom left corner and then click
Shut Down. When you click Shut down, the Operating System will close all the applications and turn off
the computer.
Using the Keyboard
A keyboard is an input device used to type text, numbers and commands into the computer.
Function Keys
Keys labeled from F1 to F12 are function keys. You use them to perform specific functions.
(a) Control keys: Keys, such as Control (CTRL), SHIFT, SPACEBAR, ALT, CAPS LOCK and TAB, are
special control keys
(b) Enter key: The label on this key can be either ENTER or RETURN, depending on the brand
of computer that you are using. You use the ENTER or the RETURN key to move the cursor to the
beginning of a new line.
(c) Punctuation keys: Punctuation keys include keys for punctuation marks, such as colon (:),
semicolon (;), question mark (?), single quotation marks (‘ ’), and double quotation marks (“ ”). (d)
(d) Navigation keys: Keys, such as the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP, and PAGE DOWN are
navigation keys.
(e) Command keys: Keys, such as INSERT (INS), DELETE (DEL), and BACKSPACE are command
keys. When the INSERT key is turned ON, it helps you overwrite characters to the right of the
cursor
(f) Windows key: Pressing this key opens the Start menu
Using a Mouse
a small device that you can use to move, select and open items on your computer screen.
Roll Over or Hover
Some actions can be done by simply rolling over or hovering over an item. When you bring the mouse
over a file in File Explorer, it will show the details of that file
Point and Click
As you move the mouse on your desk, a pointer moves correspondingly on your screen.When you click
a particular file, it gets selected
Drag and Drop
To move an item, you need to click it, and then holding the mouse button down, move the item to a new
location. After you move the item to the new location, you release the mouse button. This is called drag
and drop.
Double-click
Double-clicking means to quickly click the left mouse button twice. When we double-click on a file, it will
open the file.
Session 2: Performing Basic File Operations
Files and Folders
All information stored in a computer is kept in files.Each file is given a file name and has a file name
extension that identifies the file type.Example: .txt, .jpg, .mp3.
A folder is a location where a group of files can be stored
Basic Shortcuts
CTRL+z — undo CTRL+x — cut CTRL+p — print
CTRL+y — redo CTRL+c — copy CTRL+s — save.
CTRL+a — select all CTRL+v — paste

Session 3: Computer Care and Maintenance

Importance of Care and Maintenance of Computers
Taking care of electronic devices, such as computer and mobiles helps them to work properly.
Basic Tips for Taking Care of Devices
(i) Keyboard: You can clean a keyboard with a soft brush
(ii) Screen: You can wipe the screen with a soft cloth to remove any finger marks.
(iii) Handle devices carefully: Handle and move your laptop carefully and avoid dropping or banging it
against a hard surface.
(v) Keep the computer cool: If a computer, laptop or mobile device gets overheated, the internal parts
can be damaged. The CPU has an internal fan to keep it cool. We should make sure the fan is
functioning.
(vi) Do not overcharge your battery: Sometimes we keep a device plugged in for charging even after
it is fully charged.This reduces the battery life. Always unplug the device once it
is charged 100%.
(vii) Always plug in devices carefully: Any device being connected to a laptop or computer such as a
USB drive or headphones, should be done gently. It should not be forced into the port.
(viii) Do not run too many programs at a time: When too many programs are running at the same
time, the computer can become slow and even crash.
Prepare a Maintenance Schedule
(a) Daily Maintenance
i. Clean up your e-mail inbox
ii. Download e-mail attachments and save in proper folders
(b) Weekly Maintenance
i. Clean your keyboard
ii. Clean your monitor
iii. Dust CPU and printer
iv. Backup your data to an external drive
(c) Monthly Maintenance
i. Transfer photographs to computer and delete from drive
ii. Organise photos into folders or albums
iii. Clean up ‘Download’ folder
iv. Uninstall unused programs and apps
v. Run disk-cleaner software
vi. Run full system virus scan
(d) Yearly/Annual Maintenance
(i) Clean up contacts list on social media accounts
(ii) Clean up e-mail contact list
(iii) Update your operating system
(iv) Check for expiry of anti-virus software
and renew
Backup Your Data
Backing up data means to save the information present on your computer on another device, such as
CD/DVD drives Data can recovered from here in case the computer stops working completely.
Computers can crash, humans can make mistakes and natural disasters, such as floods can happen
Scanning and Cleaning Viruses
Sometimes computer viruses can enter a computer from such attacks we can install anti-virus software.
This will prevent any viruses from entering and will also clean any viruses that may enter our system
before they affect the data.
Increasing Computer Performance If we have been using a computer for a long time we
have a lot of unnecessary files and data, such as temporary files and images. When they use too much
hard-disk space, the performance of the computer goes down. It is important that we keep cleaning by
removing any extra files.
Removing SPAM from your Computer
Sometimes we get emails from companies who are advertising a product or trying to
attract you to their website. Such mails are called SPAM. We should never respond to SPAM and delete
it on a regular basis.
Session 4: Computer Security and Privacy
Threats to Computer
Threats are the ways in which personal information can be leaked from a computer without our
knowledge.
(a) Theft: Theft means stealing of information or hardware. These may be of three types:
• Physical: Where a person may steal your desktop computer or laptop.
• Identity: Where a hacker steals your personal information and assumes your identity. Using this false
identity, the hacker can gain access to your account information or perform illegal activity.
• Software Piracy: This is stealing of software and includes using or distributing unlicensed and
unauthorised copies of a computer program or software.
(b) Virus: Viruses are computer programs that can damage the data and software programs or steal the
information stored on a computer. Major types of viruses are Worms and Trojan Horse.
Worms: These are viruses that replicate themselves and spread to all files once they
Information and Communication Technology Skills 81 attack a computer. This makes it very difficult to
remove them.
Trojan Horse: A Trojan Horse disguises itself i.e., it appears to be a useful software program but once it
reaches a computer it starts behaving like a virus and destroying data.
• Online Predator: Online predators are people who trap you into inappropriate relationships.
They may be older people posing to be your age, bullying you into doing illegal activities
online and sometimes face to face.
• Internet Scams: Sometimes you may receive very attractive offers saying you have won huge money
in a lottery and that you can claim the prize by depositing a certain amount of money. When you deposit
the money using credit card or online banking, you not only lose the deposit money but your
card/account information may be misused later.
Protecting your Data
(a) Use passwords to login to your computer: Use passwords that are difficult to guess. Passwords
are difficult to hack if they are a mix of small (For example ‘a b c d’) and capital letters (For example, ‘H J
E R’), numbers (For example ‘8 7 6 5’) and special characters
(For example, ’% ^ # $’). This would prevent unauthorised people from using your computer.
(b) Install Anti-virus and Firewall: Anti-viruses and Firewall monitor the data coming in and out of a
computer and prevent and viruses from entering. Anti-viruses can also detect and clean viruses that
may have entered a computer.
(c) Encrypt Data: This is usually done by banks and companies in which important customer
information is stored. They can encrypt their entire hard disk using the encrypting feature in Windows
(Bitlocker). This would force users to use a decryption password (or key) before starting the computer
thus preventing unauthorised usage.
(d) Secure sites: Give details of your credit card or bank account only on secure sites. See in the
address bar of the browser. If the site address starts with https://and a lock symbol, then it is safe to give
your credit card and bank details.

Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills

Topics to Study
 Entrepreneurship and society.
 Qualities and functions of an entrepreneur.
 Role and importance of an entrepreneur.
 The myth about entrepreneurship.
 Entrepreneurship as a career option.
In this chapter, you are going to read about Entrepreneurial Skills. This will help you to become an
entrepreneur. Entrepreneur means the person who provides a service to society. In easy words, you can
say that entrepreneurs are the businessman,. This does not mean only big businessmen, an
entrepreneur can be a small businessman too. Their new idea of a product makes them different from
the rest people. Here you will learn the qualities of an entrepreneur, his importance and role.
Entrepreneur can be a career option for you. Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills of employability Skills class
10 provides you the complete knowledge to become an entrepreneur.

Session 1: Entrepreneurship and Society

Entrepreneurs run their businesses in a market. The market has people who buy products and services
and people who sell them also. When people are buying and selling from each other, it is helpful for
everyone because everyone involved makes money. This is how entrepreneurs help in growing the area
and society they live in.
what do entrepreneurs do when they run their business?
Fulfil Customer Needs
Demand means a product or service that people want. Entrepreneurs find out what people want. Then,
they use their creativity to come up with a business idea that
will meet that demand.
Use Local Materials
Entrepreneurs use the material and people available around them, to make products at low cost.
Help Society
Entrepreneurs have a positive relationship with society. They make profits through activities that
benefit society. Some entrepreneurs work towards saving the environment, some give money to build
schools and hospitals. This way, the people and area around them becomes better.
Create Jobs
With the growth of a business, entrepreneurs look for more people to help them. They buy more
material, and from more people. The also hire more people to work for
them. In this way, more people have jobs. Sharing of Wealth Wealth means having enough money to
live a comfortable life. As entrepreneurs grow their business, the people
Lower Price of Products
As more entrepreneurs sell the same product, the price of the product goes down. For example, when
more mobile phones were getting sold in India, the cost of the
phone became lesser.
Bharti, the Jewellery Queen ( A Story)
Bharti is a young woman from Bihar. Many girls in her area like to wear earrings. She buys jute from a
farmer and makes earrings from that. Her business is called Manavi Natural Handicrafts. She sees that
most women in her village do not work. So, she hires two women to help her. As her orders increase,
she buys more jute. She hires three more women to work for her. The farmer, and the women working
for her now earn more money.
Session 2: Qualities and Functions of an Entrepreneur

Qualities of an Entrepreneur Functions of an Entrepreneur

Session 3: Myths about Entrepreneurship
Misconceptions
1. The misconception is that every business idea needs to be unique or special.
2. The misconception we have is that a person needs a lot of money to start a business.
3. A misconception we have is that only a person having a big business is an entrepreneur.
4. A misconception we have is that entrepreneurs are born, not made.
Session 4: Entrepreneurship as a Career Option
A career is a line of work that a person takes for life. There are two ways a person can earn a living.
1. self-employment
2. wage employment

A person who becomes an entrepreneur goes through a career process. This process is as
follows:
ENTER
When an entrepreneur is starting, they are just entering the market to do business.
For example, Sanjana is starting a small grocery store in a locality.
SURVIVE
There are many entrepreneurs in the market. The entrepreneur has to remain in a competitive
market.
For example, there are many other grocery stores in the area. Yet, Sanjana’s store survives
the competition and does well. She also expands the store to two more floors.
GROW
Once the business is stable, an entrepreneur thinks about expanding his or her business.
For example, after five years, Sanjana has opened a chain of four more grocery stores in the same city.
In the next two years, she plans to expand to tow other cities.

Unit 5: Green Skills Class 10 Notes

Topics to Study :
Session 1: Society and Environment
Session 2: Our Role in Sustainable
In this chapter Green Skills of Employability Skills Class 10, you will read about the process of
development which does not cause harm to nature. Basically, you are going to learn about Sustainable
Development. Here you will also get to know different sustainable development goals. The process by
which we can also contribute to sustainable development. Class 10 employability skills Unit 5 deals with
different sustainable development goals of a green economy. Read these notes careful this will help you
to understand Green Skills in a very easy way.
Session 1: Society and Environment
Over the years, with economic development, there has been an increase in environmental pollution. For
example, with the introduction of high input agriculture, we can grow more food by using
fertilisers, pesticides and hybrid crops. But it has led to soil and environmental degradation. We need to
plan the use of resources in a sustainable manner so that we and our future generations can enjoy a
good environment.
What is Sustainable Development?
Sustainable development is the development that satisfies the needs of the present without
compromising the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing the balance between economic growth,
care for the environment and social well-being.
Importance of Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is defined as ‘development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (World Commission on
Environment and Development, 1987). For example, sustainable agriculture consists of environment-
friendly methods of farming that allow the production of agricultural
crops or livestock without damage to human or natural systems. It also involves preventing the use of
chemicals so as to avoid adverse effects to soil, water and biodiversity.
Problems Related to Sustainable Development
Three major problems related to sustainable development are:
(a) Food: The amount of rich, fertile land needed to grow crops, such as wheat, rice, etc., is
becoming less as we are using up more and more land for other purposes. Soil nutrients are also
getting depleted and lots of chemicals are spoiling the soil due to use of chemical fertilisers.
(b) Water: We use fresh water from rivers and ponds for drinking and cleaning but dump garbage
into them. The rivers and ponds are getting polluted. This way after several years, we will have no
clean water for our use.
(c) Fuel: We are using a lot of wood from trees as fuels and for construction of homes and furniture. As
more and more trees are being cut, it is affecting the climate of the place. Extreme weather conditions,
such as floods, extreme cold or heat, are seen in many places, which affect the people living there.
Sustainable development includes
• reducing excessive use of resources and enhancing resource conservation;
• recycling and reuse of waste materials;
• scientific management of renewable resources, especially bio-resources;
• planting more trees; green grassy patches and trees to be interspersed between concrete buildings;
• using more environment friendly material or biodegradable material and
• use of technologies, which are environmental friendly and based on efficient use of resources.
Sustainable Development Goals
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were launched at the United Nations Sustainable Development
Summit in New York in September 2015, forming the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It has
set targets that the countries have to should work towards and achieve by 2030.
The 17 SDGs have been made with the aim to take care of important issues facing businesses,
governments and society. Some of these issues are poverty, gender
equality, water use, energy, climate change and biodiversity. Countries are now making policies
and regulations that will promote sustainable systems needed in all economic sectors to provide a
secure, affordable and sustainable economy.
Sustainable Development Initiatives
When plastics were banned by the municipal corporation of Mangalore, an innovator and entrepreneur
Mr Avasth Hedge found an eco-friendly alternative. He made a 100 per cent bio-degradable bag which
can dissolve in hot water and decompose in natural environment. This is now being used in many
countries and is going to help the environment.
Another innovative idea was to stop the use of plastics spoons, forks, etc. Narayana Peesapaty
made edible cutlery made out of a grain — these spoons can be eaten and even if they are not eaten
they will easily decompose in the soil enriching it
Sustainable Processes
Some practices, such as organic farming, vermi-composting and rainwater harvesting are being used to
help preserve the environment. Organic farming is where farmers do not use chemical pesticides and
fertilisers to increase their production. They use organic and natural fertilisers, such as cow dung to help
in growing crops. This helps in better quality chemical free crops while at the same time maintaining the
soil quality for future use.

Session 2: Our Role in Sustainable

Sustainable development can actually happen only when each one of us works towards it. We have to
become responsible environment citizens who can protect the environment through our own efforts.
Here are some basic ways in which people can help towards Sustainable Development Goals.
Quality Education
Education is the most important factors for sustainable development. Children who have gone to school
will be able to do jobs so that they can take care of themselves and their families. Education helps us
become aware of our role as a responsible citizen. We should
1. use the facilities present in our areas.
2. take our friends to school.
3. help friends study.
4. stop friends from dropping out of school.
Clean Water and Sanitation
We must make efforts to make India free of open defecation by building toilets and creating awareness
towards sanitation.
Affordable and Clean Energy
Using solar power i.e., power generated using the sun does not cause pollution as it does not require
burning of non-renewable fuels, such as coal. We are making efforts to increase the solar power
generation so that our electricity needs are met and at the same time we do not pollute the environment
Decent Work and Economic Growth
We can
(a) study and find good jobs to take care of ourselves and our families.
(b) work hard and contribute to society.
(c) learn and develop skills so that we get add value in our community.
Reduced Inequalities
To reduce inequalities we can
1. be helpful to one another.
2. be friendly with everyone.
3. include everyone while working or playing.
4. help others by including everyone whether they are small or big, girl or boy, belong to any class or
caste.
Sustainable Cities and Communities
Creating Sustainable Cities
1. Save energy by switching off lights and fans when not in use.
2. Use natural light as much as possible.
3. Use energy-efficient lights (LED bulbs) and appliances.
Responsible Consumers and Producers
We can become responsible about our own environment by
1. reusing paper, glass, plastic, water, etc.
2. taking cloth bags to market carrying fruits and vegetables.
3. donate things we do not use such as clothes, books, furniture, food, etc.
4. Buy and eat seasonal fruits and vegetables from local growers.
5. Repair leaking taps and pipes to avoid wasting water.
6. Sort and treat garbage before disposing.
Protect Life Below Water
Tons of plastic is found in the seas, which is killing marine life. Protecting marine life, saving our oceans
from pollution is necessary to preserve the marine life.
Protect Life on Land
Cutting of trees is leading to soil erosion and making land dry and unusable for cultivation. Planting more
tree to replace the ones that we have cut is an important step towards sustainable development.
aiforkids.in

Self-management Skills Class 10 CBSE AI Notes | Aiforkids

Aiforkids

13-16 minutes

What is Self Management?

Self-management, also referred to as ‘self-control’ is the ability to control one’s emotions, thoughts and

behaviour effectively in different situations. This also includes motivating oneself, and setting goals.

Basics of Self-Management

Improve yourself in various skills including:

1. discipline

2. timeliness

3. goal-setting

4. problem solving

5. teamwork

6. professionalism

and, etc. Once you develop your personality and abilities in these areas, you will be able to succeed in

personal as well as professional life.

Skills you should master to succeed in life

1. Self-awareness: Ask for honest feedback. Gather insights on your personality and work-specific

proficiencies. Think about your daily interactions and how you handled situations well or could

have handled them differently.

2. Responsibility: Taking responsibility for your tasks is very important. Taking ownership is the

step towards self-development. For example, if you have been assigned a task by a teacher;

ensure you take complete ownership. Even if you are unable to complete the task on time, you

must report it and then correct it.

3. Time Management: Prioritise the things you have to do. Remove waste and redundancy from

work. Make a time table and follow it diligently.

4. Adaptability: Stay current with best practices and read up on new information always. Prepare
 yourself for new changes, so that you can transition seamlessly.

Stress Management

Stress can be defined as our emotional, mental, physical and social reaction to any perceived demands

or threats. These demands or threats are called stressors. Stressors are the reason for stress.

For Example:

1. you are too close to the exams but feel unprepared.

2. you are experiencing a loss of someone close in the family.

3. you are worried about what people would think of you if you don’t dress well or cannot speak

confidently.

4. you are stressed due to lack of sleep.

The stress created by a deadline to finish a paper can motivate you to finish the assignment on time.

But when experienced in excess or for a long period of time, stress has the opposite effect. It can harm

our emotional and physical health, and limit our ability to function well at home, in school and within our

relationships.

The ultimate goal of Stress Management is to strike a balance between life, work, relationships,

relaxation and fun.

ABC Strategy of Stress Management

• A: Adversity or the stressful event

• B: Beliefs or the way you respond to the event

• C: Consequences or actions and outcomes of the event

Management Techniques

• Time Management: Proper time management is one of the most effective stress-relieving

techniques.

• Physical exercise and fresh air: A healthy lifestyle is essential for students. Stress is generally

lower in people who maintain a healthy routine. Doing yoga, meditation and deep breathing

exercises help in proper blood circulation and relaxes the body. Even taking a walk or playing in

the park will help you get a lot of fresh oxygen, which will help you become more active.

• Healthy diet: Having a healthy diet will also help you reduce stress. Eating a balanced diet, such

as Dal, Roti, vegetables and fruits will give you the strength to do your daily work efficiently.

• Positivity: Focussing on negative aspects of life will add more stress. Instead, learn to look at
 the good things and stay positive. For example, instead of feeling upset over a scoring less in a

test, try to maintain a positive attitude and look at ways to improve the next time. Self-

management Skills 43

• Organising academic life; no delaying: By keeping class notes organised, finishing in

assignments on time, and keeping track of all deadlines, stress can be reduced to a great extent.

• Sleep: We should get a good night’s sleep for at least 7 hours so that your brain and body gets

recharged to function better the next day.

• Holidays with family and friends: Going to a relative’s place, such as your grandparents’ house

or a new place during your summer vacations can help you break from the

Ability to Work Independently

If you can become a calm and relaxed person, you will have the ability to work independently, which

means:

1. Becoming self-aware, self-monitoring and self-correcting.

2. knowing what you need to do.

3. taking the initiative rather than being told what to do.

4. recognising your mistakes and not blaming others.

5. having the ability and the will to learn continuously.

Emotional Intelligence

Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and manage one’s own emotions, as well as the emotions

of others.

Harnessing emotions: the ability to harness and apply emotions to tasks like thinking and problem

solving.

You can manage stress, keep your brain active and open-minded, and easily overcome failures if you

can keep your emotions in check. Emotional intelligence can also help you have better relations with

your friends and family.

What is Self-awareness?

Being self-aware means that you can identify your strengths and weaknesses. Self-awareness,

therefore, will help you in converting your weakness into strength and strength into an exceptional

talent. Analysing your strengths and weaknesses helps you to attain success in life. However, strength

and weakness analysis begins with knowing yourself first.

Examples

Here are some examples of what could be someones strengths and weaknesses:

Strengths

1. I am good at creative writing.

2. I am confident of speaking in front of an audience.

3. I play guitar very well.

Weaknesses

1. I find it difficult to solve mathematics problems.

2. I would like to speak English fluently.

3. I do not like to lose in any game or sport.

Identification

There are some techniques for Identifying your Strengths and Weaknesses, For Instance:

Techniques for identifying your strengths

• Think of anything that you are always successful at.

• Think about what others like in you.

• Take out time and think about what you do well.Weaknesses

Techniques for identifying your weaknesses

• Point out the areas where you struggle and the things you find difficult to do.

• Look at the feedback others usually give you.

• Be open to feedback and accept your weaknesses without feeling low about it. Take it as an area

of improvement.

Answer these questions to end your search

You can find your strengths and weaknesses once you find answers to the questions given here.

1. How am I different from others?

2. What do I do better than others?

3. What do other people admire in me?

4. What makes me stand out?

 5. Where do I worry and struggle?

6. Where, how and why do others perform better than me?

7. What advice for improvement do I often receive from others?

Interests VS Abilities

Interests Abilities

Things that you like to do in your free time

An acquired or natural capacity
that make you happy.

Things you are curious about or would do Enable you to perform a particular job or

even if no one asked you to do it. task with considerable proficiency.

Things you want to learn or would like to do

in the future.

When your interests do not match your abilities, you can either improve your abilities or follow some

other path.

What is Self-Motivation?

Self-motivation is simply the force within you that drives you to do things. Self-motivation is what pushes

us to achieve our goals, feel happy and improve our quality of life.

The things that need to be done without someone or something influencing us.

Types of Motivation

There are broadly two types of motivation that we’ll be covering in our syllabus:

Internal Motivation: LOVE

We do things because they make us happy, healthy and feel good. For example, when you perform on

your annual day function and you learn something new, such as dancing, singing, etc., you feel good.

External Motivation: REWARD

We do things because they give us respect, recognition and appreciation. For example, Suresh

participated in a 100m race and won a prize. This motivated him to go for practice every morning.

Qualities of Self-motivated People

Some of the qualities of self-motivated people are stated below:

 1. They Know what they want from life

2. They Are focussed

3. They Know what is important

4. They Are dedicated to fulfill their dreams

Building Self-motivation

There are four steps for building self-motivation, which are as given below.

1. Find out your strengths

Identify your likes and dislikes. Understand what makes you happy. For example, I love cooking.

2. Set and focus on your goals

Define the goalsyou want to achieve and focus all your energy to achieve your goal. For example, I want

to be a chef.

4. Stay loyal to your goals

Work towards achieving your goal, even when you are facing difficult time. For example, even though I

did not clear the Hotel management entrance exam, I will find out other ways to become a chef.

3. Develop a plan to achieve your goals

Plan and set timelines to achieve your goals, Plan a list of activities that you will do to achieve each

goal. For example, after schooling, you may be required to appear for a competitive examination to join

Hotel Management Institute.

What is Self-Regulation?
Goal setting is a very essential factor in your personal life. The process of goal setting in your life helps

you decide on how to live your life, where you want to be, and how you want to be in the future.

Goals : They are a set of dreams with a deadline to get them, for example, saving pocket money to buy

a favourite mobile phone by a particular date.

Goal setting: It is all about finding and listing your goals and then planning on how to achieve them.

How to Set Goal ?

We can use SMART method to set goals. SMART Stands for:

Specfic A specific and clear goal answers six questions.

1. Who is involved in the goal?

2. What doI want to do?

3. Where do I start?

4. When do I start and finish?

5. Which means do I use?

6. Why am I doing this?

Example

1. Not a specific goal: “I would learn to speak English.”

2. Specific goal: “I would learn to speak Englis fluently by joining coaching classes after my school

everyday, and in six months I will take part in the inter-school debate competition.”

Measureable: A measureable goal answers the questions

1. “How much?”,

2. “How many?” and

3. “How do I know that I have achieved results?”

Example

1. Not measurable goal: “I want to be rich.”

2. Measurable goal: “I want to have 5 times more money than what I have today in my hand at the

end of this year.”

Achievable: Breaking down big goals into smaller parts will make the goal achievable.
Bigger Goal: “I want to become a teacher in my school.”

Breaking it into smaller goals:

1. Complete higher secondary

2. Complete Graduation

3. Complete B.Ed.

4. Apply for jobs in the teaching field

Example

1. Not measurable goal: “I want to be rich.”

2. Measurable goal: “I want to have 5 times more money than what I have today in my hand at the

end of this year.”

Realistic : A realistic goal would be something that we want to achieve and can work towards

Example

1. Unrealistic goal: “I want to be rich.”

2. Realistic goal: “I spend 3 hours every day of the year after school to revise my subjects to get

good marks in the exams.”

Time bound : A SMART goal should have a timeframe by when the goal needs to be achieved.

This encourages us to take actions to completely fulfill the goals.

Example

1. Not a time bound goal: “I want to lose 10 kg someday.”

2. Time bound goal: “I want to lose 10kg in the next 6 months.”

What is time-management?

Time management is the ability to plan and control how you spend the hours of your day well and do all

that you want to do.

An example of good time management skills would be when you decide to finish your homework

immediately after school so you have time to watch TV later in the evening.

Advantages of time management?

Time management is the thinking skill that helps you to complete tasks on time,
 1. make a daily timetable.

2. make a good guess at how long it will take you to do something.

3. submit homework and assignments on time.

4. not waste time during the day.

Four steps for effective time management?

Organise

• We plan our dayto-day activities.

• We make a timetable that we follow.

• We keep our surroundings and study table clean and mess free.

• We put things back where they belong.

• It helps us save time!

Pritortise

• We make a to-do list that has all our activities and we rank them in the order of importance.

• For example, you may rank doing homework as the most important task.

• It helps us to get the most important task done first and also to track what is pending.

Control

• We have a control over our activities and time.

• We avoid time wasters like chatting on the phone, surfing gossip sites, etc., and focus on more

important things.

Track

• We identify and note where we have spent our time.

• This will help us analyse if we have used our time effectively or not.

• It also helps us to identify time-wasting activities

Practicing tips for effective time management

Avoid delay or postponing any planned activity

1. Organise your room and school desk

2. Develop a ‘NO DISTURBANCE ZONE’, where you can sit and complete important tasks

3. Use waiting time productively

4. Prepare a ‘To-do’ list

5. Prioritise

6. Replace useless activities with productive activities

aiforkids.in

ICT Skills Class 10 Notes AI CBSE | Aiforkids

Aiforkids

17-21 minutes

What is ICT Skills?

ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology.

ICT refers to all the methods, tools, and concepts related to storing, recording and sending digital

information.

Information can be recorded or stored in many ways, handwritten on paper, written using a typewriter

and so on. When information is stored and recorded on electronic devices, it takes on a ‘digital’ form.

ICT devices are tablets, smartphones and laptops. ICT skills help us to communicate, run our business

and stay connected with our family and friends. Hence, every person needs to acquire ICT skills and

build them to stay updated with the latest software and applications (apps).

Computer Hardware and Software

A computer system consists of two main parts— the hardware and the software. The physical parts that

we can see and touch are called Hardware. Though we cannot see it, it makes the hardware work the

way we want i.e., the Software.

Example – The monitor is a physical device or hardware. When we start a program, like a game, it is

displayed on the monitor. This is done by the software which displays text, images and videos on the

monitor.

The most important software in any computer is the Operating System (OS).

Hardware

1. Physical parts of a computer you can touch

2. Made with electronic and physical materials

3. Can be replaced if broken

4. Cannot get viruses

5. Wears out over time

 6. Example: Hard drive

Software

1. Programs and data you use on a computer

2. Created using programming languages

3. Can be reinstalled if it gets damaged

4. Can get viruses

5. Doesn’t wear out but can have bugs

6. Example: Windows 10

Examples of OS

Some of the most commonly used operating systems for laptops and desktops are:

1. Ubuntu

2. Microsoft

3. Windows

4. Mac OS, etc.

Some of the mobile operating systems are:

1. Apple iOS

2. Google Android, etc.

All the computer applications, such as browsers, games, Office tools, etc., are also software programs

that perform particular functions.

Starting a Computer

To start a computer, press the Power button on the CPU. This will start the operating system and

display the bootup menu of your OS or the main screen on the monitor.

Basic Functions performed when a computer starts

As soon as the computer is switched on or the power button is pushed on, the computer automatically

runs a basic program called BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)

The BIOS first does a self-test. If the self-test shows that the system is fine, the BIOS will load the

Operating System. This means that the computer’s operating system, for example, Windows, is now

ready to take user inputs.

Login & Logout

We keep our computer locked when we are not working on it. This will ensure that no unauthorised

person can see or make changes to our information without taking our permission.

A login and password are like a key to the lock which allows you to use the computer.

When you login to the computer with your login-ID and password, the computer knows that you are an

authorised person and allows you to work on the applications in the computer.

Once you finish working, you must log out or sign out so that no one else can see your work.

Shutting down a Computer

When you click Shut down, the Operating System will close all the applications and turn off the

computer.

Ways to shutdown Windows computer:

1. Close all applications, then press Alt+F4

2. Press on the Windows icon on the taskbar

◦ Then click on power button

◦ press Shut Down

Keyboard Functions Keys

Their functions differ from program to program.

Keys labeled from F1 to F12 are function keys.

The function of the F1 key in most programs is to get help on that program.

1. Control keys: Keys, such as Control (CTRL), SHIFT, SPACEBAR, ALT, CAPS LOCK and TAB,
 are special control keys that perform special functions depending on when and where they are

used.

2. Enter key: The label on this key can be either ENTER or RETURN, depending on the brand of

computer that you are using.

◦ You use the ENTER or the RETURN key to move the cursor to the beginning of a new

line.

◦ In some programs, it is used to send commands and to confirm a task on a computer.

3. Punctuation keys: Punctuation keys include keys for punctuation marks, such as

◦ colon (:),

◦ emicolon (;),

◦ question mark (?),

◦ single quotation marks (‘ ’),

◦ double quotation marks (“ ”).

4. Navigation keys: Keys, such as the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP, and PAGE DOWN are

navigation keys. These are used to move up and down, right and left in a document.

◦ The HOME and END keys move the cursor to the left/right end of a line of text,

respectively.

◦ The PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN keys are used to move one page up and one page

down, respectively.

5. Command keys: Keys, such as INSERT (INS), DELETE (DEL), and BACKSPACE are command

keys.

◦ When the INSERT key is turned ON, it helps you overwrite characters to the right of the

cursor.

◦ The DELETE key and the BACKSPACE key are used to remove typed text, characters

and other objects on the right and left side of the cursor, respectively.

6. Windows key: Pressing this key opens the Start menu

Mouse Operations

A mouse is a small device that you can use to move, select and open items on your computer screen

Application in File Explorer

1. Roll Over or Hover: Some actions can be done by simply rolling over or hovering over an item.

When you bring the mouse over a file in File Explorer, it will show the details of that file.

2. Point and Click: As you move the mouse on your desk, a pointer moves correspondingly on your

screen. The mouse allows you to select an item on the screen. When you click a particular file, it
 gets selected

3. Drag and Drop: To move an item, you need to click it, and then holding the mouse button down,

move the item to a new location.

◦ After you move the item to the new location, you release the mouse button. This is called

drag and drop.

◦ When you drag a file in File Explorer, you can pick it up from the present location and drop

it in a new location where you release the mouse

4. Double-click: Double-clicking means to quickly click the left mouse button twice. When we

double-click on a file, it will open the file.

A shortcut to open file explorer is through pressing Windows Key + E

Basic File Operations

Information on a computer is stored in electronic files, which can be put into separate folders. It is easier

to manage electronic files as they can be simply copied, moved, renamed or even deleted.

Files & Folders

All information stored in a computer is kept in files. Different types of files store different types of

information.

• Each file is given a file name and has a file name extension that identifies the file type.

• The file name and file name extension are separated by a period or a ‘dot’.

◦ For example, a document (e.g., Neha) created using Notepad (a type of computer

application to create simple text files) will have the extension .txt.

• There are other types like .doc, .xls, etc.

◦ An image file usually has an extension .jpg

◦ sound file usually has .mp3

A folder is a location where a group of files can be stored.

Creating a File

Shortcut to open Notepad

1. Press Windows Key + R

2. Type “Notepad” and hit enter

Let us create a new file using a text editor in Windows:

 1. Type ‘Editor’/’Notepad’ in the search dialogue box.

2. Then click the text editor option

◦ This will open a blank document.

◦ In Windows, you can open Notepad and type in the text.

To Save a text file

1. Press Ctrl + S

2. In the Save As dialogue box, browse to the Desktop folder, type the name as ‘Aiforkids’ and click

Save.

Example:

When a student, Lalit, joins a class, the teacher creates a file on the computer to store Lalit’s

information, such as name, address, phone number, etc. Then first:

1. He presses Windows Key + R, types “Notepad” and hits enter

2. Here he added text, such as

◦ Name:‘Lalit Kumar Bhagel’

◦ Address: ‘Shakti Nagar, New Delhi.’

◦ Phone Number: ‘1234567890’ etc.

3. To save the file he presses Ctrl + S

◦ Selects the desired Folder in the computer

◦ Types the file name “LalitK-Details” and then hits Enter.

Creating a Folder

A folder is a location where a group of files can be stored.

Let us create a new folder in Windows:

Shortcut to open File Explorer

1. Press Windows Key + E

1. Open File Explorer

2. Select your desired location

◦ Right-click and choose “New Folder”

◦ Then type the name of the folder

Shortcut to create a folder at your desired location: Ctrl + Shift + N

Then type the name of the folder

Computer Care & Maintenance

A computer is a delicate machine with a lot of moving electronic parts. We need to protect it from dust

and damage. If we are careless, it will not work efficiently.

Computers and mobiles are very expensive. When we take good care of them regularly, we can use

them for a longer time. This will help us save money as we do not need to buy new devices too often.

Keeping a Device Clean

1. Keyboard: First we should not eat anything over a keyboard. Crumbs can damage the internal

parts of a keyboard.

◦ You can clean a keyboard with a soft brush to remove crumbs and dust particles.

2. Screen: You can wipe the screen with a soft cloth to remove any finger marks.

3. Be careful with food and drinks: Avoid eating and keeping glasses of water or cups of coffee near

a computer. Any liquid spilt over an electronic device can spoil it beyond repair.

4. Handle devices carefully: Handle and move your laptop carefully and avoid dropping or banging it

against a hard surface.

◦ Even a short fall can damage the screen or the hard disk and make the device useless.

◦ Using a cover for your mobile and a padded case for moving your laptop, protects the

device from damage.

5. Keep the computer cool: If a computer, laptop or mobile device gets overheated, the internal

parts can be damaged.

◦ The CPU has an internal fan to keep it cool. We should make sure the fan is functioning.

◦ You can also use an external fan. Avoid leaving a device in the sun or in a closed car.

◦ We should be careful when using a laptop while sitting in bed and make sure that the fan

is not covered.

6. Do not overcharge your battery: Sometimes we keep a device plugged in for charging even after

it is fully charged.

◦ If we leave the device plugged in for a long time, it can overheat the battery.

◦ This reduces the battery life. Always unplug the device once it is charged 100%.

7. Always plug in devices carefully: Any device being connected to a laptop or computer such as a

USB drive or headphones, should be done gently.

◦ It should not be forced into the port.

◦ If you find it difficult to plug in a device, change the direction and try instead of trying to
 force it in.

8. Do not run too many programs at a time: When too many programs are running at the same time

the computer can become slow and even crash.

◦ If a program/app is not being used, it should be closed so that other programs can work

smoothly.

◦ If a program/app is not being used, it should be closed so that other programs can work

smoothly.

Prepare a Maintenance Schedule

We need to prepare a plan or a schedule for maintenance to keep the computer running in perfect

condition for a long time. This can include:

1. Daily Maintenance

◦ Clean up your e-mail inbox

◦ Download e-mail attachments and save them in proper folders

2. Weekly Maintenance

◦ Clean your keyboard

◦ Clean your monitor

◦ Dust CPU and printer

◦ Backup your data to an external drive

3. Monthly Maintenance

◦ Transfer photographs to the computer and delete them from the drive

◦ Organise photos into folders or albums

◦ Clean up the ‘Download’ folder

◦ Uninstall unused programs and apps

◦ Run disk-cleaner software

◦ Run a full system virus scan

4. Yearly/Annual Maintenance

◦ Clean up contacts list on social media accounts

◦ Clean up e-mail contact list

◦ Update your operating system

◦ Check for expiry of anti-virus software and renew

Backup Your Data

Backing up data means saving the information present on your computer on another device, such as a
CD/DVD, drive or hard disk.

Data can recovered from here in case the computer stops working completely. Computers can crash,

humans can make mistakes and natural disasters, such as floods can happen.

So, it is important for companies, hospitals, banks, etc., to keep their information safe — so that their

business can continue to function smoothly and their customers do not face problems.

Scanning & Cleaning Viruses

Sometimes computer viruses can enter a computer from such attacks we can install Anti-virus

software.

This will prevent any viruses from entering and will also clean any viruses that may enter our system

before they affect the data.

Increasing Computer Performance

If we have been using a computer for a long time we have a lot of unnecessary files and data, such as

temporary files (Cache) and images. When they use too much hard-disk space, the performance of the

computer goes down. It is important that we keep cleaning by removing any extra files. We can use

some disk cleaner software, which help us clean up the unnecessary files.

Removing SPAM from Computer

SPAM emails are unwanted messages/emails from companies trying to sell you something or get you to

visit their website.

We should never respond to SPAM and delete it on a regular basis.

It is possible to set filters in the settings to prevent SPAM from entering our mail box. Most e-mail

software have a SPAM folder and automatically put all such emails into this folder.

Computer Security & Privacy

We store a lot of information on our computers and electronic devices. If any of this information gets lost

or leaked and falls into the wrong hands, it can cause a lot of harm to the people.

For example, if information stored in a bank’s computer gets leaked it can cause many people to lose a

lot of money. Hence, it is essential to keep computers secure and our data safe.

Reasons for Security Break

Security break is leakage of information stored in a computer. Personal information can be lost or leaked

in two ways:

1. We are not careful in giving out personal information over the Internet.

2. A person gets unauthorised access to our computer. This can happen in the office if we leave

our computer without logging out.

Threats to Computer

Threats are the ways in which personal information can be leaked from a computer without our knowing.

1. Theft: Theft means stealing of information or hardware. There are three types:

◦ Physical: Where a person may steal your desktop computer or laptop.

◦ Identity: Where a hacker steals your personal information and assumes your identity.

Using this false identity, the hacker can gain access to your account information or

perform illegal activity.

◦ Software Piracy: This is stealing of software and includes using or distributing unlicensed

and unauthorised copies of a computer program or software.

2. Virus: Viruses are computer programs that can damage the data and software programs or steal

the information stored on a computer. Major types of viruses are Worms and Trojan Horse.

◦ Worms: These are viruses that replicate the Worm virus themselves and spread to all files

once they attack a computer. This makes it very difficult to remove them.

◦ Trojan Horse: A Trojan Horse disguises itself i.e., it appears to be a useful software

program but once it reaches a computer it starts behaving like a virus and destroying data.

◦ Online Predator: Online predators are people who trap you into inappropriate

relationships. They may be older people posing to be your age, bullying you into doing

illegal activities online and sometimes face to face.

◦ Internet Scams: Sometimes you may receive very attractive offers saying you have won

a huge money in a lottery and that you can claim the prize by depositing a certain amount

of money. When you deposit the money using a credit card or online banking, you not only

lose the deposit money but your card/account information may be misused later.

Protecting your Data

To protect our data from theft and viruses we can take the following measures:

1. Use passwords to login to your computer: Use passwords that are difficult to guess.

◦ Passwords are difficult to hack if they are a mix of small (For example ‘a b c d’) and capital

letters (For example, ‘H J E R’), numbers (For example ‘8 7 6 5’) and special characters
 (For example, ’% ^ # $’).

◦ This would prevent unauthorised people from using your computer.

2. Install Anti-virus and Firewall: Anti-viruses and Firewalls monitor the data coming in and out of a

computer and prevent viruses from entering.

◦ Anti-viruses can also detect and clean viruses that may have entered a computer.

3. Encrypt Data: This is usually done by banks and companies in which important customer

information is stored.

◦ They can encrypt their entire hard disk using the encrypting feature in Windows

(Bitlocker).

◦ This would force users to use a decryption password (or key) before starting the computer

thus preventing unauthorised usage.

4. Secure sites: Give details of your credit card or bank account only on secure sites. See in the

address bar of the browser. If the site address starts with “https://“and a lock symbol, then it is

safe to give your credit card and bank details.

aiforkids.in

Entrepreneurial Skills Class 10 Notes AI CBSE | Aiforkids

Aiforkids

21-27 minutes

This page will contain all the roles and importance of Entrepreneurship. It will help you to understand the

importance of Entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurial Skills comes under Unit 2 of Artificial Intelligence Curriculum for Class 10 CBSE Skill

Subject Code 417.

Entrepreneurial Skills Glossary Class 10

Entrepreneurship and
Introduction Entrepreneurship activities
Society

Qualities of an Functions of an
Role of Entrepreneurs
Entrepreneur Entrepreneur

Importance of Entrepreneurship as a
Myths of Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurs Career

Entrepreneurial Skills Overview

What is Entrepreneurship?

While some qualities and skills are observed in successful entrepreneurs, an entrepreneur has to

perform certain functions to form an enterprise. There are pros and cons involved with choosing the

entrepreneurial path.

Definition of Entrepreneurship: Starting a business using the resources available to a person. An

entrepreneur combines factors in a creative manner in order to generate value for customers and create

wealth.

Entrepreneurship and Society

Society is described as an aggregate of people living together in a community, who associate for various

engagements including business.

Entrepreneurship and Society move Hand-in-Hand as an entrepreneurial activity that the society is

provided with goods and services. In turn, society provides a market for products and services provided

by the entrepreneur.

Positive impact on society

• Accentuates economic Growth

• Fosters Creativity

• Stimulates Innovation and Efficiency

 • Creates Jobs and Employment Opportunities

• Solves the problems of the society

• Encourages welfare of the society

Society boosting entrepreneurship

• Creates needs and demands

• Provides raw materials

• Enables financial support

• Creates a need for education

• Catalyzes policy formation and reform

• Facilitates networking

• Supports infrastructure development

Entrepreneurship activities

Social Entrepreneurship

• It can be understood as the creation of sustainable solutions for social problems that lead to

social change.

• Research is conducted to completely define a specific and core social problem.

• Example: low reach of quality education, health, and sanitation, unemployment, child labor, etc.

Agricultural Entrepreneurship
 • It can be defined as primarily related to the marketing and production of inputs and products used

in agricultural activities.

• Farmers have benefited the most from rising in agricultural entrepreneurship as it has led to low-

cost innovations in farming processes.

Women Entrepreneurship

• It is referred to as the entrepreneurial activity led by women, where women undertake risks,

create enterprises, organize factors of production, innovate with products/services and generate

employment opportunities.

• The government of India has defined women’s entrepreneurship as

• “An enterprise owned and controlled by a woman having a minimum financial interest of 51

percent of the capital and giving at least 51 percent of the employment generated in the

enterprise to women.”
Small Scale Entrepreneurship

• This refers to starting industries in which manufacturing, trading, providing services, and

productions are done on a small scale or micro scale.

• These businesses serve as the backbone of many developing countries.

Qualities of an Entrepreneur

The qualities of an Entrepreneur are the key value to success. They play the role to guide the person to

achieve his/her goal. Some qualities of an Entrepreneur are stated below:

Hard-working

• Without working hard, no entrepreneur can be successful.

• On average, successful entrepreneurs work between 60 to 90 hours per week, which is much

higher than 40 hours per week.

• Successful entrepreneurs adapt to the habit of hard work from a very early stage.

Optimistic

• Entrepreneurs should get think negatively or be afraid of adverse situations.

• Being optimistic is about learning from mistakes and failures and finding alternative ways to do

things.

Independent

• Successful entrepreneurs like to function at their own will and rules.

• They prefer to be their own master and not work under someone else.

Energetic

• Energy is always high in successful entrepreneurs which makes them extremely proactive.

• They are continuously taking action to try multiple approaches and execute things.
Self-confident

• An entrepreneur should have a strong belief in his/her abilities.

• Entrepreneurs are able to transfer this passion and vision to investors, employees, customers,

etc. to sell their idea to every stakeholder.

Perseverant

• A way of thinking that helps to accept failure,

• learn from mistakes

• not give up

• continuously experiment, etc.

• All this is crucial for an entrepreneur.

Functions of an Entrepreneur

Rajesh Marwaha and J. S. Mehandipur have given a comprehensive classification of the functions of

entrepreneurs in their book “Entrepreneurship and Small Business”.

1. Entrepreneurial functions
Organization Building and Management

• Organization building is about bringing together different factors of production and allocating

these resources to bring down costs and losses.

• All decisions relating to an enterprise are taken by the entrepreneur.

• An entrepreneur builds the organization by taking various steps such as hiring employees,

organizing the factors of production, sourcing finance, etc.

Risk-taking

• Risk-taking is about taking responsibility and planning for a loss or mishap that may occur in the

future due to unforeseen contingencies

• An entrepreneur plays the function of developing a certain risk-taking appetite and taking

calculative risks to reduce adverse consequences.

• Some common risks entrepreneurs take are around return on investment, hiring of new

employees, working with vendors, etc.

Innovation

• Entrepreneurs innovate by introducing new concepts, products, services, designs, ideas, etc.

• They may introduce something new and innovative in any branch of economic activity.

• In today’s world, a new business cannot survive and sustain without innovating in some manner.

• An entrepreneur foresees a potentially profitable opportunity and innovates in the effort to exploit

it.

2. Promotional functions

Idea Discovery

• The first step towards entrepreneurship is the discovery of a business idea.

• An entrepreneur comes up with a business idea and thinks about ways to implement it.

• It is about seeking opportunities for a specific type of business and finding ways to commercialize

it.

• Usually, entrepreneurs work around the process of idea discovery by exploiting natural

resources, finding a market need, or calculating the profit potential.

Detailed Investigation

• While coming up with ideas can seem like an easy process, the challenge is to understand if the
 idea has the potential to turn into a viable business venture.

• For this, an entrepreneur conducts research, investigates and evaluates an idea considering

various factors, and estimates the total demand for a new product or service.

Assembling the Requirements

• Some basic business requirements include infrastructure or office space, human resources, key

vendors or partners, working capital, etc.

• In a manufacturing or product-based business, some requirements are selecting the factory site,

sourcing plant, and machinery, hiring staff, finding the right suppliers, etc.

• No matter what is the type of the business, an entrepreneur has to work towards assembling and

organizing all the requirements once he/she is sure about the practicality and profitability of the

proposition.

• Once this function is performed, the project is set to start smoothly.

Financing

• Raising capital for a business is one of the core functions that entrepreneurs perform themselves,

not just at the initial stage of the business, but even to grow and scale the business.

• First, the requirements of finances are estimated.

• Next, the sources from which capital will come are determined.

• This includes calculating the long-term and short-term financial requirements and considering the

debt-equity ratio.

3. Managerial functions

Planning

• An entrepreneur documents a business idea in the form of a business plan, to detail each

element of the business such as product or service description, operations, marketing, finance,

accounting, growth plan, etc.

• A business plan serves as a guide to determine the business objectives and the course of action.

• It helps to detail the “what, when, how, and who” of doing every specific task.

Organizing

• Organizing in the managerial context refers to setting specific and attainable goals and objectives

to be achieved by different departments and by each employee.

• It is about arranging, directing, guiding, coordinating, and controlling the key business activities
Directing

• Directing is about initiating planned action and ensuring that each employee is performing

effectively.

• This also includes doing continuous performance reviews and organizing tasks according to

plans.

Staffing

• Staffing refers to different sub-processes around human resource management, such as

manpower planning, recruitment, selection, placement, training, transfer, salary, promotion,

payroll, appraisal, etc.

• The objective of staffing is to fill a particular position with the right employee at the right time.

Leadership

• Leadership is more of a skill than a function for an entrepreneur as he or she has to lead, guide

and supervise people who work for the business.

• It is the process by which an entrepreneur directs, guides and influences the work of others in

choosing and attaining specified goals by mediating between the individual and organization in

such a manner that both get maximum satisfaction.

Communication

• An entrepreneur has to communicate every single day, in the form of writing, responding, drafting

emails, verbal instruction, discussion, etc.

• Entrepreneurs spend 75% to 90% of their working time communicating with others.

• It refers to the exchange of ideas, feelings, emotions, knowledge, and information between two or

more persons.

• Nothing happens in management until effective communication takes place.

Supervision

• After issuing instructions, the entrepreneur has to see that the given instructions are carried out.

• Supervision refers to the job of overseeing subordinates at work to ensure the maximum

utilization of resources, to get the required and directed work done, to correct the subordinates

whenever they go wrong, and ensure each function of the business runs smoothly.

Motivation
 • Along with guiding employees, an entrepreneur also plays the role of motivating them and

encouraging positive behavior and culture within the organization.

• Motivating employees is about creating an urge in them to exhibit the desired behavior and

positive attitude towards work.

• Employees with high motivation automatically do other things along with it to perform

successfully, such as being productive, flexible, competitive, comprehensive, efficient, etc.

Co-ordination

• Coordination between different departments of the business helps to ensure that work happens

in a timely manner.

• Activities of all employees must be channelized towards goal achievement.

• An entrepreneur has to set certain targets, measures, goals, etc.

• With different departments to ensure all are coordinating and working effectively internally as

well.

Controlling

• Sometimes controlling is necessary for the entrepreneur to set company rules and policies.

• The controlling function helps the entrepreneur to set performance standards, measure and

compare productivity and performance, identify variations, take corrective action, etc.

Negotiation

• An entrepreneur negotiates terms and conditions for many parts of the business such as

payment terms and timelines, salaries of employees, vendor quotations, etc.

4. Commercial Functions

Production and Operations

• Depending on whether it is a service business or product business, an entrepreneur has to

perform the function of managing production or operations.

• For a manufacturing business, production-related activities include sourcing raw materials,

checking the functioning of machinery, utilizing maximum capacity, meeting order requirements,

etc.

Finance and Accounting

 • While finance is more focused on raising funds and managing them, accounting helps to record

and analyze the financial position of the business.

• Thus, an entrepreneur has to prepare and analyze cash flow statements, income sheets, balance

sheets, etc.

Marketing

• Marketing is about moving the product or service from the producer into the hands of the end

customer or user.

• It involves promotion, advertising, distribution, customer service, etc

• An entrepreneur has to perform this function to make people aware of the offerings of the

business and makes sales.

Human Resource Management

• Human Resource Management (HRM) refers to the recruitment, employment, selection, training,

development, and compensation of the employees within an organization.

• An entrepreneur performs this function as no business can function without people.

Role of Entrepreneurs
Innovator’s Role

Entrepreneurs innovate by bringing unique and new products and services into the market. Innovation in

the industry results in higher production efficiency which has led to an increase in employment and

income levels.

Agent’s role

Entrepreneurs are perceived as ‘Agents of Change’. They identify the opportunities, establish

enterprises, and build up industries which in turn lead to the overall development of the economy.

Coordinating role

An entrepreneur has to coordinate the various factors for production. It involves the selection of the best

possible combination of factors.

Risk assumption role

The fruit of bearing risks can be profit, which leads to wealth generation for the overall economy.

Entrepreneurs retain some amount of the profits earned and put it back into the business. Therefore, by
assuming risk entrepreneurs contribute to the economy.

Capital formation role

Entrepreneurs enable the formation of capital by mobilizing idle savings for the purpose of carrying on

the business. This mobilization of capital leads to the development of assets, trade activities, an

increase in capital availability, and economic development.

Imitating role

In developing nations, entrepreneurs usually imitate or adopt the innovations done by the entrepreneurs

of the developed nations. These innovations are adapted according to the local needs and conditions

and work towards overcoming entrepreneurial challenges.

Employment Generation role

The establishment of business enterprises leads to the generation of employment opportunities as

various human resource professionals are needed to run the business effectively. Hence,

entrepreneurship solves the problem of unemployment, which is a major problem in economic

development.

Status transformation role

Entrepreneurs generate employment, income, and wealth which improves the overall standard of living

in society. Improved standard of living leads to economic development as it reduces the disparity in

income.

Balancing role

Entrepreneurship is encouraged with small and micro enterprises and small-scale industries as well.

This encourages regional development and removes development imbalances in the economy.

Importance of Entrepreneurs

Free market evolution

• Entrepreneurs are important in a free market because they help the market respond to changing

prices and consumer preferences.

• Entrepreneurs bring change in technology, trends, and markets.

• For example, with an increase in digital services, entrepreneurs have created companies that
 offer many home delivery services such as groceries, restaurant food, clothes, accessories, etc.

Efficiency improvements

• A successful entrepreneur tends to adapt to an established business and increase their own

efficiency.

• They innovate with current systems and introduce new technologies which can significantly

create advancement in the industry.

• Hence, during any major changes in the economy, entrepreneurs adapt and do not have to go

out of business.

New markets

• Entrepreneurs can often ‘redefine the rules’ of an established industry.

• They do this by creating new markets for existing products and slightly innovating in small ways

to suit the needs of a new target market.

New values

• Sometimes, entrepreneurs choose ethics over profit and offer a more ethical product to the world,

and are transparent about it.

• For example, Jaipur Rugs has multiple artisans who work towards making rugs that are sold

around the world.

• However, Jaipur rugs are very transparent about their artisan community and they ensure that

artisans are given a fair share of profit.

Myths of Entrepreneurship
There are many myths about the characteristics and traits of entrepreneurs. With the set of activities,

they perform, entrepreneurs start to be described in a certain way. However, these descriptions and

conclusions are made after the entrepreneur is already successful. It might not apply when a person

starts from scratch to move towards entrepreneurship. It might not apply universally to all entrepreneurs.

Let us look at some of these myths in detail.

Entrepreneurs are born a certain way

• This is a myth and research had established that almost anyone can be an entrepreneur with the

right skills, drive, and passion.

• There is no set defined way to point towards personality types of entrepreneurs.

• Entrepreneurship is a learned skill, not a natural-born ability.

Great ideas are what make entrepreneurs

• This is a myth as there is no real or commercial value of just an idea.

• Entrepreneurs do not necessarily reinvent the wheel.

• Many times, they take existing ideas to make a business out of them.
Entrepreneurs have to take a lot of risks

• Entrepreneurs definitely have to bear some risks, they do not necessarily put themselves in high-

risk situations.

• Entrepreneurs take calculated risks and weigh risk versus reward.

Businesses either skyrocket or fail

• This is a fact.

• Although select not many start-ups skyrocket and get every one of the media consideration,

embracing a win big or bust point of view toward entrepreneurship is simple.

• While many ventures become famous and many fall flat, a ton of businesses are run with

patience and strategy with an emphasis on self-sustenance and steady development.

A lot of money is required to start any business

• This is a myth.

• The key to entrepreneurship is to start with resources available and grow slowly and steadily.

• It is not necessary that one should fear or deter from entrepreneurship due to a lack of financial

resources.

One must know everything before starting a business

• Real entrepreneurs thrive on being in a constant state of learning.

• Being new and even somewhat naïve can be an asset in today’s rapidly changing world.

• That’s because succeeding at entrepreneurship requires energy, innovation, and the ability to

push yourself outside your comfort zone.

What actually counts is not what you know, but how fast you can learn.

Entrepreneurship as a Career

Being an entrepreneur is an implausible profession to numerous youngsters. A few people are not even

aware that having their very own business or independent work can be a choice. Other people who are

aware, never at any point think about it in their whole lifetime. This is on the grounds of an imperfect

perception that we were destined to work for big companies.

Nurtures development of entrepreneurial skills and capabilities

• Entrepreneurship cultivates unique skills and encourages outside-the-box thinking.

 • Entrepreneurship education provides with the skills and knowledge to come up with business

ideas and develop ventures.

• It is broadly about learning to practice core business areas such as marketing, sales, finance,

accounting, management, etc., and developing skills such as effective communication, creative

problem solving, adaptability, etc.

Enables the application of an entrepreneurial mindset

• The advantage of working towards developing an entrepreneurial mindset and learning

entrepreneurial skills over more traditional subjects is that they are not necessarily only relevant

to becoming an entrepreneur.

• In fact, having an entrepreneurial mindset and a wide range of business-relevant skills acquired

through studying entrepreneurship would make one an ideal candidate in most fields.

Develops the ability to handle failure and ambiguity

• A critical part of learning in the entrepreneurial process is to learn from failure.

• Going through this process helps to learn from mistakes, take failure positively and stay

motivated to work towards achieving the goal.

• Similarly, just like life is uncertain, business is full of ambiguity.

• While actually finding solutions to deal with ambiguity, one develops certain traits such as risk

management, perseverance, and persistence.

Enhances critical thinking and problem-solving ability

• The ability to think critically and solve problems is essential to succeed in the world of business.

• Learning entrepreneurship exposes one to numerous opportunities that force one to think

critically, analyze all alternatives and consider possible solutions.

Provides early exposure to the real world

• Working professionally in the real world requires one to collaborate, think creatively, and

demonstrate proficiency.

• Entrepreneurship practice at an early stage in one’s career encourages activities such as going

out and interacting with customers, creating tangible concepts and ideas, preparing detailed

documents, working with investors, etc.

• This gives great exposure and knowledge about the trends and needs of the real world.

Inspires to think about one’s career differently

 • Many students do not even consider that they can try to work on business ideas, take up

entrepreneurial projects, take the initiative to impact society, etc.

• They tend to develop a certain trail of thought about their career – from graduating high school to

college to looking for a job

• If entrepreneurship exposure is given at the first point when one starts thinking about building a

career, it can help them to think of different career options and explore what they are actually

passionate about.

Leads to create a difference in society

• Entrepreneurs not only economically impact society but they also work on identifying the real

needs and problems of people and solving them.

• Learning entrepreneurship encourages one to find problems that need to be solved, invent a

solution for them, and ultimately, make the world a better place.

Related ArticleImportant Questions on Entrepreneurial Skills

aiforkids.in

Green Skills Class 10 Artificial Intelligence CBSE | Aiforkids

Aiforkids

10-13 minutes

This page will contain all the important topics of Green skills. It will help you to understand Green skills

more clearly.

Introduction to Green Skills

Indian beliefs inform us that there has been a strong relationship between Man and Nature. Our

forefathers knew the importance of the five elements of nature – Prithvi (Earth), Agni (Fire), Jal (Water),

Vaayu (Air), and Aakash (Space).

The environment around us affects all aspects of our life and all our day-to-day activities also affect

the environment and vice versa. We know that people who live in urban areas fulfill their need for food

requirements from the villages by importing them.

These people live in rural areas that grow crops dependent on natural surroundings like forests, rivers,

water, wood, fodder, etc. But over the years of development of the countries, we are polluting the

environmental surroundings and exploiting the resources without thinking about the future generations.

So now we should take steps about how to use these resources sustainably so that they will be very

needful for future generations.

As per Collins English Dictionary, ‘the ability to be maintained at a steady level’ is Sustainability.

Sustainable development

The concept of sustainable development received its first major international recognition in 1972 at

the UN Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm.

In this conference, it was to show the direction that how to use the resources in the correct way without

exploiting them.

The concept of sustainable development formed the basis of the United Nations Conference on

Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.

Sustainable development was the solution to the problems of environmental degradation discussed by

the Brundtland Commission in the 1987 report “Our Common Future”.

Collin’s English Dictionary defines Sustainable Development as the economic development that is

capable of being maintained at a steady level without exhausting natural resources or causing

severe ecological damage.

What is Sustainable development?

Definition of SDG: Sustainable development is the development that satisfies the needs in the

present without compromising the resources for our future generations.

OR

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs.

Sustainable development focuses on a long-term, integrated approach to developing a healthy,

social, and economically viable society. The aim is to inculcate the value of self-resistance amongst the

people to save natural resources for everyone to utilize judiciously while still ensuring their availability for

future generations.

In our daily life, we can contribute to creating a Sustainable Society by following 4Rs’ and 1U of

Sustainability. These are:

Names Definitions

Refuse Not to use products that may not harm the environment.

Reduce To minimize the use of the products that may cause harm to the environment.

Reuse To reuse products as far as possible, in order to reduce the waste generation.

Recycle After reusing the product, we must try to recycle it as far as possible.

Any product that is not usable can be upcycled with creativity and innovation.
Upcycle
It gives a new look to the old product and makes it look desirable.

In today’s generation, every country is busy with development, they are increasing the economical
value of their country which is ultimately dependent on the natural environment from which they create

goods and services. So, we can now say that in the present age environment is adversely

affected, and with its increasing usage, our coming generations will have to face serious

environmental issues.

All the reason behind this excessive usage is the Increasing the usage of these natural resources for

an increase in production and as well as consumption because of the day by day increasing

population. So, this sustainable development can also be done individually which can avoid

exploiting the environment.

We can take an example also of Greenspace: Green spaces include all the parks and other areas also

where plants and wildlife are encouraged for their lives. These spaces also offer the public great

opportunities to enjoy outdoor recreation, especially in dense, urban areas like; Forests or wildlife

centuries.

Importance of Sustainable Development

In the 21st Century, the importance of adopting sustainable techniques for sustainable development is of

grave importance. Some of the importance are as follows:

1. Judicious: Judicious use of resources is of prime importance since the exploitation of resources

is causing their depletion.

◦ We need to curb our usage to ensure that resources like air, water, and forests are

available to future generations.

2. Quality: The quality of basic resources is deteriorating leading to major health concerns such as

Cancer, Bronchitis, etc. Ensuring sustainability will help curb/control these problems.

3. Rising demands: It is leading to economic disparity. The rich are becoming richer while the poor
 are becoming poorer.

◦ The uneven distribution of available resources across different economic fronts is leading

to discrimination, giving rise to crime, and creating social imbalance.

4. Environmental problems: Such as Climate Change, Emission of Green House gases are

alarming. If everyone draws a line for themselves we will be able to combat these issues with the

help of Sustainable Development.

5. Adoption of Sustainable Development: The major importance is the Adoption of Sustainable

Development in our daily life and at our workplace will also promote economic growth.

◦ Young entrepreneurs with minimum investment can produce better output.

◦ The introduction of Solar Power Plants, Waste Water Treatment Plants, Electric Vehicles,

etc. will not only help in protecting Environment but shall also contribute to saving money

and resources.

The economy that reduces environmental risks and strikes ecological balance is termed a Green

Economy.

You might be thinking that with this Sustainable development we can achieve great changes in the

future, but it causes some problems too. So, let’s discuss some of them one by one:

1. Food: the amount of rich, fertile land which is used to grow crops is becoming less and less

because this land is used up for some other purposes. Now the land which we are left with also

getting depleted in the nutrients only because of using more chemicals to increase production to

fulfill the needs of the large population.

2. Water: all of us use the clean water from water bodies for our purpose but many of us dump

garbage and release toxic substances into these bodies and after several years there will be no

fresh water.

3. Fuel: woods are used in the present age in large amounts as fuel, for the construction of

buildings or furniture, etc; for which many trees are cut down. In the future, it may cause severe

climatic changes and weather changes too.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were launched at the United Nations Sustainable

Development Summit in New York in September 2015. To ensure that Sustainable Development is

ensured in our communities and the world at a large level as a universal call to action to end poverty,

protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030.

UNDP: United Nations Development Program

These SDGs are integrated and recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and

that development must balance social, economic, and environmental sustainability. These are:

1. No poverty

2. Zero Hunger

3. Good Health and Well Being

4. Quality Education

5. Gender Equality

6. Clean water and Sanitation

7. Affordable and Clean Energy

8. Decent Work and Economic Growth

9. Industry Innovation and Infrastructure

10. Reduced Inequalities

11. Sustainable Cities and Communities

12. Responsible Consumption and Production

13. Climate Action

14. Life Below Water

15. Life on Land

16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institution

17. Partnership for the Goals

To achieve Sustainability for next-generation, the whole world needs to come as one. This is the biggest

challenge in realizing this goal because of the following reasons:

1. A large population in major parts of the world is living an underprivileged life and is excluded.

For them earning a meal each day is a challenge. Under such circumstances, expecting an
 alteration in their mindset or behavior is not easy.

2. A huge population in the world’s economy is unemployed. Any means of earning whether

sustainable or not is their ray of hope.

3. With the existing issues of climate change, a number of species have extinct and many are on

verge of their extinction. Under such circumstances striking a balance in the food chain is a big

responsibility.

4. The market all over the world is trying to capture as many resources as possible to maximize

their profit. In pursuit of maximizing profit, they overuse and exploit the resources.

5. In the time of the nuclear race, where every developing country is trying its hand to become a

developed nation, ensuring world peace is a global challenge.

6. It is the responsibility of every country to ensure having a full-proof policy for Sustainable

Development. While the challenge remains that many are simply leaving loose ends in the

execution of policies.

7. Last but most important, while it is the responsibility and accountability of every individual to

promote Sustainable Development, there is a huge world population that is simply insensitive

towards its need.

If we as individuals become alert and cautious towards creating and promoting sustainable

development, we will certainly be able to have a flourishing green economy where interdependence will

be appreciated and our future generation will be able to lead a healthy life

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ’s)

The economy that reduces environmental risks and strikes ecological balance is termed a Green

Economy.

What is Sustainable Development?

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs.

Where was the UN Conference on Environment and Development held?

The concept of sustainable development formed the basis of the United Nations Conference on

Environment and Development held in Rio de Janerio in 1922.

Write a short note on UNDP

UNDP is the lead body of the UN and is responsible to help and implement the goals in some 170

countries and territories.

In Today’s world, it is nearly impossible to handle complex challenges alone from stopping the spread of

disease to preventing conflict. For Example Corona Virus. Every

the country is dealing with it.

UNDP basically builds a platform where countries can help each other.
csiplearninghub.com

Introduction to AI Class 10 Notes Important for Exams - CS-

IP-Learning-Hub
11-14 minutes

Introduction to AI Class 10 Notes

Introduction to AI Class 10 Notes

What is Intelligence?

It is the ability to understand and adjust to the environment using own abilities and knowledge.

Why Humans are developing machines?

Humans have been developing machines to make their lives easier. Machines are made with an

intent of accomplishing tasks which are either too tedious for humans or are time consuming.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence” refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines,

especially computer systems.

When a machine possesses the ability to mimic human traits, i.e., make decisions, predict the

future, learn and improve on its own, it is said to have artificial intelligence.

Abilities that are involved in intelligence are :

1. Mathematical Logic Intelligence : It is an intelligence which help the person to regulate,

measure and understand numerical symbols, abstraction and logic.

2. Linguistic Intelligence : It is a language processing skills both in terms of understanding or

implementation in writing or verbally.

3. Spatial Visual Intelligence : It is defined as the ability to perceive the visual world and the

relationship of one object to another.

4. Kineasthetic Intelligence : It is defined as the ability that is related to how a person uses his

limbs.

5. Musical Intelligence : It is about person’s ability to recognize and create sounds, rhythms and

sound pattern.

6. Intrapersonal Intelligence : It is defined as the ability to realize weakness, strength and his

own feeling.

7. Existential Intelligence : This intelligence is related to religious and spiritual awareness.

8. Naturalist Intelligence : This intelligence is related to the ability to process the information

around us.

9. Interpersonal Intelligence : This intelligence is the ability to communicate with others by

understanding other people’s feelings and influence of the person.

Introduction to AI Class 10 Notes

Introduction to AI Class 10 Notes

When a machine is called Artificial Intelligent?

A machine is an artificially intelligent when it can accomplish tasks by itself – collect data,

understand it, analyse it, learn from it, and improve it.
How do machines become Artificially Intelligent?

Machines become intelligent like humans once they are trained with some information which

helps them to achieve their tasks. AI machines also keep updating their knowledge to optimise

their output.

How do you make decisions?

The basis of decision making depends upon the availability of information and how we

experience and understand it. We can’t make “good” decisions without information. Having

knowledge, experience, or insights of a certain situation, helps us to visualize what the

outcomes could be.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence :

1. Voice Assistant like Siri, Alexa, Cortana and Google assistant.

2. Google Maps

3. It is also used in computer games.

4. It is also being used to monitor our health.

What is not Artificial Intelligence?

A fully automatic washing machine can work on its own, but it requires human intervention to

select the parameters of washing which makes it an example of automation, not AI.

An air conditioner can be turned on and off remotely with the help of internet but still needs a

human touch. This is an example of Internet of Things (IoT).

All the devices which are termed as “smart” are not AI-enabled. For example, a TV does not

become AI-enabled if it is a smart one, it gets the power of AI when it is able to think and process

on its own.

Introduction to AI Class 10 Notes

 Introduction to AI Class 10 Notes

Basics of Artificial Intelligence :

Various organisations have coined their own versions of defining Artificial Intelligence. Some of

them are mentioned below:

According to NITI Aayog : AI refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like

thinking, perceiving, learning, problem solving and decision making.

According to World Economic Forum : Artificial intelligence (AI) is the software engine that

drives the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Its impact can already be seen in homes, businesses and

political processes.

According to European Artificial Intelligence (AI) leadership : AI is not a well-defined

technology and no universally agreed definition exists. It is rather a cover term for techniques

associated with data analysis and pattern recognition.

According to Encyclopaedia Britannica : Artificial intelligence (AI), is the ability of a digital

computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent

beings.

AI, ML & DL :

AI Refers to any technique that enables computers to mimic human intelligence. It gives the

ability to machines to recognize a human’s face; to move and manipulate objects; to understand

the voice commands by humans.

Machine Learning (ML) is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which enables machines to learn by

themselves using the provided data and make accurate Predictions/ Decisions.

In Deep Learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it in training

itself around the data. Such machines are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for
themselves.

NOTE : Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) are part of Artificial Intelligence (AI), but

not everything that is Machine learning will be Deep learning.

Introduction to AI Class 10 Notes

Introduction to AI Domains :

According to the type of data fed in the AI model, AI models can be broadly categorised into

three domains:

1. Data Sciences : It is a domain of AI related to data systems and processes, in which the

system collects numerous data, maintains data sets and derives meaning out of them. Example

of Data Science is Price comparison websites. PriceGrabber, PriceRunner, Junglee, Shopzilla,

DealTime are some examples of price comparison websites.

2. Computer Vision : It is abbreviated as CV, is a domain of AI that depicts the capability of a

machine to get and analyse visual information like photographs, videos and pictures. The main

objective of this domain of AI is to teach machines to collect information from pixels. Examples

of Computer Vision are Self-Driving cars/ Automatic Cars, Face Lock in Smartphones etc.

3. Natural Language Processing : Natural Language Processing, abbreviated as NLP, is a branch

of artificial intelligence that deals with the interaction between computers and humans using the

natural language. The ultimate objective of NLP is to read, decipher, understand, and make

sense of the human languages in a manner that is valuable. for example: Email filters and Smart

assistants.

AI Ethics :

AI ethics refers to the basic principles of AI system design that use the good code of conduct

and produces the results. Ethics means what is right and unethical means what is wrong.

Data Privacy :

The world of Artificial Intelligence revolves around Data. Every company whether small or big is

mining data from as many sources as possible. It is not wrongly said that Data is the new gold.

One of the major sources of data for many major companies is the smartphone. Smartphone

have made our lives easier. Another feature of smartphones nowadays is that they provide us

with customised recommendations and notifications according to our choices.

Whenever you download an app and install it, it asks you for several permissions to access the

app, we allow the app to get all the permissions that it wants. We need to understand that the

data which is collected by various applications is ethical as the smartphone users agree to it.

But at the same time if one does not want to share his/her data with anyone, he/she can opt for

alternative applications. For example, an alternative to WhatsApp is the Telegram app which

does not collect any data from us.

How AI is Bias?

Another aspect to AI Ethics is bias. Everyone has a bias of their own no matter how much one

tries to be unbiased. When we talk about a machine, we know that it is artificial and cannot think

on its own. It can have intelligence, but we cannot expect a machine to have any biases of its

own. Any bias can transfer from the developer to the machine while the algorithm is being

developed. Let us look at some of the examples:

1. Majorly, all the virtual assistants have a female voice.

2. If you search on Google for salons, the first few searches are mostly for female salons.

Who can access AI?

The people who can afford AI enabled devices make the most of it while others who cannot are

left behind. Because of this, a gap has emerged between these two classes of people and it gets

widened with the rapid advancement of technology.

AI may creates unemployment :

AI is making people’s lives easier. Most of the things nowadays are done in just a few clicks. On

one hand where AI is advancing and improving the lives of people by working for them and

doing some of their tasks tasks, the other hand points towards the lives of people who are

dependent on laborious jobs and are not skilled.

This may start an era of mass unemployment where people having little or no skills may be left

without jobs and others who keep up with their skills according to what is required, will flourish.

To overcome such an issue, one needs to be open to changes. As technology is advancing with

time, humans need to make sure that they are a step ahead and understand this technology with

its pros and cons.

AI for Kids :
Kids nowadays are smart enough to understand technology from a very early age. As their

thinking capabilities increase, they learn everything more easily than an adult. for example A

young boy in class 3 has got some Maths homework to finish. Soon, he starts asking Alexa to

answer all his questions. Alexa replies with answers and the boy simply writes them down in his

notebook. So, he is smart, but he might not be getting educated properly.

Introduction to AI Class 10 Notes

Introduction to AI Class 10 Notes

CONCLUSION :

Despite AI’s promises to bring forth new opportunities, there are certain associated risks that

need to be mitigated appropriately and effectively. To give a better perspective, the ecosystem

and the socio-technical environment in which the AI systems are embedded needs to be more

trustworthy.

Disclaimer : I tried to give you the easy handouts of “Introduction to AI Class 10 Notes” ,

but if you feel that there is/are mistakes in the handouts of “Introduction to AI Class 10

Notes” given above, you can directly contact me at [email protected]. NCERT Book

and Study material available on CBSE official website are used as a reference to create above

“Introduction to AI Class 10 Notes“

Important links of Class X (Artificial Intelligence)

Chapter 1 Introduction to AI MCQ

Chapter 2 AI Project Cycle MCQ

Chapter 3 Natural Language Processing MCQ

Important links of Class IX (IT-402)

csiplearninghub.com

AI Project Cycle Class 10 Important Notes - CS-IP-Learning-

Hub
11-14 minutes

AI Project Cycle Class 10 Important Notes

AI Project Cycle Class 10 notes

What is AI Project Cycle?

It is a step-by-step process that a person should follow to develop an AI Project to solve a

problem. AI Project Cycle provides us with an appropriate framework which can lead us to

achieve our goal.

The AI Project Cycle mainly has 5 stages.

1. Problem Scoping

2. Data Acquisition

3. Data Exploration

4. Modelling

5. Evaluation
 AI project cycle class 10 stages

1. What is Problem Scoping?

Identifying a problem and having a vision to solve it, is called Problem Scoping. Scoping a

problem is not that easy as we need to have a deeper understanding so that the picture becomes

clearer while we are working to solve it. So we use the 4Ws Problem Canvas to understand the

problem in a better way.

What is 4Ws Problem Canvas?

The 4Ws Problem canvas helps in identifying the key elements related to the problem. The 4Ws

are :

1. Who

2. What

3. Where

4. Why

1. Who? : This block helps in analysing the people who are getting affected directly or indirectly

due to a problem. Under this, we find out who are the ‘Stakeholders’ (those people who face this

problem and would be benefitted with the solution) to this problem? Below are the questions

that we need to discuss under this block.

1. Who are the stakeholders?

2. What do you know about them?

2. What? : This block helps to determine the nature of the problem. What is the problem and how

do we know that it is a problem? Under this block, we also gather evidence to prove that the

problem you have selected actually exists. Below are the questions that we need to discuss

under this block.

 1. What is the problem?

2. How do you know that it is a problem?

3. Where? : This block will help us to look into the situation in which the problem arises, the

context of it, and the locations where it is prominent. Here is the Where Canvas:

1. What is the context/situation in which the stakeholders experience the problem?

4. Why? : In the “Why” canvas, we think about the benefits which the stakeholders would get from the

solution and how it will benefit them as well as the society. Below are the questions that we need to

discuss under this block.

1. What would be of key value to the stakeholders?

2. How would it improve their situation?

2. What is Data Acquisition?

This is the second stage of AI Project cycle. According to the term, this stage is about acquiring

data for the project. Whenever we want an AI project to be able to predict an output, we need to

train it first using data.

For example, If you want to make an Artificially Intelligent system which can predict the salary of

any employee based on his previous salaries, you would feed the data of his previous salaries

into the machine. The previous salary data here is known as Training Data while the next salary

prediction data set is known as the Testing Data.

Data features refer to the type of data you want to collect. In above example, data features would

be salary amount, increment percentage, increment period, bonus, etc. There can be various

ways to collect the data. Some of them are:

1. Surveys

2. Web Scraping

3. Sensors

4. Cameras

5. Observations

6. API (Application Program Interface)

One of the most reliable and authentic sources of information, are the open-sourced websites

hosted by the government. Some of the open-sourced Govt. portals are: data.gov.in, india.gov.in

3. What is Data Exploration?

While acquiring data, we must have noticed that the data is a complex entity – it is full of

numbers and if anyone wants to make some sense out of it, they have to work some patterns out

of it. Thus, to analyse the data, you need to visualise it in some user-friendly format so that you

can:

1. Quickly get a sense of the trends, relationships and patterns contained within the data.

2. Define strategy for which model to use at a later stage.

3. Communicate the same to others effectively.

To visualise data, we can use various types of visual representations like Bargraph, Histogram,

Line Chart, Pie Chart.

4. What is Data Modelling?

The graphical representation makes the data understandable for humans as we can discover

trends and patterns out of it, but machine can analyse the data only when the data is in the most

basic form of numbers (which is binary – 0s and 1s). The ability to mathematically describe the

relationship between parameters is the heart of every AI model.

Generally, AI models can be classified as follows:

AI project cycle class 10

Rule Based Approach :

It refers to the AI modelling where the rules are defined by the developer. The machine follows

the rules or instructions mentioned by the developer and performs its task accordingly.

In this we fed the data along with rules to the machine and the machine after getting trained on

them is now able to predict answers for the same. A drawback/feature for this approach is that

the learning is static.

Learning Based Approach :

It refers to the AI modelling where the machine learns by itself. In this approach the AI model

gets trained on the data fed to it and then is able to design a model which is adaptive to the

change in data. An advantage for this approach is that the learning is dynamic. The learning-

based approach can further be divided into three parts:

a) Supervised Learning : In a supervised learning model, the dataset which is fed to the machine is

labelled. A label is some information which can be used as a tag for data. For example, students

get grades according to the marks they secure in examinations. These grades are labels which

categorise the students according to their marks. There are two types of Supervised Learning

models:

1. Classification: Where the data is classified according to the labels. This model works on

discrete dataset which means the data need not be continuous.

2. Regression: Such models work on continuous data. For example, if we wish to predict our

next salary, then we would put in the data of our previous salary, any increments, etc., and

would train the model. Here, the data which has been fed to the machine is continuous.

b) Unsupervised Learning : An unsupervised learning model works on unlabelled dataset. This

means that the data which is fed to the machine is random. This model is used to identify

relationships, patterns and trends out of the data which is fed into it. It helps the user in

understanding what the data is about and what are the major features identified by the machine

in it.

Unsupervised learning models can be further divided into two categories:

1. Clustering: It refers to the unsupervised learning algorithm which can cluster the

unknown data according to the patterns or trends identified out of it.

2. Dimensionality Reduction: We humans are able to visualise upto 3-Dimensions only but,

there are various entities which exist beyond 3-Dimensions. For example, in Natural

language Processing, the words are considered to be N-Dimensional entities. So to make

sense out of it, dimensionality reduction algorithm is used to reduce their dimensions.

Rule Based Approach Learning Based Approach

It refers to the AI modelling where the

It refers to the AI modelling where the
rules are
machine learns by itself
defined by the developer.

In this learning is static In this learning is dynamic

 The machine once trained, does not take The machine once trained, does take

into into

consideration any changes made in the consideration any changes made in the

original original

training dataset. training dataset.

5. What is Evaluation?

Once a model has been made and trained, it needs to go through proper testing so that one can

calculate the efficiency and performance of the model. Hence, the model is tested with the help

of Testing Data and the efficiency of the model is calculated on the basis of the parameters

mentioned below:

1. Accuracy

2. Precision

3. Recall

4. F1 Score

Neural Network :

Neural networks are loosely modelled after how neurons in the human brain behave. The key

advantage of neural networks is that they are able to extract data features automatically without

needing the input of the programmer. It is a fast and efficient way to solve problems for which

the dataset is very large, such as in images.

AI project cycle class 10

As seen in the figure given above, the larger Neural Networks tend to perform better with larger

amounts of data whereas the traditional machine learning algorithms stop improving after a
certain saturation point.

How Neural Network works?

A Neural Network is divided into multiple layers and each layer is further divided into several

blocks called nodes. The first layer of a Neural Network is known as the input layer. It’s job is to

acquire data and feed it to the Neural Network. No processing occurs at the input layer. Next to

it, are the hidden layers. Hidden layers are the layers in which the whole processing occurs.

These layers are hidden and are not visible to the user. There can be multiple hidden layers in a

neural network system. The last hidden layer passes the final processed data to the output layer

which then gives it to the user as the final output.

Some of the features of a Neural Network are listed below:

1. Neural Network Systems are modelled on the human brain and nervous system.

2. They are able to automatically extract features without input from the programmer.

3. Every neural network node is essentially a machine learning algorithm.

4. It is useful when solving problems for which the data set is very large.

Disclaimer : I tried to give you the easy handouts of “AI Project Cycle Class 10 Notes” , but if you

feel that there is/are mistakes in the handouts of “AI Project Cycle Class 10 Notes” given above,

you can directly contact me at [email protected]. NCERT Book and Study material

available on CBSE official website are used as a reference to create above “AI Project Cycle

Class 10 Notes”

Important links of Class X (Artificial Intelligence)

Chapter 1 Introduction to AI MCQ

Chapter 1 Introduction to AI Class 10 NOTES

Chapter 2 AI Project Cycle MCQ

Chapter 3 Natural Language Processing MCQ

Important links of Class IX (IT-402)

Unit 1 : Introduction to IT–ITeS Industry BOOK SOLUTIONS

Unit 1 : Introduction to IT–ITeS Industry NOTES

Computer Vision Class 10 Notes

Computer vision is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that enables computers

and systems to extract useful information from digital photos, videos, and other
visual inputs and to execute actions or make recommendations based on that
information.

Applications of Computer Vision

In the 1970s, computer vision as a concept was first introduced. Everyone was
excited by the new uses for computer vision. However, a considerable
technological advance in recent years has elevated computer vision to the top of
many companies’ priority lists. Let’s examine a few of them:

Facial Recognition

Computer vision is essential to the advancement of the home in the era of smart
cities and smart homes. The most crucial application of computer vision is facial
recognition in security. Either visitor identification or visitor log upkeep is
possible.

Face Filters

Many of the functionality in today’s apps, including Instagram and Snapchat, rely
on computer vision. One of them is the usage of facial filters. The computer or
algorithm may recognise a person’s facial dynamics through the camera and
apply the chosen facial filter.

Google’s Search by Image

The majority of data that is searched for using Google’s search engine is textual
information, but it also has the intriguing option of returning search results via an
image. This makes use of computer vision since it examines numerous attributes
of the input image while also comparing them to those in the database of images
to provide the search result.
Computer Vision in Retail

One of the industries with the quickest growth is retail, which is also utilising
computer vision to improve the user experience. Retailers can analyse
navigational routes, find walking patterns, and track customer movements
through stores using computer vision techniques.

Self-Driving Cars

Computer Vision is the fundamental technology behind developing autonomous

vehicles. Most leading car manufacturers in the world are reaping the benefits of
investing in artificial intelligence for developing on-road versions of hands-free
technology.

Medical Imaging

A reliable resource for doctors over the past few decades has been computer-
supported medical imaging software. It doesn’t just produce and analyse images;
it also works as a doctor’s helper to aid in interpretation.
The software is used to interpret and transform 2D scan photos into interactive
3D models that give medical professionals a thorough insight of a patient’s
health.

Google Translate App

To read signs written in a foreign language, all you have to do is point the
camera on your phone at the text, and the Google Translate software will very
immediately translate them into the language of your choice. This is a useful
application that makes use of Computer Vision, utilising optical character
recognition to view the image and augmented reality to overlay an accurate
translation.

Computer Vision Tasks

The many Computer Vision applications are based on a variety of tasks that are
carried out to extract specific information from the input image that may be
utilised for prediction or serves as the foundation for additional analysis. A
computer vision application performs the following tasks:
Classification

Image Classification problem is the task of assigning an input image one label
from a fixed set of categories. This is one of the core problems in CV that,
despite its simplicity, has a large variety of practical applications.

Classification + Localisation

This is the task which involves both processes of identifying what object is
present in the image and at the same time identifying at what location that object
is present in that image. It is used only for single objects.

Object Detection

Finding occurrences of real-world items like faces, bicycles, and buildings in

pictures or movies is a process known as object detection. To identify
occurrences of a certain object category, object identification algorithms
frequently employ extracted features and learning techniques. Applications like
image retrieval and automatic car parking systems frequently employ it.

Instance Segmentation

The process of identifying instances of the items, categorising them, and then
assigning each pixel a label based on that is known as instance segmentation.
An image is sent into a segmentation algorithm, which produces a list of regions
(or segments).

Basics of Images
We all see a lot of images around us and use them daily either through our
mobile phones or computer system. But do we ask some basic questions to
ourselves while we use them on such a regular basis.

Basics of Pixels

A picture element is referred to as a “pixel.” In digital form, pixels make up each

and every image.
They are the tiniest piece of data that go into a picture. They are normally
structured in a 2-dimensional grid and are either circular or square.

Resolution

The resolution of an image is occasionally referred to as the number of pixels.

One approach is to define resolution as the width divided by the height when the
phrase is used to describe the number of pixels, for example, a monitor
resolution of 1280×1024. Accordingly, there are 1280 pixels from side to side and
1024 pixels from top to bottom.

Pixel value

Each of the pixels that make up an image that is stored on a computer has a
pixel value that specifies its brightness and/or intended colour. The byte image,
which stores this number as an 8-bit integer with a possible range of values from
0 to 255, is the most popular pixel format.
Zero is typically used to represent no colour or black, and 255 is used to
represent full colour or white.

Grayscale Images

Grayscale images are images which have a range of shades of gray without
apparent colour. The darkest possible shade is black, which is the total absence
of colour or zero value of pixel. The lightest possible shade is white, which is the
total presence of colour or 255 value of a pixel . Intermediate shades of gray are
represented by equal brightness levels of the three primary colours.
RGB Images

Every image we encounter is a coloured image. Three main colors—Red, Green,

and Blue—make up these graphics. Red, green, and blue can be combined in
various intensities to create all the colours that are visible.

Image Features
In computer vision and image processing, a feature is a piece of information
which is relevant for solving the computational task related to a certain
application. Features may be specific structures in the image such as points,
edges or objects.

Introduction to OpenCV
OpenCV or Open Source Computer Vision Library is that tool which helps a
computer extract these features from the images. It is used for all kinds of
images and video processing and analysis. It is capable of processing images
and videos to identify objects, faces, or even handwriting.

What is a Kernel?
A Kernel is a matrix, which is slid across the image and multiplied with the input
such that the output is enhanced in a certain desirable manner. Each kernel has
a different value for different kind of effects that we want to apply to an image.

Convolution Neural Networks (CNN)

A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a Deep Learning algorithm that can
take in an image as input, assign importance (learnable weights and biases) to
various elements and objects in the image, and be able to distinguish between
them.
A convolutional neural network consists of the following layers:
1) Convolution Layer
2) Rectified linear Unit (ReLU)
3) Pooling Layer
4) Fully Connected Layer
Convolution Layer

The Convolution Operation’s goal is to take the input image’s high-level

characteristics, such edges, and extract them. There is no requirement that CNN
use just one Convolutional Layer.

There are several kernels that are used to produce several features. The output
of this layer is called the feature map. A feature map is also called the activation
map. We can use these terms interchangeably.
There’s several uses we derive from the feature map:
• We reduce the image size so that it can be processed more efficiently.
• We only focus on the features of the image that can help us in processing the
image further.

Rectified Linear Unit Function

The next layer in the Convolution Neural Network is the Rectified Linear Unit
function or the ReLU layer. After we get the feature map, it is then passed onto
the ReLU layer. This layer simply gets rid of all the negative numbers in the
feature map and lets the positive number stay as it is.

Pooling Layer

Similar to the Convolutional Layer, the Pooling layer is responsible for reducing
the spatial size of the Convolved Feature while still retaining the important
features.
There are two types of pooling which can be performed on an image.
1) Max Pooling : Max Pooling returns the maximum value from the portion of the
image covered by the Kernel.
2) Average Pooling: Max Pooling returns the maximum value from the portion of
the image covered by the Kernel.

Fully Connected Layer

The final layer in the CNN is the Fully Connected Layer (FCP). The objective of a
fully connected layer is to take the results of the convolution/pooling process and
use them to classify the image into a label (in a simple classification example).
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Natural Language Processing Notes Class 10 AI

Digital Electronics (Guru Nanak Dev University)

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AI Simplified by Aiforkids.in

NLP Class
Project 10
Cycle
AI Notes

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NATURAL LANGUAGE
PROCESSING
Process to simplify human lang.
The ability of a computer to Start
to make it understandable.
understand text and spoken words
NLP Process
Data Processing
Ex. Mitsuku Bot, Clever Bot,
Jabberwacky, and Haptik. What Text Normalisation
Sentence Segmentation
Tokenisation
Chat Bots Removal of Stop word
Converting into same case
Smart Bot
Stemming and Lemmatization
Script Bot Applications
Bag of word Algorithm
Why
of NLP
Automatic Summarization
TFIDF
Sentiment Analysis
Term Frequency
Text classification Inverse Document Frequency
Virtual Assistants Applications of TFIDF
Problems in Understanding
human languages by computers.
Human Language CLICK TEXT TO OPEN THE LINK

Computer Language
Human Download Revision Notes Pdf
Arrangement of words & meanings VS
Computer Solve Important Questions
(Structure) Syntax
(Meaning) Semantics Practice VIP Questions PDF
Multiple Meanings of a word Practice Sample Papers
Perfect Syntax, no Meaning Ask and Solve Doubts at
Aiforkids Doubts corner
Practice NLP Explanation Video

Youtube.com/aiforkids Aiforkids.in/class-10/nlp

Learning is not a course, Its a path from passion to profession

" ~Lalit Kumar
"
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WHAT IS NLP?

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the sub-field of AI that focuses on the

ability of a computer to understand human language (command) as spoken or
written and to give an output by processing it.

APPLICATIONS OF NLP → Feel Deta h, NLP KA

Automatic Summarization
Summarizing the meaning of documents and information
Extract the key emotional information from the text to understand the reactions
(Social Media)

Sentiment Analysis

Identify sentiments and emotions from one or more posts

Companies use it to identify opinions and sentiments to get feedback
Can be Positive, Negative or Neutral

Text classification

Assign predefined categories to a document and organize it to help you find the
information you need or simplify some activities.
Eg: Spam filtering in email.

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Virtual Assistants
By accessing our data, they can help us in keeping notes of our tasks, making
calls for us, sending messages, and a lot more.
With speech recognition, these assistants can not only detect our speech but
can also make sense of it.
A lot more advancements are expected in this field in the near future
Eg: Google Assistant, Cortana, Siri, Alexa, etc

REVISING AI PROJECT CYCLE

Project Cycle is a step-by-step process to solve problems using proven

scientific methods and drawing inferences about them.

1 COMPONENTS OF PROJECT CYCLE

Problem Scoping - Understanding the problem

Data Acquisition - Collecting accurate and reliable data
Data Exploration - Arranging the data uniformly
Modelling - Creating Models from the data
Evaluation - Evaluating the project

The Stakeholder Who

[Problem
Have a problem Issue/Problem What
Statement
When/While Context/Situation/Location Where Template]
Ideal Solution How the Solution will help Stakeholders Why

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CHATBOTS

One of the most common applications of Natural Language Processing is a chatbot.

Example: Mitsuku Bot Jabberwacky Rose

Clever Bot Haptic OChatbot

Types of ChatBots

SCRIPT BOTS SMART BOTS

Easy to make Comparatively difficult to make

Work on the script of the programmed set. Work on bigger databases

Limited functionality Wide functionality

No or little language processing skills Coding is required

Example: Customer Care Bots. Example: Google Assistant, Alexa,

Cortana, Siri, etc.

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HUMAN LANGUAGE VS COMPUTER LANGUAGE

1 HUMAN LANGUAGE

Humans communicate through language which we process all the time.

Our brain keeps on processing the sounds that it hears around itself and
tries to make sense out of them all the time.
Communications made by humans are complex.
2 COMPUTER LANGUAGE

The computer understands the language of numbers.

Everything that is sent to the machine has to be converted to numbers.
A single mistake is made, the computer throws an error and does not
process that part.
The communications made by the machines are very basic and simple

ERRORS IN PROCESSING HUMAN LANGUAGE

Arrangement of words and meaning

Different Syntax, Same meaning Our Brain
Different Meaning, Same Syntax
Listen Prioritize
Multiple Meanings of the Word
Perfect Syntax, No Meaning
Process

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ARRANGEMENT OF THE WORDS AND MEANING

Syntax: Syntax refers to the grammatical structure of a sentence.

Semantics: It refers to the meaning of the sentence.

Different syntax, same semantics: 2+3 = 3+2

Here the way these statements are written is different, but their meanings
are the same that is 5.
Different semantics, same syntax: 3/2 (Python 2.7) ≠ 3/2 (Python 3).

Here we have the same syntax but their meanings are different. In Python
2.7, this statement would result in 1 while in Python 3, it would give an
output of 1.5.

1 MULTIPLE MEANINGS OF A WORD

To understand let us have an example of the following three sentences:

1. "His face turned red after he found out that he had taken the wrong bag"
Possibilities: He feels ashamed because he took another person’s bag instead
of his OR he's feeling angry because he did not manage to steal the bag that he
has been targeting.
2. "The red car zoomed past his nose"
Possibilities: Probably talking about the color of the car, that traveled close to
him in a flash.

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3. "His face turns red after consuming the medicine"

Possibilities: Is he having an allergic reaction? Or is he not able to bear the taste of
that medicine?

2 PERFECT SYNTAX, NO MEANING

1. "Chickens feed extravagantly while the moon drinks tea"

Meaning: This statement is correct grammatically but makes no sense. In
Human language, a perfect balance of syntax and semantics is important for
better understanding.

DATA PROCESSING

Since we all know that the language of computers is Numerical, the very first
step that comes to our mind is to convert our language to numbers.
This conversion takes a few steps to happen. The first step to it is Text
Normalisation.

TEXT NORMALISATION

In Text Normalization, we undergo several steps to normalize the text to a lower

level. That is, we will be working on text from multiple documents and the term
used for the whole textual data from all the documents altogether is known as
"Corpus".

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1 SENTENCE SEGMENTATION
Under sentence segmentation, the whole corpus is divided into sentences. Each
sentence is taken as a different data so now the whole corpus gets reduced to
sentences.

Example:

BEFORE SENTENCE SEGMENTATION AFTER SENTENCE SEGMENTATION

“You want to see the dreams with close You want to see the dreams with close eyes
eyes and achieve them? They’ll remain and achieve them?
dreams, look for AIMs and your eyes They’ll remain dreams, look for AIMs and
have to stay open for a change to be your eyes have to stay open for a change

seen.” to be seen

2 TOKENISATION
TOKENISATION

A “Token” is a term used for any word or number or special character occurring in a
sentence.

Under Tokenisation, every word, number, and special character is considered

separately and each of them is now a separate token.

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Corpus: A corpus can be defined as a collection of text documents.

Example: You want to see the dreams with close eyes and achieve them?

You want to see the dreams with close

eyes and acheive them ?

4 REMOVAL OF STOPWORDS

Stopwords: Stopwords are the words that occur very frequently in the
corpus but do not add any value to it.

Examples: a, an, and, are, as, for, it, is, into, in, if, on, or, such, the, there, to.

In this step, the tokens which are not necessary are removed from the token
list. To make it easier for the computer to focus on meaningful terms, these
words are removed.

Along with these words, a lot of times our corpus might have special
characters and/or numbers.

if you are working on a document containing email IDs, then you might not want
to remove the special characters and numbers

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Example: You want to see the dreams with close eyes and achieve them?

the removed words would be

to, the, and, ?

The outcome would be:

-> You want see dreams with close eyes achieve them

5 CONVERTING TEXT TO A COMMON CASE

We convert the whole text into a similar case, preferably lower case. This
ensures that the case sensitivity of the machine does not consider the same
words as different just because of different cases.

6 STEMMING

Stemming is a technique used to extract the base form of the words by

removing affixes from them. It is just like cutting down the branches of a tree to
its stems.

Might not be meaningful.

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10

Example:

Words Affixes Stem

healing ing heal

dreams s dream

studies es studi

7 LEMMATIZATION

In lemmatization, the word we get after affix removal (also known as

lemma) is a meaningful one and it takes a longer time to execute than
stemming.

Lemmatization makes sure that a lemma is a word with meaning

Example:

Words Affixes lemma

healing ing heal

dreams s dream

studies es study

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11

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STEMMING AND LEMMATIZATION

Stemming lemmatization

The stemmed words might not The lemma word is a meaningful

be meaningful. one.
Caring ➔ Car Caring ➔ Care

BAG OF WORD ALGORITHM

Bag of Words just creates a set of vectors containing the count of word
occurrences in the document (reviews). Bag of Words vectors is easy to
interpret.

The bag of words gives us two things:

A vocabulary of words for the corpus
The frequency of these words (number of times it has occurred in the
whole corpus).

Here calling this algorithm a “bag” of words symbolizes that the sequence of
sentences or tokens does not matter in this case as all we need are the unique
words and their frequency in it.

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STEPS OF THE BAG OF WORDS ALGORITHM

1. Text Normalisation: Collecting data and pre-processing it

2. Create Dictionary: Making a list of all the unique words occurring in
the corpus. (Vocabulary)
3. Create document vectors: For each document in the corpus, find out
how many times the word from the unique list of words has occurred.
4. Create document vectors for all the documents.

Example:
Step 1: Collecting data and pre-processing it.

Raw Data Processed Data

Document 1: Aman and Anil are Document 1: [aman, and, anil, are,
stressed stressed ]
Document 2: Aman went to a Document 2: [aman, went, to, a,
therapist therapist]
Document 3: Anil went to Document 3: [anil, went, to,
download a health chatbot download, a, health, chatbot]

Step 2: Create Dictionary

Dictionary in NLP means a list of all the unique words occurring in
the corpus. If some words are repeated in different documents, they
are all written just once while creating the dictionary.

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13

aman and anil are stressed went

download health chatbot therapist a to

Some words are repeated in different documents, they are all

written just once, while creating the dictionary, we create a list
of unique words.

Step 3: Create a document vector

The document Vector contains the frequency of each word of the
vocabulary in a particular document.

In the document, vector vocabulary is written in the top row.

Now, for each word in the document, if it matches the
vocabulary, put a 1 under it.
If the same word appears again, increment the
previous value by 1.
And if the word does not occur in that document, put a
0 under it.

aman and anil are stressed went to a therapist download health chatbot

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Step 4: Creating a document vector table for all documents

aman and anil are stressed went to a therapist download health chatbot

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

In this table, the header row contains the vocabulary of the corpus and
three rows correspond to three different documents.
Finally, this gives us the document vector table for our corpus. But the
tokens have still not converted to numbers. This leads us to the final
steps of our algorithm: TFIDF.

TFIDF
TFIDF stands for Term Frequency & Inverse Document Frequency.

1 TERM FREQUENCY

1. Term frequency is the frequency of a word in one document.

2. Term frequency can easily be found in the document vector table

Example:

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aman and anil are stressed went to a therapist download health chatbot

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

Here, as we can see that the frequency of each word for each document
has been recorded in the table. These numbers are nothing but the Term
Frequencies!

2 DOCUMENT FREQUENCY

Document Frequency is the number of documents in which the word occurs

irrespective of how many times it has occurred in those documents.

aman and anil are stressed went to a therapist download health chatbot

2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

We can observe from the table is:

1. Document frequency of ‘aman’, ‘anil’, ‘went’, ‘to’ and ‘a’ is 2 as they
have occurred in two documents.
2. Rest of them occurred in just one document hence the document
frequency for them is one.

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3 INVERSE DOCUMENT FREQUENCY

In the case of inverse document frequency, we need to put the

document frequency in the denominator while the
total number of documents is the numerator.

aman and anil are stressed went to a therapist download health chatbot

3/2 3/1 3/2 3/1 3/1 3/2 3/2 3/2 3/1 3/1 3/1 3/1

FORMULA OF TFIDF

The formula of TFIDF for any word W becomes:

TFIDF(W) = TF(W) * log( IDF(W) )

We don’t need to calculate the log values

by ourselves. We simply have to use the
log function in the calculator and find out!

aman and anil are stressed went to a therapist download health chatbot

1*log 0*log 0*log 0*log

1*log(3/2) 1*log(3) 1*log(3) 1*log(3) 0*log(3) 0*log(3) 0*log(3) 0*log(3)
(3/2) (3/2) (3/2) (3/2)

0*log 1*log 1*log 1*log

1*log(3/2) 0*log(3) 0*log(3) 0*log(3) 1*log(3) 0*log(3) 0*log(3) 0*log(3)
(3/2) (3/2) (3/2) (3/2)

1*log 1*log 1*log 1*log

0*log(3/2) 0*log(3) 0*log(3) 0*log(3) 0*log(3) 1*log(3) 1*log(3) 1*log(3)
(3/2) (3/2) (3/2) (3/2)

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After calculating all the values, we get:

aman and anil are stressed went to a therapist download health chatbot

0.176 .477 0.176 0.477 0.477 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.176 0 0 0 0 0.176 0.176 0.176 0.477 0 0 0

0 0 0.176 0 0 0.176 0.176 0.176 0 0.477 0.477 0.477

Finally, the words have been converted to numbers. These numbers are
the values of each document.

Here, we can see that since we have less amount of data, words like ‘are’
and ‘and’ also have a high value. But as the IDF value increases, the value
of that word decreases.

That is, for example:

Total Number of documents: 10
Number of documents in which ‘and’ occurs: 10
Therefore, IDF(and) = 10/10 = 1

Which means: log(1) = 0. Hence, the value of ‘and’ becomes 0.

On the other hand, the number of documents in which ‘pollution’ occurs: 3
IDF(pollution) = 10/3 = 3.3333…
This means log(3.3333) = 0.522; which shows that the word ‘pollution’
has considerable value in the corpus.

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Important concepts to remember:

1. Words that occur in all the documents with high term frequencies have the
least values and are considered to be the stopwords
2. For a word to have a high TFIDF value, the word needs to have a high term
frequency but less document frequency which shows that the word is
important for one document but is not a common word for all documents.
3. These values help the computer understand which words are to be
considered while processing the natural language. The higher the value, the
more important the word is for a given corpus.

APPLICATIONS OF TFIDF

TFIDF is commonly used in the Natural Language Processing domain.

Some of its applications are:

1. Document Classification – Helps in classifying the type and genre of

a document.
2. Topic Modelling – It helps in predicting the topic for a corpus.
3. Information Retrieval System – To extract the important information
out of a corpus.
4. Stop word filtering – Helps in removing the unnecessary words from
a text body.

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edurev.in

Evaluation Chapter Notes | Artificial Intelligence for Class 10

PDF Download
9-11 minutes

What is Evaluation?

Evaluation is a process that critically examines a program. It involves collecting and analyzing

information about a program’s activities, characteristics, and outcomes. Its purpose is to make

judgments about a program, to improve its effectiveness, and/or to inform programming decisions.

Let me explain this to you:

Evaluation is basically to check the performance of your AI model. This is done by mainly two things:

“Prediction” & “Reality“. Evaluation is done by:

• First, search for some testing data with the resulted outcome that is 100% true.

• Then, feed that testing data to the AI model while you have the correct outcome with yourself,

which is termed as “Reality.”

• When you get the predicted outcome from the AI model, called “Prediction,” compare it with the

actual outcome, that is, “Reality.”

You can do this to:

• Improve the efficiency and performance of your AI model.

• Identify and correct mistakes.

Prediction and Reality

• Try not to use the dataset that has been used in the process of data acquisition or the training

data in evaluation.

• This is because your model will simply remember the whole training set and will therefore always

predict the correct label for any point in the training set. This is known as overfitting.

Evaluation Terminologies

There are various terminologies that come in when we work on evaluating our model. Let’s explore them

with an example of the Football scenario

The Scenario

• Imagine you have developed an AI-based prediction model designed to identify a football (soccer

ball). The objective of the model is to predict whether the given/shown figure is a football. To

understand the efficiency of this model, we need to check if the predictions it makes are correct

or not. Thus, there exist two conditions that we need to consider: Prediction and Reality.

◦ Prediction: The output given by the machine.

◦ Reality: The actual scenario about the figure shown when the prediction has been made.

• Now, let's look at various combinations that we can have with these two conditions:

◦ True Positive (TP): The model predicts the figure as a football, and it is indeed a football.

◦ True Negative (TN): The model predicts the figure as not a football, and it is indeed not a

football.

◦ False Positive (FP): The model predicts the figure as a football, but it is not a football.

◦ False Negative (FN): The model predicts the figure as not a football, but it is indeed a

football.

By analyzing these combinations, we can evaluate the performance and efficiency of the AI model. The

goal is to maximize the number of True Positives and True Negatives while minimizing the number of

False Positives and False Negatives.

1. Possibility
2. Case

3. Possible action

4. Last case

Try yourself:

What is the term used to describe when the model predicts the figure as a football, and it is indeed a

football?

• A.

True Positive (TP)

 • B.

True Negative (TN)

• C.

False Positive (FP)

• D.

False Negative (FN)

Confusion Matrix

The comparison between the results of Prediction and Reality is known as the Confusion Matrix.

The confusion matrix helps us interpret the prediction results. It is not an evaluation metric itself but

serves as a record to aid in evaluation. Let’s review the four conditions related to the football example

once more.
 Get additional INR 200 off today with EDUREV200 coupon. Avail Offer

Confusion Matrix table

Parameters to Evaluate a Model

Now let us go through all the possible combinations of “Prediction” and “Reality” & let us see how we

can use these conditions to evaluate the model.

Accuracy

Definition: Accuracy is the percentage of “correct predictions out of all observations.” A prediction is

considered correct if it aligns with the reality.

In this context, there are two scenarios where the Prediction matches the Reality:

Accuracy Formula

Here, total observations cover all the possible cases of prediction that can be True Positive (TP), True

Negative (TN), False Positive (FP), and False Negative (FN).

Example: Let’s revisit the Football example.

Assume the model always predicts that there is no football. In reality, there is a 2% chance of

encountering a football. In this scenario, the model will be correct 98% of the time when it predicts no

football. However, it will be incorrect in the 2% of cases where a football is actually present, as it

incorrectly predicts no football.

Here:
Conclusion

Precision

Definition: The percentage of "true positive cases" out of all cases where the prediction is positive. This

metric considers both True Positives and False Positives. It measures how well the model identifies

positive cases among all cases it predicts as positive.

In other words, it evaluates the proportion of correctly identified positive instances compared to all

instances the model predicted as positive.

Precision Formula

Definition: Precision is the percentage of “true positive cases” out of all cases where the prediction is

positive. It considers both True Positives and False Positives.

In the football example, if the model always predicts the presence of a football, regardless of reality, all

positive predictions are evaluated, including:

• True Positive (Prediction = Yes and Reality = Yes)

• False Positive (Prediction = Yes and Reality = No)

Just like the story of the boy who falsely cried out about wolves and was ignored when real wolves

arrived, if the precision is low (indicating more false positives), it could lead to complacency. Players

might start ignoring the predictions, thinking they're mostly false, and thus fail to check for the ball when
it’s actually there.

Example:

Recall

Definition: Recall, also known as Sensitivity or True Positive Rate, is the fraction of actual positive

cases that are correctly identified by the model.

In the football example, recall focuses on the true cases where a football was actually present,

examining how well the model detected it. It takes into account:

• True Positives (TP): Cases where the model correctly identified the presence of a football.

• False Negatives (FN): Cases where a football was present, but the model failed to detect it.

Recall Formula

In both Precision and Recall, the numerator is the same: True Positives. However, the denominators

differ: Precision includes False Positives, while Recall includes False Negatives.

F1 Score

Definition: The F1 Score measures the balance between precision and recall. It is used when there is

no clear preference for one metric over the other, providing a way to seek a balance between them.

F1 Score Formula

Try yourself:
Which metric measures the balance between precision and recall?

• A.

Accuracy

• B.

Precision

• C.

Recall

• D.

F1 Score

Which Metric is Important?

Choosing between Precision and Recall depends on the specific context and the costs associated with

False Positives and False Negatives:

• Forest Fire Detection: Here, a False Negative (failing to detect a fire when there is one) is

critical because it could lead to devastating consequences, like the forest burning down.

Therefore, Recall (which emphasizes detecting all positive cases) is crucial in this scenario.

• Viral Outbreak Prediction: A False Negative here (not identifying an outbreak when it occurs)

can lead to widespread infection and severe public health issues. Hence, Recall is again more

important.

• Mining: If a model predicts the presence of treasure (a False Positive) but there's none, it could

result in unnecessary and costly digging. In this case, Precision (which focuses on avoiding false

alarms) is more valuable.

• Spam Email Classification: If a model incorrectly labels a legitimate email as spam (a False

Positive), it could lead to missing important messages. Therefore, Precision is critical in this

scenario as well.

Cases of High FN Cost:

• Forest Fire

• Viral

Cases of High FP Cost:

 • Spam

• Mining

Both the parameters are important

To sum up, if you want to assess your model’s performance comprehensively, both Precision and Recall

are crucial metrics.

• High Precision might come at the cost of Low Recall, and vice versa.

• The F1 Score is a metric that balances both Precision and Recall, providing a single score to

evaluate model performance.

• An ideal scenario would be where both Precision and Recall are 100%, leading to an F1 Score of

1 (or 100%).

Both Precision and Recall range from 0 to 1, and so does the F1 Score, with 1 representing the perfect

performance.

F1 Score Table

Let us explore the variations we can have in the F1 Score: