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Lecture 1 - Principles of Remote Sensing - Block-1

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10 views22 pages

Lecture 1 - Principles of Remote Sensing - Block-1

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Deepak Yadav
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lecture 1 | Principles of

Remote Sensing
| Block-1 | MGY-102 | IGNOU PGDGI |

Process of Remote Sensing, History, Advantage, Limitation


Expected Learning
Outcomes_______________________

Define define remote sensing;

List out list out major landmarks in the history of remote sensing;

Mention mention the components of remote sensing;


What is Remote Sensing?
Remote sensing is the science of gathering information about objects or
areas from a distance, usually from satellites or aircraft.

It involves using special instruments to measure reflected, emitted, or


returned electromagnetic radiation from the Earth's surface without
physically touching the objects being studied.
The term "remote sensing," first used in the United States in the 1950s by
Ms. Evelyn Pruitt.
Definition

According to India's National Remote sensing Agency – “ Remote Sensing is


the Technique of acquiring information about objects on the earth's surface
without physically coming into contact with them.”

According to NASA, The science -- and art -- of identifying, observing and


measuring an object without coming into direct contact with it. This process
involves the detection and measurement of radiation of different wavelengths
reflected or emitted from distant objects or materials, by which they may be
identified and categorized by class/type, substance and spatial distribution.
Definition
Sabins (1978) has defined remote sensing “as a method that employs
electromagnetic energy such as light, heat, and radio waves as the means
of detecting and measuring target characteristics”. Further, he excludes
electrical, magnetic, and gravity methods from remote sensing because
they measure force fields rather than electromagnetic radiation.

According to Lillesand and Kiefer (1979), remote sensing is “the science and
art of obtaining useful information about an object, area or phenomenon
through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in contact with
the object, area, or phenomenon under investigation”
Definition

Campbell (2002) has defined remote sensing as “the practice of deriving information about the Earth’s land and
water surfaces using images acquired from an overhead perspective, using electromagnetic radiation in one or
more regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, reflected or emitted from the Earth’s surface”.

According to the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), remote sensing is “the
measurement or acquisition of information of some property of an object or phenomenon, by a recording
device that is not in physical or intimate contact with the object or phenomenon under study” (Colwell, 1983).
In 1988, ASPRS adopted a combined definition of photogrammetry and remote sensing which states that
“Photogrammetry and remote sensing are the art, science and technology of obtaining reliable information
about physical objects and the environment, through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting
imagery and digital representations of energy patterns derived from non-contact sensor systems” (Colwell,
1997).
Remote Sensing
System
• Energy source or illumination (A).
• Radiation and the Atmosphere (B).
• Interaction with the target (c).
• Recording of energy by the sensor
(D).
• Transmission, Reception and
processing (E).
• Interpretation and Analysis (F)
• Application (G):
Source of Energy (A):
• The first and very important
requirement for remote sensing is
an energy source which provides
electromagnetic energy to the
Earth.
• It may be either from natural (e.g.,
solar radiation) or artificial (e.g.,
RADAR) sources. For remote
sensing, Sun’s radiations are
commonly used as a source of
energy.
Interaction of energy with
the atmosphere (B):
• When energy travels from its
source to the Earth’s surface, it
comes in contact with the Earth’s
atmosphere where it interacts
with atmospheric constituents.
• The energy reflected/emitted from
Earth’s surface is received by
remote sensors. In this process,
the energy once again interacts
with the atmosphere.
Interaction with Earth
surface features (C):
• Energy reaching the Earth’s
surface through the
atmosphere interacts with the
Earth’s surface features.
• The interaction and its outcome
depend on the characteristics
of the features and the energy.
Recording of energy by
the sensor (D):
• After interacting with Earth’s
surface features the reflected
and emitted energy travels to
the sensor. And, the sensor
records the reflected and
emitted energy.
Transmission, reception, and
processing of the recorded signals
(E):
• The energy recorded by the
sensor is transmitted in the
form of signals to receiving and
processing stations on the
Earth. The signals are in
electronic form and are
processed and converted into
an image.
Utilisation of
the data (F):
The processed image is
interpreted and analysed to
extract information about the
object of interest
Principal of Remote Sensing
Detection and discrimination of objects or surface features means detecting and
recording of radiant energy reflected or emitted by objects or surface material.
The energy can be solar, heat, sound, etc.

We largely use solar energy for earth surface, sound for objects below the oceans.

The energy must come from a source, incident on the objects and reflected into a
recording system or the objects emit the energy and recorded by the system.
In both cases, the energy must pass through a medium, Earth objects reflect or
emit energy differently and this is key for remote sensing.
HISTORY OF REMOTE SENSING
HISTORY OF REMOTE SENSING
Advantages

it can provide data in


it is a cost-effective means wavelengths beyond the
it provides a synoptic view
of data collection sensing capability of a
human eye

it is an unobtrusive means
it provides historical data
of data collection which
sets which are useful to
it can acquire data from does not change the
know the characteristics of
inaccessible areas. characteristics of the
an object at a given point
object or phenomenon
of time in pa
being observed
Limitations

it is sometimes found that appropriate data is not available or


easily acquired, particularly in the tropical regions where cloud
cover obstructs the acquisition of images because not all
sensors can ‘see’ through cloud.

remote sensing equipment can become uncalibrated with time


resulting in errors in the data collected.
Thank you

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