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Important questions for class 11 chemistry ch thermodynamics
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
36 views20 pagesThermodynamics Questions
Important questions for class 11 chemistry ch thermodynamics
Uploaded by
naazneen842Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 20
BJe
ed aE
hat if two systems A and B are sep
ia thermal equilibrium with each
Tied explain zeroth law of th
es. How doe
rately in thermal ecu
other. In other val ecquiltorium with a thind system C, then A and Bare
fpernal equilfottum. then A and C will lsc the in 4
in thermal
'etd §o the concept A tenpemnae
fA wth Bing,
Bin thermal ecquitthetam and Bath Caleo in
eat,
g figure shows two systems A and B
re separated from system, Clyadiahaseeaaa 07 adiabatic wall (theugh which hent dees not Sow)
C will reach thermal equilibrium separntely. i a Wrenigh which heat can Seme\ The exteme A and Cand
of heat showing that A. and B are hendy iran nn Dennen A at Bi remense. re wi be mo
Inu of thermodynamics implies that terperstowe oe
are in thermal equilibrium with each ea lence
bbrium or not with another system, iaerigotans
qartiny which has the ame wate for al
wef a exten determines whether? sin
frst law of thermodynamics.
k the law of conservation of energy applied to a thermodynamical systems. It tate that if 4Q beat s sapped ©
= themodynamical system then it partially increases its intemal energy “SU and rest does work SW"
Tt AQ = AU + AW
Here AQ = amount of heat supplied /absorbed
change in intemal eneray
SW = work done by thermodynamical system
Describe an analytical method for' ;
Consider 2 gae contained in a cylinder of cross-sectional aren A and
provided with frctonless movable piston. Let Pe te pressure ofthe
Ss.
Force exerted by the gas on the piston,
F=PxA a ihecuah &
Suppose the gas expands a litle and pushes out the
small distance dx. The work done by the gas i$
dW = Fax = PAdx = P (Adx)
dW = Pav
where dV = Adx, is the change in volume of the 9 ges fom V, 1 Veil b9
The total work done by the gas when its volume
and internal energy.
ae jaw fev
uw work:
of heat, system negative.
Note:- Sign conventions used inthe measurement eat given out by the ge)
{) Heat absorbed by the system is Oe go aa oe aa 138.
isi
id work done on the ayster iy
(ii) Work done by the systom is postive ( consider expansion of gas ) 8” ni
(consider compression of gas). fentures.
fits important fe
Name impor mod ‘al process and write Its ‘same as therm¢ *
lame Important thermodynamic: ich presaure rernaln ody
+ lsobaric process : It is o thermodynamical process In
change.
1 PV = nT
vi
~ v (8)r
P
Slope of V vs T graph = *
3 AQ = CAT
AU = nCaT
AW = PAV or nRAT
in same as therm
leochoric process : It is a thermodynamical process In which volume remain s }odymemical
change.
1 PV =nRT
R
p(k
Gs (Fr
Py
Slope of P vs T graph -8
2. AQ = AU = nC,aT
AW =0 ! ‘
Isothermal process : It is a thermodynamical process in which temperature remain same as thermodynamid
state change.
1 PV = nRT. P.
nT
ee esr \
Ve
2 AQ = AW = nRTlogl <2 ;
A
AU =0
Adiabatic process :Itisa thermodynamical process in which no heat exchange take place with umount
thermodynamical state change.
1 PV" = K (constant)
g: aQ=0
AW = -AU or AU = -AW.
v
(2) What is a eyclic process ? ct
(0) Prove that the net work done during a cyclic process is numerically equal to the erea of the loop represen
aycle.
Cyclic process : Any process in which the system retums to its initial
state after undergoing a series of changes Is known as a cyclic process,
Work done during a cyclic process : Suppose a gas first expands
from state A to state B along path AXB and then undergoes compression
to return to state A along the path BYA, &
Work done by the gas during the expansion is
W, = + area AXBCDA
Work done on the gas during the compression is ol
W, = ~ area BYADCB
a7------sy> ?
gototal jwork done during the cyctic process ig Thermodynamics
W=W,+w,
done per cycle is numerically equal
(Wor : 0 the
(ye oops traced clockwise the work done
i : :
ra the loop is traced anticlockwise, the work q
area BYADCB = + aren AXBVA
are
poate 2 presenting the cycle
one ge ttt work done bythe satem
dative anc] werk is done on the system
(a)ina adiabatic Process es thermodynamical ada relation between (i) P& V (il) P&T (in) V & T.
jp)Acconding to the first law of thermodynamics, Indes. No exchange that takes place i.e. AQ = 0
dQ = dU + dw
ao foran adiabatic process, dQ = 0
O=dU+aw
a nC, AT + PAV=0
According to the ideal gas equation,
PV=nRT
pifferentating both sides, we get
1 $0 above equation change to
PdV+VdP=nR8T of at = PAV + VAP
+PaV = 9
ny
( /aP
(eves )
a C,PdV + C, VaP + RPdV=0
o C,VdP + (C, +R) PdV=0
a C, VaP + C, Pav=0 [:C,=C,+RI
Dividing both sides by C, PV, we get
or
Integrating both sides, we get
jery%- where C isa constant of integration
py
Jog, P + y log, V=C
° Jog, PV'= Cor PV? = e® or PVI= K
This the adiabatic lator between pressure Pand wolume V ofan al as
Note:- 1 Adiabatic relation between P and T. For one mole of a gas PV = therefore
yo
wae
Putting in PV’ = K, we get
y 127 «Kz another constant
en = cso
ie, 4 T= constant
PED Oe rature Tof en ideal gas
Tiss the adiabatic relation between pressure Pandl¥emPea Wt a tone
Note:.2 Adiabatic relation between V and T: Again, for one
=f
A nay,
“ting in PV" = K, we get
Mek %
= constant 139 CBSE-Physics Altay,
perature T of an ideal gas.
. (a) We know that work done by a thermod
This is the adiabatic relation between volume V and tem}
Obtain expressions for work done by a thermodynamical system In 2
(a) Isobaric process
(6) Isochoric process
(€) Isothermal process
(d) Adiabatic process
tynamical system as thermodynamical state changes frm Py
(P,Y,) is given by
(P = constant in isobaric process)
W = PAV = nRAT
(b) We know that work done by a thermodynamical system as thermodynamical state changes from (P,y
‘"
(P,V,) is given by
Ve
w= i Pav
=0 (V = constant or dV = 0 in isochoric process)
(c) We know that work done by a thermodynamical system as thermodynamical state changes from (P,{V),
(,V,) is given by .
Vp
= iV
We fy Pal
Eeoueke tage Oy nk
4 4
w,, = fay -orrftave= 7
j eT AV =n fe nRTIIn VI?
Ve
= nRT [In V,—In V\) = nRT In ye
h
oO w, 2308 nRT log 2 = 2.303 RT log EE
h 2
(d) We know that work done by a thermodynamical system as thermod\ from (PV;
the '
eats lynamical state changes
We JyePav
SINE J
vel | Ky3Y"1 ype!
ari}, =
we IiiKw-ay 4 xf
Ny, ~y+1
= BGT, _ Ve,
~y+1 a ye o
pe the following
heat at constant volume ¢, ,
peli
(ey specific
ty Molar specific heat at constant volume C,
( gpecific heat at constant pressure ¢,
\ )Molar specific heat at constant pressure C
ie mount of heat which i #
) Iris that amount ich Increases temperatur
S ul re of one gram 0 hee delish
ip)ltis that amount of heat which increases temperature of one eal a ges i. rs at constant volume.
igltis that amount of heat which increases temperature of one gram sp ta wee at oe volume.
of gas by 1°C at constant pressure.
¢2)tis that amount of heat which Inctedies femperature of one male of gas by 1°C at constant pressure.
a at
AQ = me, AT amount of heat require:
soe - 1 to raise temperature of m gram of gns by AT'C at constant volume
> AQ = me AT = FF(Mey)AT = nCyaT
Thus AQ = nC,AT is amount of heat Fequired to raise temperature of n mole of gas by AT 0° at
constant volume .
is] Prove the Meyer's relation : Cy Cy = R, where the symbols have their usual meanings
(b) Show that C, > Cy,
2) Consider n mole of gas filled in cylinder fitted with a massless piston as shown in the adjacent diagram. When
\Qheat is supplied at constant volume, whole of itis used up in increasing internal energy.
Thus AQ = AU
o CAT = AU i. titi limes ance MR (i)
When heat is supplied at constant pressure, part of heat supplied increases internal energy and the rest does work.
‘To produces same increment in internal energy we need to supply heat AQ’ (>AQ) given by
AQ' = AU + AW (ii)
* nC,AT = nC,AT + PAV
* nC,AT = nC,AT + nRAT
o c,=C, +R
* C,-C, =R 2
6) AQ’ > AQ (AU same in both case)
% nC,AT > nCAT
sf c,>C,
hat are the limitations of the first law of thermodynamics?
LUmitations of the first law of thermodynamics :
Udoes not give the direction of transfer of heat.
UN does net give any information about the conditions i "
Wilt does not indicate the extent to which heat energy can be converts
inder which heat can be converted into mechanical work.
1d into mechanical work continuously.
*
_ “ale second law of thermodynamics.
iB t
se sated in two equivalent ways as follows engine, which will produce no effect other than
'VKelvinPlanck statement : It fs impossible 1 constrict Bice
®xtracting heat from a reservoir and performing an eae
'S'5 applicat i
ble to a heat engine. a 14.
Ans.
15.
Ans.
*hysics
put it in relation (vi) we get
Ve May
Thus. W-= nRT; log, ( #} ~nRTz toe( YU }
= nR(T, ~Tp)loge (¥ ) sen)
iis dened asthe rato of the net work done per cyte by the ene tothe an
Efficiency of Camot engint
of heat absorbed per cycle by the working substance from the source
Va
R(T = T2loae |,
AY) si
a des - oe Rh toae(¥2) ” y
M
Draw block diagram of refrigerator. Explain its working and define its coefficient of performance,
Refrigerator : A refrigerator is a Camot's heat engine working in the
reverse direction,
The working substance consist the following four steps : ac
(i) The gasis allowed to expand suddenly (adiabatically) from high tolow ,
pressure. This cools it and converts it into a vapour-liquid mixture. Pe
(i) The cold fluid is ellowed to absorb heat Q,isothermally from the cold
reservoir. This converts the mixture into vapour Aan
(ii) Then the vapour is adiabatically compressed til it heats up to the
temperature of the surroundings. fas.
(iv) Finally the vepour is compressed isothermally in contact with the
surroundings. The vapour releases heat Q, |
(Q,= Q, + W)to the surroundings and retums to the initial state. j=
Coefficient of performance : [tis defined as the ratio of the amount of heat removed (Q, ) to the mecharal
work (W) be done percycle.
As
or
o
Give the significance of the second law of thermodynamics,
Significance of second law : The second law of thermodynamics puts a fundamental limit to the
heat engine and the coefficient of performance of a refrigerator. 2
(0) According to second law, the efficieney of a heat engine can never be unity or 100%. This implies that!
absorbed from the source can naver be totally converted to work done.
(li) According to second law, the coefficient of performance of arefr never!
frigerator infinite. This
the external work (W) can never be zero. ie meee jermodynantics
rsatem goes from state A 10 B via tug
ryomat ener in the Processes | ang He
rel
88081 and Il, es shown In
lated to each other?
ig. How are AU, and AU, (the changes in
Vv
re,
since the internal energy is path indepenclent, there
AU, =A, .
[sit possible to increase the temperature of a gas without giving it heat?
‘es, for example it happens during an adiabatic process ae
s AQ = AU + AW. For i i
AQ= AU an adiabatic compression, AQ = 0, so AU = -AW That is work is done on the gas which
| increases its internal energy. Hence temperature of the gas rises
coling is produced when a gas at high pressure suddenly expands. Why?
in expansion of the gas work is done against the high pressure This decreases the internal energy and hence the
temperature of the gas is decrease,
What is the specific heat of a gas in an isothermal process?
AQ
xasc= op and AT =0
What is the specific heat of a gas in an adiabatic process?
AQ a
Zero ase = ar and AQ =0
Ifan inflated tyre bursts, the air escaping out is cooled, why?
When the tyre bursts, there is an adiabatic expansion of al
the expansion,
such temperature falls
because the pressure of the air inside is sufficiently
greater than the atmospheric pressure. During the air does some work against the surroundings,
therefore, its intemal energy decreases, and 2s 8
?
What is the significance of the area of closed curve on & PV diagram’
The area gives the work done in a eyelie process:
?
Onvwhatfactom, the efcency of Camot engine Sepa
Temperatures of source of heat and sink.
than in the plains?
eal 1 in plains temperature (T,) s0 the ratio,
i ins a 5 hil
Isthe efficiency of a heat engine more in Rll undings s ower than thet
Inhilly areas, the temperature (T,) of the sure
T,/T, is less in hilly areas than thet in
But
plains. pee
25.
Ans.
z8
. (i) Isothermal expansion : As AT = 0,50 & AU =mc AT =0
Can a kitchen be cooled by leaving the door of an electric refrigerator open?
Or
Ifa door of a working refrigerator is kept open fora long time in a closed room, will It make the room Wann op,
No. Akitchen cannot be cooled by leaving the door of a refrigerator open, rather it will got slightly heated,
door of the refrigerator is kept open, refrigerator now extracts heat from the kitchen roorn (neting ng
ong
hg
Cy
chamber). Work is done on it by the electric motor and the total energy is rejected to the room (new
surroundings). Thus the work done by the motor gets added to the room, so it gets heated. ‘ay
Two bodies of specific heats c, and c, having same heat capacities are combined to form a single compenita ey
‘What is the specific heat of the composite body?
mycy
As the heat capacities are equal, 80 m,c, = m,c, => m, = “=
2
Let ce the specific heat of the composite body. Then apply conservation of heat
myc, + m,¢, = (m,+m,)e or myc, + m,c, = (m, + m,)e
2m, = (m, +m) c
_ 2m Amey __ Beye
m, +m
The volume versus temperature T graphs fora certain amount of a perfect gas at two pressures P, and P, are show
in Fig. Which one is greater — P, or P,?
Fora perfect gas,
PV=nRT
aR
veStT
«Slope of VT graph with T-axis a
Fora given amount of ans, slope «2,
2 8, >,
Hence P, > P,.
‘What happens to the change in intemal energy of a gas during (i) isothermal expansion and (ll) adiabatic
(ii) Adiabatic expansion : For an adiabatic change, AQ = 0, so from first law of thermodynamics,
AQ = AU + AW = 0 or AW = -AU.
During expansion, work is done by a gas |.e., AW is positive. So AU must be negative. Hence internal ¢!
‘gas decreases during an adiabatic expansion. 3 ee
‘one mole ofan ideal gas undergoes Acyclic
One oleate ce ABCD where the (RV) co-ordinates are A(6,1), BG,3), C(2,3)
0 ee 7D and DA and also find net work done in the process. Given 1
{ Workdone along AB (expansion) 7
F W, = + Area ABFEA = EA x EF
= (6X 1x 10) x2 198
(i Work done along BC, volume is constant so
{i) Work done along CD ( compression
W, = ~Area CDEFC = — EF x cp
= +2 X 1x 105 x2 x 109 4003
{Work done along DA, again volume is constant so W. :
Thermodynamics
= 10004
W, = Pav =0
iy) Network done in the process te
W=W,+W,4+W,+W, |
= 1000 + 0-400 +0 = 6004 nll
Aliter: Wy = EG £ |
= (5 x 1.0 x 105) (8-1) x 102 z=
= 1000 J. |
w, =0 1
W, = PW,-V,)
= (2 x 1.0 x 10%) x (1-3) x 10° 0
_ dees V (litre) >
w, =0
W=W, +W,+W,+W,
= 1000 + 0 + (400) + 0 = 600)
The PV diagram, for a cyclic process is a triangle ABC drawn in order. The coordinates of A, B, C are (4,1), (2,4)
and (2, 1), Calculate the work done during the process from A to B, B to Cand C to A. Also calculate the work
done in the complete cycle.
Be, 4)
ae
on eee
is
} (i) Work done during the process from A to B secpurye J
‘Area of trapezium ABD! BDEC
.a of rectangle
x BCxAC +DExCE
_yym3 x(2-01Nm™
gam? x(4—2en? 4 am? x
2 e 2
gm?x2.Nm= +3™ en
x
=9d
147
au
2 ere eae
‘As the gas is expanding so the work done is positive
(ii) Work done during the process from B to C (compression) is.
W = - Area of rectangle BCEDE = (ED x CE)
=3x2=6)
As the gas is compressed, so the work done is negative.
(iii) Work done during the process from C to A is (Volume is constant)
so Wy =PAV=0
(iv) Work done in the complete cycle,
W= Wy t Wye + Wey = 9d +6) +05)
J
Aliter: Area of triangle AABC
1
= 5*BCx
: cA
Here W is positive because the cycle ABCA is traced in the clockwise direction.
1 9
1 g—1ym? (4-2)Nm? = 5x3x10%x2Nm? = 35
2" 2
31. 6 moles of oxygen are heated at constant volume from 10°C to 20°C. What will be the change in the intemal
of the gas? The gram molecular specific heat of oxygen at constant pressure, C, = 8 cal mole! °C ang
R= 8.36 J mole°C+
8.
Ans. Here C, = 8 cal mole °C, R = 8.36 J mole °C = =2 cal mole" °C*
As
y = 6 cal mole? C+
Heat gained by 5 moles of oxygen heated from 10°C to 20°C,
AQ = nCAT
6 x 6 x (20-10) = 360 cal.
‘As the gas is heated at constant volume, the extemal work done,
AW = PAV=P x0 =0
From first law of thermodynamics, the increase in internal energy is
AU = AQ - AW = 360 - 0 = 360 cal
32. If, at 50°Cand 75cm of mercury pressure, a definite mass of a gas is compressed (i) slowly, (ii) suddenly, then what
will be the final pressure and temperature of the gas in each case if the final volume is one-fourth of the inital
volume? (y= 15).
Ans. Here Vy,
if
gVpP, = 75cm of Hg,
T, = 50+273 = 323K
(i) When the gas is compressed slowly, the process is isothermal.
PV, = PV, or 75xV, =P, “My
or P, = 75 x 4 = 300 cmof Hg
As the process is isothermal, oT, = 50°C
(ii) When the gas is compressed suddenly, the process is adiabatic.
PAM! = PeVJ
(= vy
Vo V/4
=75 x 4i8
75 x (24)! = 75 x 4 x 2 = 600 em of Hg
Also, Ty =TVyt
or P, Thermodynamics
T, = 27 + 273 = 300K,
7, =?
When tyre bursts suddenly,
its air expands. adiabatically, (PTY constant)
a ee & (By (Ea)
TT TY Ta Py
300 3.375)54 a2
=) ‘a ox (32) " -(2828)”
z d
300
= @375)!* = 15
300
Sig = 200K = -73°C
Acylinder containing one gram molecule of the gas was compressed adiabatically unti its temperature rise from
°C 10 97°C. Calculate the work due and heat produced in the gas. (Given y = 1.5)
T, = 27 +273 = 300K,
T, = 97 + 273 = 370K,
Work done in adiabatic compression (T,, > T, Jof the gas is given by
8.3x(300-370) __ 1169)
15-1
R
we (Ty -Te) =
Ww 1162
t = ee eee oe
Heat produced, H == =p
Asample of gas (y = 1.5) is compressed adiabatically rom a volume of 1600 em"to 400 cm’ Ifthe intial preeure
150 kPa, what is the final pressure and how much work is done on the gas in the process’
7 = 1.5, V, = 1600.cm’,
400 cm®, P, = 150 kPa, P, =?
Foran adiabatic process,
PV! = constant
at
e P\Vy =P,VZ => Pe -7 (i)
1600)” _ y59 x 10? x 8 = 1200 x 10'Pa
P, = 150 x 10? (S)
Work done in the adiabatic compression,
PV, -P2Vo
w,, = Mere :
a is _ 1200 x10 40010 .
A 3 x. 10°
__ 150108 «1600 «10 CBSE-Physics
36. What isthe efficiency of a Camot engine working between ice point and steam point? ty yp
Ans. Temperature of source, ’
T, = Steam point = 373 K
‘Temperature of sink,
T, = Ice point = 273 K
Efficiency,
hel- =1 Ba = 0,268 = 26.8%
6
87. _Asteam engine delivers 5.4 x 10°J of work per minute and services 3.6 % 10°, of heat per minute from iatags
(i) What is the efficiency of the engine? _({!) How much heat Is wasted per minute ? Neer
Ans. Work output, W = 5.4 x 10") Heat input, Q,= 3.6 x 107d
(i W_ _5.4x10°
(Efficiency, y= W
*"Q "36x10"
qi) Heat wasted per minute,
Q, = Q, -W =3.6 x 10°-5.4 x 10* = 30.6 x 10° J =3.1 x 10°F
= 0.15 = 15%
38. A Camot engine absorbs 1000 J of heat from a reservoir at 127° C and rejects 600 J of heat during each ay.
Calculate (i) efficiency of the engine (ii) temperature of the sink and (ili) amount of the useful work done duty
each cycle.
Ans. (i) Q, = 1000 J, Q, = 6004,
T, = 127 + 273 = 400K ‘
600
—— =0.4 = 40%
04 ‘
(a) W = Q,-Q, = 1000-600 = 4004
8
The efficiency of a Camot cycle is 1/6. If reducing the temperature of the sink by 65°C, the efficiency becomes
3, find the initial and final temperature between which the cycle is working.
Ans. If the temperature of the source and the sink between which the cycle is working are T, and T,, then the effciet?
in the first case will be
In the second case, the temperature of the sink is reduced by 65°C. Hence
m-65 1 T 65
lg 68 ete Ta OF
Zo eT
weed
6 6
orT, = 390K = 117°C
Put the value from equation (iii) in (i), we get
7 Tt Tt
uh ole or een
671" 399 % 390
or T, = 325K = 52°C
150 § ofrigerator is to Thermodynamics
maintain eatables ke
Pt inside at 9°
feat 9°C. If room temperature a 36°C, calculate the coefficent of
= 273 + 36 = 309K, INCERTI
= 273 +9 = 282K
sficient of performance,
7 eee
,-T, 309-282 97 104
Power
ToL = BBO og peer nese to acomplia it
T, = 20 + 273 = 293K, T, = 273K
p-S%-_h
MESp
= 29.3 keal
t = 20min =
9.3 x 4.2 10° J= 123 x 10°d
1200 s
W _123x10°
peta eee
2 200 ~~ 102.5W
The work of 146kJ is performed in order to compress one kilo mole of gas adiabatically and in this process the
perature of the gas increases by 7°C. Identify the atomicity of the gas. Given R = 8.3. J mol"K".
first law of thermodynamics,
AQ = AU + AW
br an adiabatic process, AQ = 0 and AW= ~146 kd
AU = -AW = -(146 kJ) = +146 kd
AU = nC, AT
_ AU _ 146 «10° _ 998 Jmor! Kt
“RAT 1x10°%7
jee 3x 8.3 =208 Jmol Kt
br a diatomic gas, Cy = 5
ence the gas is diatomic.
’ atthe same temperature, Ifthe volume of steam is 1672 em’, find
: on ae ie conga ire Latent heat of steam = 2256 dg”. Given 1 atmospheric pressure
H013 x 10° Nm*.
ofwater, m=1g=10%kg
ptent heat of steam
L,
1ospheric pressure,
P= 1x 10°Nm*
256 Jo = 2256 x 10° J ks!
plume of steam,
See 8 1671 cm! = 1671 x 10*mt
2
plume of 1 gm of water = 1m? = 10°m
ording to first law of thermodynamics:
AQ = AU + PAV (bolling
mL, = AU + PIV,-V.)
‘of water is Isobaric process so AW = Pav) » cosas fanaa ALL ;
:. Change in internal energy is
AU = mL - PWV, -V,)
10° x 2256 x 10*—1 x 108 (1671 x 10*- 10+)
)
256 ~ 1 x 10° x 10 x 1670 o
2256 -0.10 x 1670
256 - 167 = 2089 J @
@
44. Apply first law of thermodynamics to i
(i) an sochoric process, (i) a cyclic process and (Ii) an isobaric process ’
State what happens to heat absorbed in each case.
‘Ans. (i) First law of thermodynamics applied to an Isochoric process : In an isochoric process, the volume
remains constant or AV= 0. No work is done on ot by the system (W = P AV = 0). According to the first law oj (
thermodynamics,
Q= aU +W=aU +0 = AU
Hence in an isochoric process, the entire heat given to or taken frorn the system goes to: change its internal. ‘energy
and temperature of the system. The change in temperature can be determined from the equation «
Q=nC, aT
(i) First law of thermodynamics applied to a cyclic process : In a cyclic process, the system retums tog ¢
initial state after undergoing a series of changes. As internal energy is a state function, so AU = 0 for a cyte
process. From first law of thermodynamics,
Q=aU+W=0+W=W
Hence in a cyclic process, the total heat absorbed by a system is equal to the work done by the system.
(iii) First law of thermodynamics applied to an isobaric : process In an isobaric process, P is fixed. Work ’
done by the gas is -
W =P(V,-V,) = nR(T,-T,) °
‘As the temperature of the gas changes, so its intemal energy also changes. Hence in an isobaric process, the fe
absorbed heat goes partly to increase intemal energy and partly to do work. ie. F
45. A geyser heats water flowingat the rate of 3.0 liters per minute from 27° C to 77” C If the geyser operates onags
burner, what is the rate of consumption of the fuel if its heat of combustion is 4.0 x 10*J/g? __[NCERT]
Ans. Volume of water heated = 3.0 litre min” .
Mass of water heated = 3000 q min? ;
Rise in temperature, AT
Specific heat of water, ¢
Heat absorbed by water,
Q = mc AT = 3000 x 4.2 x 50 = 63 x 10 J min
Heat of combustion = 4.0 x 10' Jg? %
Ans. R = 8.3 J mol! K", AT = 45°C
63104 J min’
Rate of combustion of fuel =
4.0x104 di
15.75 g min?
by 45°C at constant pressure? Given molecular weight of N, is28 and R=8.3 Jmol" K*\and Cy = ZR.
aR
Massofgasingrams _ 2.010 x10?
Number of moles of gas, n = “assolgasingrams _ 10° | 20
nO ON INNSS OPP Molacularmem OR a
Molar sp. heat of N, at constant pressure,
RS
G= GR = 5m x 831 mor'Kt :
Heat supplied to the gas,
20
72
Q=nG AT =55%5 x 831 x 45 = 933.75 J Thermodynar
Join why
7 INCERT]
14na'T, fbroughtin thermal contact do not necessatly settle tomean
p) The coolant in a chemical ora nuclear
plan
‘getting too hot) should have Raine fa he liquid used to prevent the different parts of a plant from
and different materials i.e., they may have different thermal
‘capacities. In case the
capa se the two bodies have equal thermal capacities, they would settle at the mean temperature
{T, +T,y2.
| {specific heat is high because Q = me AT. Fora give
> ifcis large. This will prevent different patts of the n
n value of mand Q, the rise in temperature AT will be small
tuclear reactor from getting top hot.
‘Due to the friction between the tyres and the road, the tyres get heated. The temperature of air inside the tyres
“increases. Consequently, the air pressure in the tyres increases slightly.
“The relative humidity of a harbour town is more than that of a desert town. Due to high specific heat of water,
variations in the temperature of humid air are less. Hence the climate of a harbour town is without the
extremes of hot or cold.
linder with a movable piston contains 3 moles of hydrogen at standard temperature and pressure. The walls
Ethe cylinder are made of a heat insulator, and the piston is insulated by having a pile of sand on it. By what
tor does the pressure of the gas increase if the gas is compressed to half its original volume? [NCERT]
or adiabatic process,
V,=Vy2
n a diatomic gas, y
changing the state of a gas adiabatically from an equilibrium state A to another equilibrium state B, an amount
work equal to 22.3 J is done on the system. If the me een ie Se iets es
at absorbed by the system is 9.35 cal, how much is the net work done >
pke | cal =4.19 J) INCERT]
ork done on a system is negative
br the adiabatic process,
4Q=0 and AW= 22.35
As AQ = AU + AW
0 =AU-22.34 orAU = 223.5
leat absorbed by a system is positive,
In the second case,
AQ = 9.35 cal =9.35 x 4.19 J =39-2 :
AW = AQ-AU =39.2 - 223 =+16.9
work is done by the system.
Here positive sign indicates that the ee a
50, Wo cylinders, ‘The cylinder A contains»
Ainders A an Boof equal eapacity are connected to each other via a stopcoe™ nan In ay
At stan rt
dard temperature and pressure, while the eyinderB ls completely evacuated: The entire eystem Is thera,
(INCERT]
Insul
3 lated. The stopcock is sud Jenly opened.
inswer the following
(i)
(i) What is the final Pressure of the gas In A and B ?
(il) What is the change in internal energy of the gas?
(iit) What is the change in temperature of the os?
(iv) Do the intermediate states of the aystem (before setling to final equilibrium state) lie on ts PAT eurface?
A he gas at 1 alm becomes twice the origina)
ins. (i) When the stopcock is suddenly opened, the volume available to #
volume and hence pressure becomes hall the original volume (Boyle's law). Hence the pressure ofthe gas in
each of the cylinders A and Bis 0.5 atm.
(ii) As the system is thermally insulated, so AQ=0, Also, the gas expands against zero
by first law of thermodynamics, AU =0 L.e., there is no change in the internal energy of the gas.
(iii) As there is no change in the intemal energy of the gas, so the temperature of the gas remains unchanged,
hence cannot be controlled. The intermediate states ae
pressure, so AW = 0. Hence
(iv) No. The free expansion of the gas is very rapid and
non-equilibrium states and do not satisfy the gas equation, In due course, the gas returns to equilibrium state
which lies on P-V-T suiface.
work at a rate of 75 joules per
51. _Anclectric heater supplies heat to a system ata rate of 100 W. If system performs
(NCERT)
second, at what rate is the internal energy increasing?
Ans. According to first law of thermodynamics,
AQ = AU+AW
AQ AU. AW.
At At At
AU AU
oc, Own Genel ge He
system is taken from an original state to an intermediate state by the linear process shown in
52. A thermodynamic ?
then reduced to the original value from E to F by an isobaric process. Calculate the total work
figure. Its volume is
by the gas from D to Eto F. INCERT!
600)
-
Eon
E
G
20 Vim) 5.0
by the gas from D to E to F
‘ane. Total works done
i
W = Area of triangle DEF = 3 FD x EF
= 1 (600 - 300) Niv* x (5:0 ~2.0) m? = 4505
2 ©
9
that adiabatics are sleeper than isothermals.
. Show
i For isothermal process
pv=K
Differentiate it wrt V
(*) v+P=0
av
ot ()
AV) sothema V
Which is the slope of P versus V graph at (PV) in an isothermal process.
“ For adiabatic process *
© pyr=K
Differentiate it wrt V
(f)v +PxyV't=0
or (*) =~ P:
AV / scrabatic "
Which is the slope of P versus V graph at (B V) in an adiabatic process.
(*) sae
dV) patane —_V.=
Now #) = : P x
dV) aa
Thus, adiabatics are sleeper than isothermals. CBSE-Physics !
ALLEW?
NEW PATTERN QUESTIONS
1, According to Zeroth law, which
equilibrium?
(A) Pressure
Ans. (B)
Sol. For thermal equilibrium temperature should be same.
Physical quantity must have same value for the two systems to be in thermal
(B) Temperature (C) Volume (D) Composition
2. Foran ideal gas, internal energy depends on
(A) only molecular kinetic energy
(B) only potential energy of the molecules
(C) Both kinetic and potential energies of the molecules
(D) None of the above
Ans. (A)
3. (AQ-AW)is
(A) path dependent (B)path independent _(C) equal to AU (D) Both (B) and (C)
Ans. (D)
Sol. AQ- AW = AU = intemal charge of energy intemal energy is path independent and equal to (AU).
5
4. An ideal gas having molar specific heat capacity at constant volume is > R, the molar specific heat capacities at
constant pressure is
1 5 u p) 2k
(a) 5R B) 5R (©) 5R O>
Ans. (C)
Sol. C,-C,=R
5
-=R=R
C,-5R
(ot
5. According to second law of oe a
" not have efficiency equ
B ei eee (orheat pump) could have infinite velue of coefficient of performance
(C) a heat engine can convert heatfully in work.
(D) Heat can flow from cold to hot body.
(A)
Mtoe ‘engine can have efficiency equal to 1
EEE
For an adiabatic expansion of a perfect gas, the value of AP/P is equal to:-
(a)-vi av (B)-aviV (C)-yavv (D)-7avv
20
rmodynamic process pressure ofa fixed mass of a gas Is changed in such a manner thatthe gas releases?
Ta deed ules of work wes done on the gas I the intial intemal enery of the gaa wns 30 jules,
al will be:-
ie ile ee ea _ @rtas
Ans. (D) CBSE-Physics 4
NEW PATTERN QUESTIONS
1. According to Zeroth law, which physical quantity must have same value for the two systems to be in thermal
equilibrium?
(A) Pressite (B) Temperature (C) Volume (D) Composition
Ans. (B)
Sol. For thermal equilibrium temperature should be same.
2. Foran ideal gas, internal energy depends on
(A) only molecular kinetic energy
(B) only potential energy of the molecules
(C) Both kinetic and potential energies of the molecules
{D) None of the above
Ans. (A)
3. (AQ-AW)is
(A) path dependent (B)path independent —_(C) equal to AU (D) Both (B) and (C)
Ans. (D)
Sol. AQ— AW = AU = intemal charge of energy intemal energy is path independent and equal to (AU)
5 < a
4. Anideal gas having molar specific heat capacity at constant volume is = R, the molar specific heat capacities at
constant pressure is
1 5. - QR
(A) 3k (B) gk () gk (D) 2
Ans. (C)
Sol. C,-C,=R
5.
C,-5R=R
7
=ZR
[s 2 ]
5. Accordingto second law of thermodynamics,
heat engine cannot have efficiency equal to
e) ers (or heat pump) could have infinite value of coefficient of performance
(C) a heat engine can convert heatfully in work.
{D) Heat can flow from cold to hot body.
‘Ans. (A)
Sol. No heat engine can have efficiency equal to 1
6. Foran adiabatic expansion of a perfect gas, the value of AP/P is equal to:-
(a)-Vr AVN (B)-aVV (C)-yaVV (D)-~avv
Ans. (C)
Sol. PV! = const.
APN og
PY
api _ av
BW.
7. Inathermods process pressure of xed mass of gp changed in such a manner thatthe gasreans2
joules of heat and 8 joules of work was done on the gas. If the initial internal energy of the gas was 30 joules, !n—®
in will be:~ ”
the final intemal energy (B)42d : (183 po
307,
+ 30
U,
rocfficienty of Camot engine operating with reservotr tem
373-250, (e 275+250 ture of 100°C and -23°C willbe:
373 378 (cy 100423 373 +123,
o 100 (D) 00s
aT _ 373-250
non 373
a camnot engine working between 300 K
ca opted ia eee and 600 K has work out put of 800 J pereyele, The
ai soul per cycle, The amount of heat
: ice per cycle will be:
(a) 8005 (B) 1600 J 0
ey (C) 12005 (D) 9005
P|
1 <7
600 - 300
600 =05
Q, = 16005
In adiabatic process Bulk modulus of an ideal gas at pressure P is =
4 2 (B)yP (C)Pi2 (D)Py
The following graphs between P and V are plotted at two temperature T, and T,,. Then which of the following is
comect?
(A) T, > T,
@1=-% : ben
(1,
