Lab-Experiment-1
Uploaded by
Angel FerryLab-Experiment-1
Uploaded by
Angel FerryRepublic of the Philippines
B ATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 local 2155
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechatronics Engineering
How Does Multisim Enhance Understanding of
DC Circuit Analysis and Ohm's Law?
Carl Michae l P. Aguila1
Ce dric A. Bianzon2
Charlotte C. Catapang3
Ange l F. Fe rry4
Razhe l Karl M. Me ndoza5
Batangas State University Alangilan Campus, Electronics Engineering Department
1
Gulod Labak, Batangas City, Philippines, PH +63 9649039 122
2
Ilijan Batangas City, Philippines, PH +63 966 3764839
3
Bagong Pook, Lemery, Batangas, Philippines, PH +63936 0966 418
4
Sico, Lipa City, Batangas, Philippines, PH +63 9057343 491
5
Sta. Clara, Batangas City, Philippines, PH +63 9272134 154
1
[email protected],2 [email protected],3 [email protected],4 [email protected],
5
[email protected],
Abstract:
Circuit simulation software, l ike Multisim, i s really i mportant i nmodernengineering.Thisallowsengineerstheabilityto
d esign, prototype, and optimize circuits virtually, which l ater reduces the number of prototypes that have tobephysicallymadeand
acceleratestheentiredesignprocess.ThepurposeofthisexperimentwastoenhancetheunderstandingofsimpleDCcircuitprinciples
using the Multisim software. It also aimed at i ncreasing their knowledge of DC circuit resistance, voltage, and current. In the
experiment,asimpleresistorcircuitwassimulatedtoconfirmOhm'sLawusingthevoltage-currentconnection,andal ampcircuitwas
coupledtoachangeablepowersourcetomonitorvariablesi ncludingcurrent,voltage,andpowerl oss.Theresultsobtainedi ndicatethat
thel uminosityofthel ampreliesuponthesourcevoltage.Assourcevoltagei ncreases,thecorrespondingvoltagei nthel ampi ncreases.
Forthecaseoftheresistancecircuit,i tshowsthatwhenthevoltagei sup,thenthecurrenti ncreasesaswell;therefore,thisjustifiesthat
the resistors are stable against the current they have been rated for.
Keywords: Circuit, Current, Multisim, Voltage
I. Introduction t hese types of calculations become mundane and difficult
his paper demonstrates how the application
T to manage. Multisim solves this problem and enhances
Multisim can be utilized for calculation of electrical our productivity by shortening the time and providing
quantities such as voltage, current and resistance in direct
feedback on our design concepts.
current circuits. Multisim is a popular tool in
undergraduate electrical engineering because it enables
the simulation of circuits which is a fast way to reveal the By the simulation of DC circuits in Multisim, we
functioning of a complex combination of various elements. c an be able to transform our theoretical knowledge into
It is very important to know these values as they help in practical practice. Practically using the software allows us
comprehension of the working of the circuit and its to easily and accurately test circuits. Becoming proficient
troubleshooting. with simulation tools such as Multisim is an important skill
in electrical engineering that enables us to design and
his problem is important because there are such
T troubleshoot circuits much more efficiently.
circumstances when accurate values of these parameters
are needed in building trustworthy circuits. In practice, II. Objectives of the Study
even tiny inaccuracies can create major problems in the I n laboratory experiment 1 the objectives are the
future. With the help of a simulator such as Multisim, we following:
can test the feasibility of our circuits before actually
constructing them, thus saving time and resources. 1. T o investigate the usage of a voltmeter in
measuring voltage across various circuit
components.
efore using Multisim, we first graphed the
B
2. To find out the usage of an ammeter in
circuit's schematic and then manually calculated the circuit determining current flow inside circuit
values using formulas including Ohm'sLaw.. When components.
however, circuits take on increasing levels of complexity,
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation
Republic of the Philippines
B ATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 local 2155
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechatronics Engineering
3. I nvestigate the possible consequences of amp– In some setups, an artificial lamp was
L
exceeding the rated value of electrical used to illustrate how changes in the applied
components. voltage impact the light output. This served as a
4. To validate the concepts of Ohm's Law.
good visual indicating device for how
5. Determine the voltage-current relationship for a
component with constant resistance. components can overheat or fail if driven beyond
6. Tocalculatetheresistancevalueusingthes lope rated levels.
of the current-voltage (I-V) characteristic curve.
III. Materials IV. Procedures
omputer with Windows OS-A computer running
C A. Voltage and Current in DC Circuit
Windows OS was essential to use the Multisim program In this activity, the user created a circuit
effectively, which we relied on for creating and simulating usingNI Multisims oftware, incorporating an
DC models. The stable operating system ensured the ammeter,voltmeter, and alamp. The goal was to
s imulations ran smoothly and provided consistent results, identify the relationships among these
which was critical for our practical applications. components within the circuit.
1. The user openedNI Multisimand, in
I Multisim Software-This was the primary tool
N theToolbar Area, selected theDC
throughout the study. It is a software platform used in power sourceunder thePower Sources
developing and simulating the behavior of different DC s ection, placing it in the appropriate
circuits with actual electronic components absent. Virtual location on the sheet. Similarly, in the
components were placed easily, and circuit responses Indicator Section, the user selected the
could be viewed in real-time. ammeter,voltmeter, andlamp, and
placed them in the circuit.
C power source -The virtual DC power source
D
was added to each circuit in order to supply the
necessary voltage. In this experiment, this source
was varied in order to adjust voltages and
observe the effects on circuit components.
C Current Source- In some configurations for
D
circuits, it is used in order to control the flow of
current through parts of a circuit to analyze how igure 4.1 Placing the components in
F
current-driven behavior works. the creation sheet
esistors– Various values of resistors were
R 2. A
fter placing the components on the
incorporated into the circuits for the simulation of s heet, the user connected the ends of
the practical electrical loads. They came in handy the components to each other according
in analyzing how the voltage, current, and power to the reference. The user then
are correctly distributed throughout the circuit. proceeded to change thenameand
valuesfor thevoltage source,ammeter,
mmeter- The ammeter was connected in series
A
voltmeter, andlampto the
with components to measure the current going
corresponding values. For theDC
through the resistors; this information was
voltage source, the user set the voltage
written down to determine how each resistor was
to3V. For thelamp, the user set the
affected.
parameters to5V, 1Wfor the simulation.
oltmeter- The voltmeter is a part that was
V
connected in parallel across the resistors to
measure the voltage drop across each, thus
knowing how the voltages distributed across the
circuit.
ultimeter: Deployed to measure total
M
resistance in some of the configurations. It did
help verify many of the theoretical calculations,
and validated if the circuit had in fact been Figure 4.2 Renaming and connecting
designed correctly. the components
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation
Republic of the Philippines
B ATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 local 2155
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechatronics Engineering
3. T
he user clicked theS imulate Switchto
s tart the simulation and verified that the
battery voltagewas3V, as measured by
thevoltmeter. The user then recorded
thevoltageacross thelamp terminals
(V)and thecurrent (I)flowing through
the lamp inTable 1.
igure 4.5 Changing the DC supply
F
voltage
6. T
he user changed theDC supply voltage
to8Vand ran the simulation again. The
user observed thevalue of the current
flowing through the circuit and also
Figure 4.3 Simulate switch and run the noted theglow of the lamp.
circuit
4. T
he user changed theDC supply voltage
to5Vand ran the simulation again.
After the simulation, the user recorded
thevoltageandcurrentinTable 1. The
user then calculated thepower
dissipationin thelampusing the
formula:
P=V×IP
where: igure 4.6 Changing the DC supply
F
voltage
● P is the power dissipated by
the lamp, B. Ohm's Law- Resistance
● Vis the voltage across the
lamp, I n this experiment, the user again usedmultisim
● Iis the current flowing through to identify the relation ofvoltageandcurrentinconstant
the lamp. value ofresistor.
he calculated power dissipation was
T
noted accordingly.
igure 4.4 Changing the DC supply
F Figure 4.7 Reference of Resistance Measurement
voltage
A.
5. T
he user changed theDC supply voltage 1 . The user openedNI Multisimand, in the
to7Vand ran the simulation again. The Upper rightof the left sideToolbar, selected the
user observed the effect of the Multimeter, placing it in the appropriate location
increased voltage on theintensity of on the sheet. Similarly, in theToolbar Area, the
lightemitted by thelamp. After the user selected theGroundunderPower Sources,
s imulation, the user recorded thevoltage andResistorswith the value of100 ohms in
andcurrentinTable 1. Basic Section, and placed them in the circuit.
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation
Republic of the Philippines
B ATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 local 2155
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechatronics Engineering
Figure 4.11 Placing Components in the
Figure 4.8 Placing the components sheet
2 . After placing the components on the sheet, the 2. A fter placing the components on the
user connected the ends of thecomponentsto s heet, the user connected the ends of
each other according to thereference. thecomponentsto each other according
to thereference. The user then
proceeded to change the valuefor the
voltage sourceto10V.
3. After that, the user clicked the
s imulation switchto run the analysis
and recorded the voltage'V1'across
resistorR1by connecting amultimeter
inparallelto it.
Figure 4.9 Connecting the components
3 . The user clicked thes imulation switchto run
the analysis and recorded the value ofresistance
R1 in Table 2.
B.
Figure 4.12 Running the simulation for
voltage
4. T
he user clicked thes imulation switch
and recorded the value ofcurrent 'I'
flowing through R1 by connecting
another multimeter in series with R1.
igure 4.10 Reference of the simulation in
F
verifying Ohm's Law
1. T
he user again openedNI Multisim
and, in theUpper rightof the left side
Toolbar, selected theMultimeter,
placing it in the appropriate location on
the sheet. Similarly, in theToolbar Area,
the user selected theGroundandDC Figure 4.13 Running the simulation for
Power SupplyunderPower Sources, current
andResistorswith the value of100
ohms inBasic Section, and placed them 5. T
he user changed theDC supply voltage
in the circuit. to0Vand ran the simulation again.
After the simulation, the user recorded
thevoltageandcurrentinTable 3. The
user then verifies Ohm’s Law V1 = IR1.
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation
Republic of the Philippines
B ATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 local 2155
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechatronics Engineering
Figure 4.14 Changing the DC supply
voltage to 0V igure 4.17 Changing the DC supply
F
voltage to 6V
6. T
he user changed theDC supply voltage
to2Vand ran the simulation again. 9. T
he user changed theDC supply voltage
After the simulation, the user recorded to8Vand ran the simulation again.
thevoltageandcurrentinTable 3. The After the simulation, the user recorded
user then verifies Ohm’s Law. thevoltageandcurrentinTable 3. The
user then verifies Ohm’s Law.
igure 4.15 Changing the DC supply
F Figure 4.18 Changing the DC supply
voltage to 2V voltage to 8V
7. T
he user changed theDC supply voltage 10. The user changed theDC supply voltage
to4Vand ran the simulation again. to 10Vand ran the simulation again.
After the simulation, the user recorded After the simulation, the user recorded
thevoltageandcurrentinTable 3. The thevoltageandcurrentinTable 3. The
user then verifies Ohm’s Law. user then verifies Ohm’s Law.
Figure 4.16 Changing the DC supply Figure 4.19 Changing the DC supply
voltage to 4V voltage to 10V
8. T
he user changed theDC supply voltage
to6Vand ran the simulation again.
After the simulation, the user recorded
thevoltageandcurrentinTable 3. The
user then verifies Ohm’s Law.
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation
Republic of the Philippines
B ATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 local 2155
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechatronics Engineering
For 7V, the power dissipation calculated
V. Data and Results / Discussion s ums up to 1.96 W from table 4.1. That is almost
The results of multisim are already in double that of the rated power of the lamp at 1W.
Procedure Figure 4.1-4.6.
The extra amount of power could probably make
A. Voltage and Current in DC Circuit
the filament overheat, resulting in thermal damage
Computations and even failure of the lamp.
The voltage applied across it increases
u p to 7 V, burning out the lamp. Power dissipation
higher than 1.96 W, well above the rated lamp
power, which is 1 W that means significant
overheating that likely takes its toll on the
After running the circuit with different filament itself.
C supply voltage and getting the results, the group then
D
proceeded to calculate the power dissipated for every Discussion
value of voltage and current.
In this experiment, we make use of Multisim to
s imulate the circuit and take measurements. In the
s imulation, the voltmeter is connected in parallel with the
ource
S amp
L urrent
C Power (W) elements of the circuit to measure the voltage drop and is
Voltage (V) Voltage (V) (A)
s o constructed that its high internal resistance does not
3 3 0.12 0.36 affect the behavior of the circuit; similarly, for the
measurement of the current through the circuit, the
5 5 0.2 1.0 ammeter is connected in series. Its low internal resistance
allows passage of current without causing any
7 7 0.28 1.96 interference. A general sense of the situation could tell
that Multisim can be an effective tool for displaying and
able 4.1 Simulation results using Multisim
T analyzing those measurements, and how it would help in
Electronics Workbench understanding how the circuit could act.
Note:The lamp is rated at 5V, 1W 1. A t 3V: When the source voltage was set to 3V,
the lamp voltage matched at 3V. The lamp drew a
fter solving for the power dissipation, in this
A current of 0.12A, resulting in a power dissipation
table, is the compilation of results from the lab experiment of 0.36W. Since this is well below the lamp’s rated
and calculations conducted that may help the group in power of 1W, the lamp operated safely without
understanding the role and relationship of Voltage, any risk of overheating or damage.
Current, Resistor, and Power. 2. At 5V: Increasing the source voltage to 5V
brought the lamp voltage to its rated value. The
Questions: current increased to 0.2A, and the power
dissipation reached exactly 1W, which is the
1. I n procedure no. 6, after changing the dc supply lamp’s maximum safe power. At this voltage, the
voltage to 8V, what happened to the glow of the lamp functions optimally, giving off light as
lamp? Explain. intended while remaining within safe thermal
limits.
During the run of the circuit in Multisim, 3. At 7V:W hen the source voltage reached 7V, so
t here was no light from the lamp, meaning it could did the voltage of the lamp at 7V. The current
probably have broken. This explanation is to be jumped to 0.28A and almost doubled the power
on account of how it overheated due to its limits dissipation to nearly 1.96W. That's way above
being pushed to 7V during the previous run, thus the rated power by the lamp; this could have also
making it break and unable to take in further caused overheating with the filament likely
voltage. permanently damaged. Such high power
dissipation can cause the failure of the lamp as it
2. W
hy is the lamp damaged when the voltage
was not designed for such types of stress.
across it goes to 7 V? Explain but compare the
power dissipation with the rated value.
he lamp in the circuit is rated 5V, 1W,
T
which means the lamp is designed to work safely
with 5 volts across it, dissipating 1 watt of power.
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation
Republic of the Philippines
B ATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 local 2155
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechatronics Engineering
B. Ohm’s Law - Resistance
Figure 4.15 Resistance of R1 using Multisim
After creating the circuit and running the
s imulation, the resistance value results in 100 ohms.
Computation of Resistance using Ohm’s Law
After getting the results using Multisim,
t he group also calculated it to verify and also
double check for accurate results.
hmmeter
O Ohm’s Law
Reading
Workbench R
1 = 100 1 = 100
R
ohms ohms
Table 5.2 Resistance measurement
I n this table, is the compilation of results
from the lab experiment conducted that may help
the group in understanding the role of resistors.
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation
Republic of the Philippines
B ATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 local 2155
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechatronics Engineering
igure 4.16 Compilation of Results of Resistances using
F
Multisim
This is the actual process of running the
s imulation with different values of DC supply voltage
Computations
After getting the result of resistances using
ultisim, the group also performed verification using
m
Ohm’s law.
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation
Republic of the Philippines
B ATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 local 2155
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechatronics Engineering
Questions:
Workbench ( Multisim) Workbench ( Ohm’s Law)
V (volt) I (mA) V (volt) I (mA) 1. Compare the values of resistance obtained with
ohmmeter, Ohm’s law, and slope of the V-I plot.
0 0 0 0
Comment on your results.
2 20 2 20
The resistance measured directly using
4 40 4 40
the ohmmeter was 100 ohms.
6 60 6 60
Again, using Ohm's law, the calculated
8 80 8 80 v alues gave the resistance to be 100 ohms when
obtained from voltage and current values (Table
10 100 10 100 5.3).
able 5.3 Results of Resistances using Multisim and
T Again, from the slope of the V-I plot, it
Using Ohm’s Law as determined that resistance was also 100
w
ohms.
After compiling the results from MUltisim and
omputations by Ohm’s Law, they can now compare the
C Since all the measurements returned a
results and give a good conclusion. v alue of 100 ohms for resistance, this
consistency points toward the fact that the
resistor was ideal in the simulated circuit and
s eemed to remain constant under the tested
condition. Measurement agreement proves
reliability and sets a basis for confidence in the
accuracy of tools and methods in Multisim.
2 . How could you tell if the resistance is linear or
not? Any other observations or comments:
Resistance is linear if the V/I
r elationship is a straight line, that means the ratio
is constant. The V-I plot confirmed that it is a
s traight line, and so therefore, voltage increases
directly with the increase in current.
Table 5.4 V-I PlotI I n the practical world, if the component
heats up, its resistance may manifest non-linear.
The table shows the relationship However, in this ideal simulation, the resistor
etween voltage and current when resistance remains
b remained linear across the voltages that it was
constant. tested on.
Computations That is, this data (Table 5.4) supports
t he point that in a simulation, the resistor will
behave like an ohmic, or linear, device.
Discussion
sing Multisim, we established the relationship
U
between voltage and current across a resistor in this
experiment to verify that Ohm's law holds. Ohm's law
s tipulates that the current flowing through a conductor
between two points is directly proportional to the voltage
across the two points, given that the resistance is kept
constant. Our approach was to apply different DC supply
voltages to the resistor, measure the resulting current, and
at each measurement verify that it demonstrates the linear
relation expected of a constant resistor.
Resistance Measurement from V-I Slope, R =100 ohms
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation
Republic of the Philippines
B ATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 local 2155
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechatronics Engineering
All these give consistent results; each one
s hows a resistance of 100 ohms: using the ohmmeter, from
the direct calculation from Ohm's law as V = IR, and from
the slope of the V-I plot. This consistency between the
methods indicates that the resistor is acting ideally in the
s imulation, that is, its resistance does not depend on the
voltage applied across it, thus validating that indeed
Ohm's law holds.
his linear V-I relationship in the plot also serves
T
as an evidence for the ohmic behavior of the resistor. This
practically means that any increase in the applied voltage
across the resistor yields a directly proportional variation
of current, which is valid for any linear resistor. It is known
that in practice, the resistances vary due to temperature
and give nonlinear responses; in such a simulated case, all
s uch influences are neglected to verify the theoretical
predictions of Ohm's law by filtering out these
interferences from the outside.
VI. Conclusion
Overall, we determinedthatMultisimiseffective
intheanalysisoftheDCcircuits.Weconductedanumber
of circuit configuration s imulations and assessed the
respective voltages, currents and power dissipations.
These hypothetical results correspond closely to the
experimentalvaluesobtainedearlier,provingthatMultisim
can be used consistently for conducting circuit
performances.
Anotherveryimportantpointwhichwaslearned
in this experiment is that the relationships between
current, voltage and resistance are linear, which is
described by the Ohm Law. We manipulated the voltage
s upply and watched the current which came through a
typical resistive circuit, s uccessfully demonstrating the
s ame linear relationship. Such basic knowledge is very
criticalwhenitcomestotheconstructionandrectification
of circuits.
Theexperimentalsorevealedtheneedtomanage
c omponent ratings, more s o with regard to power loss.
The burnt-out lamp s erved as a clear example of what
happens when a certain power rating of a device is
exceeded. This provides insight into the needforproper
circuit designing and analysis to prevent failures.
In the final analysis, Multisim providesauseful
ediumforcarryingoutreal-lifeexperimentsandcarrying
m
out theories. The knowledge of this tool enhances the
electrical engineers’ ability to tackle challenges and
improve circuit designs within their capacity.
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation
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