ROUTING ESSENTIALS

TECH ACADEMY- DAY EIGHT- JOSÉ QUIROS

 WHAT IS ROUTING?
PROCESS OF MOVING DATA BETWEEN LAYER 3 NETWORKS.

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COMPONENTS OF
ROUTING

• Routing requirements:
• End-to-End communication paths
• Routing information on
participating Layer 3 devices.

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 • Routing is the transmission of packets from a
source to a destination address. A routing
protocol determines the path by which the
packets are forwarded, shares information
ROUTING with immediate neighbor devices and other
DATABASES devices in the network and adjusts to
OVERVIEW changing network conditions.

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ROUTED VS ROUTING PROTOCOLS

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TYPES OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS

INTERIOR EXTERIOR
GATEWAY GATEWAY
PROTOCOL PROTOCOL
(IGP) (EGP)

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INTERIOR GATEWAY PROTOCOL

(IGPs) exchange
routing information Examples of IGPs
within a single include:
routing domain.

Intermediate Enhanced Interior

Open Shortest Path Routing Information System to Gateway Routing
First (OSPF) Protocol (RIP) Intermediate Protocol (EIGRP)
System (IS-IS)

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 SO, WHAT IS AN
AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM?

• Collection of connected Internet

Protocol (IP) routing prefixes under
the control of one or more network
operators on behalf of a single
administrative entity

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 • Although most IPv4 host addresses are
public addresses designated for use in
networks that are accessible on the Internet,
there are blocks of addresses that are used
PUBLIC VS in networks that require limited or no
PRIVATE Internet access. These addresses are called
ADDRESSES private addresses.

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PRIVATE ADDRESSES

• The private address blocks are:

• 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
(10.0.0.0 /8)
• 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
(172.16.0.0 /12)
• 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
(192.168.0.0 /16)

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 NETWORK ADDRESS
TRANSLATION (NAT)
TRANSLATES PRIVATE ADDRESSES TO PUBLIC ADDRESSES.

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PORT
ADDRESS
TRANSLATION Extension to network address The goal of PAT is to
translation (NAT) that permits
(PAT) multiple devices on a local
conserve IP addresses.
area network (LAN) to be
mapped to a single public IP
address.

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PUBLIC ADDRESSES

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NETWORK
AND
BROADCAST
ADDRESSES The first and last addresses
cannot be assigned to hosts.
These are the network address
and the broadcast address,
respectively.

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 We represent the IPv4 default route as 0.0.0.0.
The default route is used as a "catch all" route
when a more specific route is not available.
DEFAULT
ROUTE
Juniper default route is set as 0.0.0.0/0

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LINK-LOCAL ADDRESSES

IPv4 addresses in the These addresses can be

address block 169.254.0.0 automatically assigned to
to 169.254.255.255 the local host by the
(169.254.0.0 /16) are operating system in
designated as link-local environments where no IP
addresses. configuration is available.

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 DISTANCE-VECTOR ROUTING
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF
IGP
LINK-STATE ROUTING PROTOCOL

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 • Each router does not possess information
about the full network topology
• Advertises its distance value (DV) calculated
DISTANCE- to other routers and receives similar
VECTOR advertisements from other routers
ROUTING
PROTOCOL
• I.E.: RIP, RIPv2, IGRP…

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LINK-STATE ROUTING PROTOCOL

Each router then

Each router independently
possesses calculates the best
information about i.e.: OSPF, next hop from it
the complete ISIS
for every possible
network topology destination in the
network

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 • Exterior gateway protocols exchange
routing information between autonomous
systems. Examples include:

EXTERNAL
• Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
GATEWAY
PROTOCOL

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ROUTING IS
BETWEEN AS

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NETWORKS AND
SUBNETWORKS

• Large groups of machines that are

interconnected and can communicate
with one another form networks.
• Networks and routes are stored in the
Routing Table.

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 • Compiles information learned from routing
protocols and other routing information
sources.
SO, WHAT IS A • Selects an active route to each destination.
ROUTING • On JunOS, Juniper OS on its network
TABLE? devices, primary unicast routing tables are
inet.0 for IPv4 and inet6.0 for IPv6.

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 Used to determine best routes in the
routing table.

ADMINISTRATIVE
DISTANCE

The value is used in routers to rank routes

from most preferred (low AD value) to
least preferred (high AD value).

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 On JunOS operating systems, administrative
distance is known as Route Preference

ROUTE Ranks routes received from different sources.

PREFERENCE

Considered the primary Used as tiebreaker when

the same destination
criterion for selecting the prefix is available
active route. through multiple sources.

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DEFAULT ROUTE PREFERENCE VALUES IN JUNIPER
DEVICES

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SELECTING THE BEST ROUTE

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EQUAL-COST MULTI PATH (ECMP)

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EQUAL-COST
MULTI PATH
(ECMP)

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VIEWING THE
ROUTING
TABLE

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ADDRESS RESOLUTION
PROTOCOL (ARP)

• Communication protocol used for

discovering the link layer address, such
as a MAC address, associated with a
given internet layer address, typically
an IPv4 address.

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 ARP PROCESS
THE ADDRESS RESOLUTION ITSELF IS A TWO-STEP PROCESS – A
REQUEST AND A RESPONSE.

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ARP PROCESS

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ARP PROCESS

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ARP PROCESS

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ARP PROCESS

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 ARP REQUEST

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ARP REQUEST

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SHOW ARP NO-RESOLVE

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THANK YOU!

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