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Unit 6ppt

DBMS unit 6 sppu

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8 views28 pages

Unit 6ppt

DBMS unit 6 sppu

Uploaded by

saurabhzarekar456
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advances in Databases

Unit 6
Emerging Databases
• An Active Database is a database consisting of a
set of triggers. These databases are very difficult
to be maintained because of the complexity that
arises in understanding the effect of these
triggers. In such database, DBMS initially verifies
whether the particular trigger specified in the
statement that modifies the database is activated
or not, prior to executing the statement. If the
trigger is active then DBMS executes the condition
part and then executes the action part only if the
specified condition is evaluated to true.
• It includes an event driven architecture.
Active Database
• Used in security monitoring, alerting, statistics
gathering and authorization.
Deductive Databases
– Deductive: towards the consequences.
– All swans are white.
– Tessa is a swan.
– So final conclusion will be Tessa is WHITE.
Deductive Database
Deductive Database
• Inference means a conclusion reached on the
basis of evidence and reasoning.
Main Memory Databases
Semantic Databases
• Semantic Database is a data management system
that combines the functionality of a traditional
database with semantic technologies. It leverages
semantic modeling to provide a richer and more
meaningful representation of data, allowing for
advanced querying, reasoning, and knowledge
discovery.
How Semantic Database Works
• A Semantic Database organizes data using
ontologies and semantic graphs, which represent
entities, relationships, and their attributes in a
hierarchical structure. This structure enhances
data with semantic annotations, allowing for
better integration and interpretation across
different sources.
• By representing data in a semantic model, a
Semantic Database can perform intelligent
operations such as semantic search, inference,
and reasoning. It can understand the meaning and
context behind the data, enabling more precise
querying and advanced analytics.
Why Semantic Database is Important
• Semantic Database brings several benefits to businesses:
• Improved Data Integration: Semantic modeling enables the
integration of disparate data sources with ease. It allows for
the harmonization of data by establishing common vocabularies
and ontologies, facilitating data interoperability.
• Enhanced Data Discovery: Semantic Database enables more
precise and intelligent search capabilities. It can understand the
semantics of queries and retrieve relevant information, even when
the exact terms or structures are not known.
• Advanced Analytics: By leveraging semantic annotations and
reasoning capabilities, Semantic Database enables more complex
analytical tasks. It supports knowledge discovery, pattern
recognition, and predictive modeling.
• Data Governance and Compliance: Semantic Database provides a
framework for data governance and compliance by enabling
fine-grained control over data access, privacy, and security policies.
Semantic Database Applications
Data Integration: Semantic Database aids in integrating data from diverse
sources, such as structured databases, unstructured text, and multimedia.
Knowledge Management: Semantic Database facilitates the organization,
retrieval, and sharing of knowledge within organizations, creating intelligent
knowledge bases.
Recommendation Systems: Semantic Database powers recommendation
engines by understanding user preferences and matching them with relevant
items or content.
Data-driven Decision Making: Semantic Database enables businesses to
derive insights from large and complex datasets, supporting intelligent
decision-making processes.
Complex Data Types
• Complex data types are nested data structures
composed of primitive data types. Examples include
struct, array/list, map and union.
• Complex types are supported by most programming
languages including python, C++ and JAVA.
Semi Structured Data
Semi-structured data (also known as partially
structured data) is a type of data that doesn't
follow the tabular structure associated with
relational databases or other forms of data tables
but does contain tags and metadata to separate
semantic elements and establish hierarchies of
records and fields.
Nested Data Types: JSON,XML
• JSON object has a type whereas XML data is type less.
• JSON does not provide namespace support while XML
provides namespaces support.
• JSON has no display capabilities whereas XML offers
the capability to display data.
• JSON is less secured whereas XML is more secure
compared to JSON.
• JSON supports only UTF-8 encoding whereas XML
supports various encoding formats.
Nested Data Types: JSON,XML
• What is JSON?

• JSON is a file format that uses human-readable text


for storing and transmitting data objects containing
attribute-value pairs and arrays. JSON is used to
store information in an organized and easy-to-access
manner. JSON stands for JavaScript Object Notation.
It offers a human-readable collection of data that can
be accessed logically.
Nested Data Types: JSON,XML
• What is XML?
• XML is an extensible markup language that is
designed to store data. It is popularly used for
transferring data. It is case-sensitive. XML
allows you to define markup elements and
generate customized markup language. An
element is a basic unit in the XML language.
The extension of XML file is .xml.
Nested Data Types: JSON,XML
• Features of JSON
• Easy to use – JSON API offers high-level facade, which
helps you to simplify commonly used use-cases.
• Performance – JSON is quite fast as it consumes very less
memory space, which is especially suitable for large
object graphs or systems.
• Free tool – JSON library is open source and free to use.
• Doesn’t require to create mapping – Jackson API
provides default mapping for many objects to be
serialized.
• Clean JSON – Creates clean, and compatible JSON result
that is easy to read.
• Dependency – JSON library does not require any other
library for processing.
Nested Data Types: JSON,XML
• Features of XML
• XML tags are not predefined. You need to define
your customized tags.
• XML was designed to carry data, not allows you to
display that data.
• Mark-up code of XML is easy to understand for a
human.
• Well, the structured format is easy to read and
write from programs.
• XML is an extensible markup language like HTML.
Nested Data Types: JSON,XML
Nested Data Types: JSON,XML
Object Relational Database System
• An object–relational database (ORD), or
object–relational database management
system (ORDBMS), is a database management
system (DBMS) similar to a relational
database, but with an object-oriented
database model: objects, classes and
inheritance are directly supported in database
schemas and in the query language.
• Examples of ORDBs include PostgreSQL,
Oracle Database, and Microsoft SQL Server.
Table Inheritance
• Table inheritance is the property that allows a
table to inherit the behavior (constraints,
storage options, triggers) from the supertable
above it in the table hierarchy . A table
hierarchy is the relationship that you can
define among tables in which sub tables
inherit the behavior of super tables.
Table Inheritance Example

• We define the capitals table so that it inherits from


cities :
• CREATE TABLE cities ( name text, population float,
elevation int -- in feet );
• CREATE TABLE capitals ( state char(2) ) INHERITS
(cities);
• In this case, the capitals table inherits all the columns
of its parent table, cities .
Object Relational Mapping

• ORM or Object Relational Mapping is a


system that implements the responsibility of
mapping the Object to Relational Model. That
means it is responsible to store Object
Model data into Relational Model and further
read the data from Relational Model into
Object Model.
Object Relational Mapping
Spatial Data
• Spatial data can be referred to as geographic
data or geospatial data. Spatial data provides
the information that identifies the location of
features and boundaries on Earth. Spatial data
can be processed and analyzed using
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) or
Image Processing packages.
Spatial Data
Spatial data is any type of data that directly or indirectly
references a specific geographical area or location.
Sometimes called geospatial data or geographic information,
spatial data can also numerically represent a physical object
in a geographic coordinate system. However, spatial data is
much more than a spatial component of a map.
Users can save spatial data in a variety of different formats,
as it can also contain more than location-specific data.
Analyzing this data provides a better understanding of how
each variable impacts individuals, communities, populations,
etc.
There are several spatial data types, but the two primary
kinds of spatial data are geometric data and geographic data.
Spatial Data
• Geometric data is a spatial data type that is mapped
on a two-dimensional flat surface. An example is the
geometric data in floor plans. Google Maps is an
application that uses geometric data to provide
accurate direction. In fact, it is one of the simplest
examples of spatial data in action.
• Geographic data is information mapped around a
sphere. Most often, the sphere is planet earth.
Geographic data highlights the latitude and longitude
relationships to a specific object or location. A familiar
example of geographic data is a global positioning
system.

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