SETHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

An Autonomous Institution | Accredited with „A‟ Grade by NAAC

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Permanently Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai
Pulloor-626 115, Kariapatti Taluk, Virudhunagar District.

Academic Year 2024-2025(ODD)

Department of

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Laboratory Manual
For
21UEE125–ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(For First Year B.Tech – CSBS, AI&DS and AI&ML Students)
Regulation R-2021
SETHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
An Autonomous Institution | Accredited with „A‟ Grade by NAAC
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Permanently Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai
Pulloor-626 115, Kariapatti Taluk, Virudhunagar District.

Department of

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Laboratory Manual
For
21UEE128–ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(For First Year B.Tech – CSBS,AI&DS and AI&ML Students)
Regulation R-2021

Prepared By

Mrs.K.Jothilakshmi AP/EEE

Approved by,

HOD/EEE
 INDEX
S.No Content Page No.
1 Institute Vision and Mission i
2 Department Vision and Mission i
3 Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) ii
4 Program Outcomes (POs) ii
5 Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs) iii
6 Syllabus and Course Outcome iv
7 Mapping of Experiment with COs v
8 Course Articulation Matrix v
9 Program Articulation Matrix v
10 Mapping of Experiment with POs vi
11 Safety Measures viii
12 Safety and General Instructions viii

S.No Content Page No.

1 Familiarization of electrical Elements, sources,
measuring devices and transducers related to
electrical circuits.
2 Determination of resistance temperature coefficient.
3 Verification of Network Theorem (Superposition,
Thevenin, Norton, Maximum Power Transfer
theorem)
4 Simulation of R-L-C series circuits for XL>XC, XL<
XC & XL= XC
5 Simulation of Time response of RC circuit
6 Verification of relation in between voltage and
current in three phase balanced star and delta
connected loads.
7 Demonstration of measurement of electrical
quantities in DC and AC systems.
Sethu Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Institute Vision and Mission

Institute Vision
To promote excellence in technical education and scientific research for the benefit of
the society

Institute Mission
 To provide quality technical education to fulfill the aspiration of the student and to
meet the needs of the Industry
 To provide holistic learning ambience
 To impart skills leading to employability and entrepreneurship
 To establish effective linkage with industries
 To promote Research and Development activities
 To offer services for the development of society through education and technology

Department Vision and Mission

Department Vision
To achieve Excellence in Education and Research in the field of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering and provide knowledge based contribution for the development of
economy and society

Department Mission
 Providing comprehensive and value based engineering education to meet
intellectual, ethical and career challenges
 Providing state-of- the-art infrastructure and resources to promote teaching-learning
and research activities
 Enriching the skills to enhance employability and entrepreneurship
 Strengthening the collaboration with academia, industry and research organizations
 Fostering Research and Development activities leading to innovation and
technological growth in the overall ambit of electrical and electronics engineering
 Offering services to the society through education, science and technology

Core Values: Ethics | Quality | Innovation | Teamwork | Social Responsibility

Electrical Engineering Laboratory Manual Page | i

Sethu Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

After few years of graduation our Electrical and Electronics Engineering graduates
are expected to:

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

Exhibit technical competency in Electrical and Electronics Engineering and

1 related fields (Core Competency)

Engage in life-long learning for professional development and research

2 (Life Long Learning)

Exhibit effective communication skills, team work and lead their profession
3 with ethics (Professional and Ethical skills)

Program Outcomes (POs)

Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, electrical and
PO1 electronics engineering fundamentals to the solution of complex engineering problems

Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
PO2 electrical and electronics engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using
first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

Design/Development of solutions: Design and develop electrical and electronic

PO3 systems that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and
safety, cultural, societal and environmental considerations.

Investigation of complex problems: Investigate and analyze complex electrical and

electronics engineering problems using research-based knowledge and research
PO4 methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data and
synthesis of information to provide valid conclusions

Modern tool usage: Select and Apply modern engineering and IT tools for simulation
PO5 and modeling of electrical and electronic systems

The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
PO6 assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities to the professional engineering practice.

Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of professional engineering

PO7 solutions in societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need
for sustainable development.

Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
PO8 norms of engineering practice.

Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or

PO9 leader in diverse teams and in multi-disciplinary settings

Electrical Engineering Laboratory Manual P a g e | ii

Sethu Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as being able to comprehend and
PO10 write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations and give
and receive clear instructions.

Project management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of

PO11 engineering and management principles and apply these to one‟s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

Life-long learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation and ability to
PO12 engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO 1 Demonstrate
machines
technical competency in the design and analysis of electrical

PSO 2 Design
systems
and analyze power electronic interfaces for renewable energy

Electrical Engineering Laboratory Manual P a g e | iii

 Sethu Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY L T P C

21UEE128 (Offered to B.Tech – CSBS,AI&DS and AI&ML)
0 0 3 1.5

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To teach methods of experimentally analysing electrical circuits and transducers.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Familiarization of electrical Elements, sources, measuring devices and transducers

related to electrical circuits.
2. Determination of resistance temperature coefficient.
3. Verification of Network Theorem (Superposition, Thevenin, Norton, Maximum Power
Transfer theorem).
4. Simulation of R-L-C series circuits for XL>XC, XL< XC & XL= XC.
5. Simulation of Time response of RC circuit.
6. Verification of relation in between voltage and current in three phase balanced star
and delta connected loads.
7. Demonstration of measurement of electrical quantities in DC and AC systems.

Total: 30 Periods
COURSE OUTCOMES
After the successful completion of this course, the student will be able to
 Demonstrate the behavior of RLC circuits with electrical quantities.[Understand]
 Experimentally analyze the electric circuits and transducers [Analyze]
 Simulate the time response characteristics of RC and RLC Circuits [Apply]

Electrical Engineering Laboratory Manual P a g e | iv

 Sethu Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Mapping of Experiments with COs

Course Course Outcomes Statement Experiments
Outcomes
CO1 Demonstrate the behavior of RLC circuits with Exp. 1, Exp. 2,Exp. 6,
electrical quantities.[Understand] Exp. 7
CO2 Experimentally analyze the electric circuits and Exp. 3
transducers [Analyze]
Simulate the time response characteristics of RC
CO3 and RLC Circuits [Apply] Exp. 4, Exp. 5

Course Articulation Matrix

Program Outcomes (POs) PSOs

Course
Course Outcomes Statement
Outcomes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2
Demonstrate the behavior of
CO1 RLC circuits with electrical 2 2 2 2 2
quantities.[Understand]
Experimentally analyze the
electric circuits and
CO2 transducers [Analyze] 3 2 3 2 2 2 2
Simulate the time response
characteristics of RC and RLC
CO3 3 2 2 2 2 2
Circuits [Apply]

Program Articulation Matrix

Subject Program Outcomes (POs) PSOs

Code
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2

21UEE128 2.6 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Electrical Engineering Laboratory Manual Page | v

Sethu Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Mapping of Experiments with POs

Program Program Outcomes Statement Experiments
Outcomes
Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics,
PO1 science, electrical and electronics engineering fundamentals to Exp. 1 to
Exp. 7 (all)
the solution of complex engineering problems

Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature,

and analyze complex electrical and electronics engineering Exp. 3, Exp. 5,
PO2 problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first Exp. 6,
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.

Design/Development of solutions: Design and develop

electrical and electronic systems that meet specified needs with
PO3
appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural,
societal and environmental considerations.

Investigation of complex problems: Investigate and analyze

complex electrical and electronics engineering problems using
PO4 research-based knowledge and research methods including
design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data and
synthesis of information to provide valid conclusions

Modern tool usage: Select and Apply modern engineering and

PO5 IT tools for simulation and modeling of electrical and electronic Exp. 5, Exp. 6
systems

The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the

contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal Exp. 1 to
PO6
and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities to the Exp. 7 (all)
professional engineering practice.

Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of

professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental Exp. 1 to
PO7
contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable Exp. 7 (all)
development.

Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional Exp. 1 to

PO8 Exp. 7 (all)
ethics and responsibilities and norms of engineering practice.

Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual,

PO9 and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in multi- Exp. 1 to
disciplinary settings
Exp. 7 (all)

Communication: Communicate effectively on complex

engineering activities with the engineering community and with
PO10 society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write Exp. 1 to
Exp. 7 (all)
effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations and give and receive clear instructions.

Electrical Engineering Laboratory Manual P a g e | vi

Sethu Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Program Program Outcomes Statement Experiments

Outcomes
Project management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge
and understanding of engineering and management principles
PO11
and apply these to one‟s own work, as a member and leader in a
team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

Life-long learning: Recognize the need for and have the

PO12 preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long Exp. 1 to
learning in the broadest context of technological change.
Exp. 7 (all)

Demonstrate technical competency in the design and analysis of

PSO 1 Exp. 1, Exp. 7
electrical machines

Design and analyze power electronic interfaces for renewable Exp. 3, Exp. 5,
PSO 2
energy systems Exp. 6

Electrical Engineering Laboratory Manual P a g e | vii

Sethu Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Safety Measures
01 Rubber sole closed Shoes must be worn at all times

02 Students shall be familiar with the locations and operation of safety equipment such
as, fire extinguisher and sand
03 All equipment are grounded by a permanent connection or bond

04 In case of electrical fire occurs; try to disconnect the electrical power source, if
possible
05 Never use water to extinguish fire, use sand or fire extinguisher
06 Never disconnect a plug point by pulling the flexible wires
07 Do not operate with wet hands
08 Keep working surface clean of scraps, tools and materials
09 Know where the live points are placed in your worktable

10 Inspect laboratory equipment for visible damage before using it. If there is aProblem
with a piece of equipment, report it to the technician
Safety and General Instructions
01 Students come to the lab with proper uniform and good quality leather shoes
02 Do not wear rings, wrist watches and loose clothing. Tie back and confine long hair
03 Punctuality and strict discipline should be maintained
04 Study and prepare about the experiment well before entering into lab
05 Make sure that power supply is off while giving circuit connections
After getting circuit diagram corrections from concern faculty, then give the
06
Connections properly as per the given circuit diagram
07 Use proper rating equipment and handle the machines and measuring
08 Instruments carefully, for which you are duly responsible
09 Do not make any loose connections
10 Don‟t switch ON the supply before checking the circuit connections by the faculty
11 After getting the approval only, supply must be switched on and start the machine

12 In case any unfortunate thing happening, immediately switch off the mains in the
worktable and inform the faculty or technician
13 Switch off the supply after use and return all the apparatus to the technician

Electrical Engineering Laboratory Manual P a g e | viii

 Sethu Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

1. Familiarization of electrical Elements, sources, measuring devices and transducers related

toelectrical circuits

Aim:

To Familiarize the electrical Elements, sources, measuring devices and transducers related to
electrical
circuits

Apparatus:

Electrical elements, sources, measuring devices and transducers

Theory
Electrical elements

Resistor:

Resistor is an electronic component whose function is to limit the flow of current in an electric circuit. It is
measured in units called ohms. The symbol for ohm is Ω(omega).
They are available in different values, shapes and sizes. Every material has some resistance. Some materials
such as
Rubber, Glass and air have very high opposition to current to flow These materials are called insulators. Other
materialssuch as Copper, Silver and Aluminum etc, has very low resistance, they are called Conductors.

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 Different types of resistors:

Resistor symbols

Capacitor :

A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store
energy electrostatically in an electric field. By contrast, batteries store energy via chemical reactions. The
forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a
dielectric (insulator);for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer
of insulating film. Capacitorsare widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical
devices.
Capacitors are also very commonly used. A lot have their values printed on them, some are marked with
3-digit codes, and a few are color coded. The same resources listed above for resistors can also help you
identify capacitorvalues. They are typically marked with an “C” on a circuit board.

Symbol:

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 Inductor:
An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component which resists
changes in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor such as a wire, usually wound into
a coil. When a current flows through it, energy is stored in a magnetic field in the coil. When the current
flowing through an inductor
changes, the timevarying magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor,according toFaraday‟s law of
electromagneticinduction, which by Lenz's law opposes the change in current that created it. Inductors, also called
coils, can be a bit
harder to figure out their values. If they are color coded, the resources listed for resistors can help, otherwise a
good
meter that can measure inductance will be needed.
They are typically marked with an “L” on a circuit
boardSymbol:

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Bread Boards:
This is the platform (or chasis) on which any circuit can be ringed up to provide inter connections between
electronicscomponents and devices. The advantage of bread board is, the components can be connected
(or) disconnected easily.

It has holes both horizontally and vertically as shown in the figure. The horizontal holes at the top and bottom are
havinginternal shorts where as in the remaining part vertical holes are shorted internally.

Voltage

Source Ace is a two-terminal device whose voltage at any instant of time is constant and is

voltage sour independentawn from it.

of the current

dr

rce is a two-terminal circuit element which supplies the same current to any load resistance
connectedals.

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 Multimeter

A multimeter, also known as a volt-ohm meter, is a handheld tester used to measure electrical voltage, current
(amperage),resistance, and other values. Multimeters come in analog and digital versions and are useful for
everything from simple tests, like measuring battery voltage, to detecting faults and complex diagnostics. They
are one of the tools preferred by electricians for troubleshooting electrical problems on motors, appliances,
circuits, power supplies, and wiring systems.

Transdusers:

A transducer is an electronic device that converts energy from one form to another. Common examples
include microphones, loudspeakers, thermometers, position and pressure sensors, and antenna. Although
not generally thoughtof as transducers, photocells, LEDs (light-emitting diodes), and even common light
bulbs are transducers.
Examples :

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 Exercise:

Resistor colour Theoritical value Practical Value

Calculatios:

Result:

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2. Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

Aim

To Determine the resistance temperature of any metal or a wire.

Theory:

Resistance of any material varies with tempearature.For temperature range that is not too great.
This variation can be represented approximately as a linear relation.

The purpuse of this experiment determine the temperature resistance coefficients for
both thermistors and a metal (Copper wire)

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Result:

Thus the resistance temperature coefficient of any material can be examined by wheat stone bridge

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 3. Verification of Network Theorem (Superposition, Thevenin, Norton,
Maximum Power Transfer theorem).
Aim:
To verify Thevenin‟s and Nortons theorems and to find the full load current for the given circuit.

Apparatus Required:

S.N Apparatus Rang Quantity

o e
1. DC voltage source 0-20V 1 No.
2. Resistor 100 ohm 1 No.
3. Ammeter 0 - 200mA 1 No.
4. Ammeter 0-200µA 1 No.
5. Voltmeter 0 - 20V 2 Nos.
6. Connecting wires Required.

Thevenin’s theorem Statement:

Thevenin‟s theorem states that any two output terminals ( A & B ) of an active linear network
containing independent sources (it includes voltage and current sources) can be replaced by a
simple voltage source of magnitude Vth in series with a single resistor Rth where Rth is the
equivalent resistance of the network when looking from the output terminals A & B with all sources
(voltage and current) removed and replaced by their internal resistances and the magnitude of Vth is

equal to the open circuit voltage across the A & B terminals

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular value of voltage using RPS and note down the corresponding ammeter readings.

To find VTH

3. Remove the load resistance and measure the open circuit voltage using multimeter (VTH).

To find RTH

4. To find the Thevenin‟s resistance, remove the RPS and short circuit it and find the RTH using multimeter.
5. Give the connections for equivalent circuit and set VTHand RTH and note the corresponding ammeter
reading.
6. Verify Thevenins theorem.

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Calculations:

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 Theoretical and Practical Values

E(V) VTH(V) RTH() IL (mA)

Circuit - I Equivalent Circuit
Theoretical

Practical

Result:

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 Norton’s Theorem

Norton‟s Theorem may be stated as Any Linear Electric Network or complex circuit with Current and
Voltagesources can be replaced by an equivalent circuit containing of a single independent Current
Source IN and a Parallel Resistance RN.

Norton’s Equivalent Circuit

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular value in RPS and note down the ammeter readings in the original circuit.

To Find IN:

3. Remove the load resistance and short circuit the terminals.

4. For the same RPS voltage note down the ammeter readings.

To Find RN:

5. Remove RPS and short circuit the terminal and remove the load and note down the resistance
across the twoterminals. Equivalent Circuit:
6. Set IN and RN and note down the ammeter readings.
7. Verify Norton‟s theorem.

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Page
Calculations:

Theoretical and Practical Values

E(V) IN (V) RN() IL (mA)

Circuit - I Equivalent Circuit
Theoretical

Practical

Result:

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 Verification of superposition theorem
Aim:
To verify the superposition theorem for the given circuit

Apparatus Required:

S.N Apparatus Rang Quantity

o e
1. DC voltage source 0-20V 1 No.
2. Resistor 100 ohm 1 No.
3. Ammeter 0 - 200mA 1 No.
4. Ammeter 0-200µA 1 No.
5. Voltmeter 0 - 20V 2 Nos.
6. Connecting wires Required.

Theory:
Superposition Theorem:
Superposition theorem states that in a lumped ,linear, bilateral network consisting more number of sources
each branchcurrent(voltage) is the algebraic sum all currents ( branch voltages), each of which is determined
by considering one source at a time and removing all other sources. In removing the sources, voltage and
current sources are replaced by internal resistances.

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the fig (1).

2. Adjust the output voltage of sources X and Y to appropriate values (Say 15V and20V respectively).
3. Note down the current (IL) through the 560 0hm resistor by using the ammeter.
4. Connect the circuit as per fig (2) and set the source Y (20V) to 0V.
5. Note down the current (IL l) through 560ohm resistor by using ammeter.
6. Connect the circuit as per fig(3) and set the source X (15V) to 0V and source Y to 20V.
7. Note down the current (IL ll) through the 560 ohm resistor branch by using ammeter.
8. Reduce the output voltage of the sources X and Y to 0V and switch off the supply.
9. Disconnect the circuit.
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Page
Calculations:

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 Theoretical and Practical Values

Source Theoretical Practical

Source 1 IL1 = IL1 =

Source 2 IL2 = IL2 =
All Sources IL1+ IL2 = IL1+ IL2=

Result:

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 Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Aim:
To Verify Maximum power transfer theorem.

Apparatus:

S.N Apparatus Rang Quantity

o e
1. DC voltage source 0-20V 1 No.
2. Resistor Required
3. Ammeter 0 - 200mA 1 No.
4. Ammeter 0-200µA 1 No.
5. Voltmeter 0 - 20V 2 Nos.
6. Connecting wires Required.

Theory :

The power transferred from a supply source to a load is at its maximum when the resistance of the load
is equal tothe internal resistance of the source. On the other words" A resistive load will be
consumptive maximum power from the supply when the load resister is equal to the equivalent
(Thevenin) network resister"
RL = Rth ...... For maximum power
transfer.IL = Vth / (Rth + RL)
= Vth / (Rth + Rth)
= Vth / 2
RthWhere,

A graph of RL against P is shown in Fig.(1), the maximum value of power which occurs when RL = Rth.

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 Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.

2. Vary the load resistance in steps and note down voltage across the load and current flowing through
the circuit.
3. Calculate power delivered to the load by using formula P=V*I.
4. Draw the graph between resistance and power (resistance on X- axis and power on Yaxis).
5. Verify the maximum power is delivered to the load when RL = Rs for DC.

Calculations:

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 Observation Table:

Sourc Rs=Rth=Ri RL IL Power =IL RL Power =IL RL

S.No
e Practical Practica Theoritical Practical
Voltag l
e

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Result:

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 4. Simulation of R-L-C Series circuits for XL>XC, XL<XC & XL=XC
Date:
AIM:
To Study and obtain the transient response of a series R-L-C Circuit.

Software Required:
PSPICE/MATLAB
ABOUT MATLAB:
MATLAB is a high performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation,
visualization and programming in an easy to use environment where problems and solutions are
expressed in familiar mathematical notation.
Typical uses include:
Math and
Computation
Algorithm
Development
Modeling, simulation and prototyping
Data analysis, exploration and visualization
MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require
dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those with matrix
and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar non
interactive language such as C or FORTRAN.
The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory.MATLAB was originally written to provide easy
access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects.Today,MATLAB uses
software developed by the LAPACK and ARPACK projects, which together represent the state-of-the-art
in software for matrix computation.
MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university environments, it
is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in mathematics, engineering and
science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development and
analysis.
MATLAB features a family of application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very important to most
users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized technology. Toolboxes are
comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions(M-files)that extend the MATLAB environment to solve
particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are available include signal processing, control
systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation and many others.

SIMULATION CIRCUIT:

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Ex No 5 Simulation of Time response of RC circuit

Aim:
To study and obtain the transient response of a series R-C circuit using
PSPICE/MATLAB/HARDWARE
Apparatus Required:
S No Apparatus Required Range Quantity
1 Regulated power supply unit (0-30v) 01
2 Resistors 1K Each one
3 Inductor 1mH 01
4 Capacitor 1µF 01
5 Switch 01
6 Bread Board 01
7 Connecting Leads As required

Software Required:

PSPICE/MATLAB

PROCEDURE:

 To work with Matlab simulink first type simulink in the command window.

 A library field untitled note pad appears in the window.

 Double click on each icon to get different block.

 Drag each component from library block and place in untitled.

 Dragging the mouse between two components draw lines.

 After completing the circuit,select start from the simulation menu.

 Double click on the scope to view the response.

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Design Procedure:

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6. Verification of relation between phase and line quantities in a 3 -phase balanced star and
delta connected systems.

Aim:
To verify the relationship between voltages and currents in a three phase transformer for
Star
Delta Connection

Apparatus Required:

S. No Apparatus Range Quantity

1. 3 Phase Auto transformer 1 No
2. Ammeter 0-20 A 2 Nos
3. Voltmeter 0-300 V 2 Nos
4. Resistive Load Suitable
5. 1 Φ Transformer 1KVA, 230/415V 3 Nos
6. Connecting wires Required

Theory:
In this type of transformer connection, then primary is connected in star fashion while
thesecondary is connected in delta fashion as shown in the Figure 1 below.

Figure 1 – Transformer Connection – Star-Delta

The voltages on primary and secondary sides can be represented on the phasor
diagram asshown in the Figure 2 below.

Figure 2 – Phasor diagram with voltages on primary and secondary sides

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Circuit Diagram:

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Key points
As Primary in Star connected:
Line voltage on Primary side = √3 X Phase voltage on Primary
side. So Phase voltage on Primary side = Line voltage on Primary
side /√3
Now Transformation Ration (K) = Secondary Phase Voltage / Primary PhaseVoltage
Secondary Phase Voltage = K X Primary Phase Voltage.

As Secondary in delta connected:

Line voltage on Secondary side = Phase voltage on
Secondary side. Secondary Phase Voltage = K X
PrimaryPhase Voltage.
=K X (Line voltage on Primary side
/√3) Secondary Phase Voltage = (K/√3 ) X Line voltage on
Primary side.
There is s +30 Degree or -30 Degree Phase Shift between Secondary Phase Voltage to Primary
Phase Voltage

Advantages of Star Delta Connection:

1. The primary side is star connected. Hence fewer numbers of turns are required.
This makes the connection economical for large high voltage step down power
transformers.
2. The neutral available on the primary can be earthed to avoid distortion.
3. The neutral point allows both types of loads (single phase or three phases) to be met.
4. Large unbalanced loads can be handled satisfactory.
5. The Y-D connection has no problem with third harmonic components due to
circulating currents in D. It is also more stable to unbalanced loads since the D
partially redistributes any imbalance that occurs.
6. The delta connected winding carries third harmonic current due to which potential
of neutral point is stabilized. Some saving in cost of insulation is achieved if HV
side is star connected. But in practice the HV side is normally connected in delta
so that the three phase loads like motors and single phase loads like lighting loads
can be supplied by LV side using three phase four wire system.
7. As Grounding Transformer: In Power System Mostly grounded Y- ∆ transformer
is used for no other purpose than to provide a good ground source in ungrounded
Delta system. Take, for example, a distribution system supplied by ∆ connected
(i.e., ungrounded) power source.If it is required to connect phase-to-ground loads
to this system a grounding bank is connected to the system, as shown in Figure 3
below:

Figure 3 – Y-D Grounding transformer

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 8. This system a grounding bank is connected to the system, as shown in Figure 3.
Note that the connected winding is not connected to any external circuit in
Figure3.
9. With a load current equal to 3 times i, each phase of the grounded Y winding provides
the
same current i, with the -connected secondary winding of the grounding bank
providing the ampere-turns required to cancel the ampere-turns of the primary
winding.

Procedure:
1. Connect the Circuit as per circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the Auto transformer till it reaches 230V and measure primary and
secondary voltages and currents.
3. Repeat the above step for different input voltages
4. Note down the values of phase(voltages and currents) and line(voltages and Currents)
5. Compare the measured values with theoretical values.

Observations:

S.No Primary Secondar

y
Phase Line Phas Line
e
I V I V I V I V

Calculations:

Result:

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 7. Demonstration of measurement of electrical quantities in DC and AC systems.

Aim:
To demonstrate the measurement of electrical quantities in DC and AC systems.
Apparatus: Voltmeter , Ammeter, Wattmeter
Theory
Voltmeter
It is an electrical instrument used for measuring the potential difference present between two points. These voltmeters are of
two types
(i) Analog voltmeter (ii) Digital Voltmeter. This measured voltage can be either of AC or DC Analog voltmeters are made of
a dial and a pointer to show the readings. But those instruments had many disadvantages like no accurate results, no
precision etc, so those are replaced by digital voltmeters with a digital technology in it.
But these analog voltmeters are being used in some parts of the world.
A digital voltmeter (DVM) displays the value of a.c. or d.c voltage being measured directly as discrete numerals in the
decimal number. system. Numerical readout of DVMs is advantageous since it eliminates observational errors committed
by operators. The errors on account of parallax and approximations are entirely eliminated. The use of digital voltmeters
increases the speed with which readings can be taken. Also, the output of digital voltmeters can be fed to memory devices
for storage and future computations.
A digital voltmeter is a versatile and accurate voltmeter which has many laboratory applications. On account of
developments
in the integrated circuit (IC) technology, it has been possible to reduce the size, power requirements and cost of digital
voltmeters. In fact, for the same accuracy, a digital voltmeter now is less costly than its analog counterpart. The decrease
in the size of DVMs on account of the use of ICs, the portability of the instruments has increased.

DC voltmeter Ac voltmeter
Voltmeter connection Diagram

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 Ammeter:
Definition: A device or instrument that is used to measure the current is called the ammeter. The unit of the current
is ampere. So this device measures the current flow in ampere is named as an ammeter or ampere meter. The
internal resistance of this device is „0‟ however in practical; it has some amount of internal resistance. The
measuring range of this device mainly depends on the resistance value. The ammeter diagram is shown below.
Ammeter Circuit Diagram

The following circuit represents the basic circuit diagram and the connection of the ammeter circuit in series are
shown below.

Once this device is connected in series in the circuit, then the total measurand current will flow through

the meter.So the loss of power occurs within ammeter due to their internal resistance & the measurand

current.

DC Ammeter AC Ammeter

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 Wattmeter
Wattmeter consists of two coils namely: fixed coil (Current coil) and moving
coil(Pressure Coil).The current coil is connected in series with the load hence it carries
the circuit current.
The potential coil is connected across the load so it carries current proportional to the voltage.

Current Coil(CC):
 The current coil in wattmeter is connected along the circuit to carry load current.
 The two terminals of the current coils are named as M and L.
 M stands for Main side and L stands for Load side.
 While connecting the current coil in the circuit, this sequence must be followed strictly.
Pressure Coil (PC):
 The Pressure coil is a high resistance coil ( internal series resistance added).
 It is connected across the load circuit.
 It carries a current proportional to the voltage across its terminals.
 The terminals of the pressure coil are marked as ± and V. In some meters it is marked as COM and V.
 The first one is the common terminal and the second one is the specified voltage terminal with actualvoltage
marking as 115V, 230V or 440V.
 The common terminal of the pressure coil may be connected after or before the current coil.
 Based on this connection, there are two methods of wattmeter connections.
 Each method is suitable for one particular case. These two methods of wattmeter connection is explained below;

AC Digital Wattmeter
First method:
1. The pressure coil comes before the current coil moving from supply side.
2. In this method of connection the pressure coil reads the voltage drop in load as well as small drop in current coil.
3. So the power measured will include the power lost in current coil resistance. This is an error.
4. So this method of connection is suitable for the circuit having small load currents, in which case the voltage drop in
current coilwill be negligibly small.

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 Second Method:
1. In this method the pressure coil is connected across load circuit after the current coil.
2. Now the pressure coil reads the correct voltage, but the current coil will carry a small extra current that is drawn by
the pressurecoil. This is an error.
3. This method is suitable for the circuits having large load current.
4. Compared to a large load current, the current drawn by the pressure coil is negligible.
5. When the second method is adopted, a compensating coil is used in series with the pressure coil.
6. The compensating coil is just another current coil connected in reverse sequence. ie, the magnetic effects of
current coil and compensating coil are made to oppose each other. This will nullify the error due to the pressure
coil current.

Experiment setup to measure DC Voltage and Current

 Experiment setup to measure AC Voltage , Current and Power

Table for DC Measurements

S.No. RESISTOR VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER

Table for AC Measurements

S.No. LOAD VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER

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Result:

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