Formal charge

VE - valence electrons
Formal charge
BE - bonding electrons (in pairs)
= VE - ½ BE - LPE LPE - lone pair electrons

Percent yield
percent yield =
actual mass of desired product
theoretical mass of desired product
x 100%
Chemistry Equilibrium (rate forward = rate reverse)
k Keq or Kc - equilibrium constant
Keq = kforward
R - ideal gas constant reverse kforward - rate constant of forward reaction
(8.3145 J · mol-1 · K-1) kreverse - rate constant of reverse reaction
or 0.082 L · atm · K-1 · mol-1) aA + bB cC + dD [A-D] - concentration of reactants and products A-D.
[C] [D]d
c
a-d - stoichiometric coefficients
F - Faraday’s constant Kc = [A]a[B]b
(96,485 C/mol)
Reaction quotient
aA + bB → cC + dD
[C]c [D]d Kc - equilibrium constant
Q = [A]a [B]b
Q - reaction quotient
[A-D] - concentration of reactants and products A-D.
Q > Kc: Reaction nets reactants a-d - stoichiometric coefficients
Q < Kc: Reaction nets products
Q = Kc: Equilibrium
Kelvin Temperature
K - temperature in Kelvin
K = oC + 273.15 o
C - temperature in Celsius

Heat
Q - heat
m - mass
Q = mcΔT c - specific heat
ΔT - change in temperature
Enthalpy of the reaction
ΔH°rxn - enthalpy of reaction
ΔH o
rxn
= ΔHo
products
- ΔHo
reactants
ΔH°products - enthalpy of products
ΔH°reactants - enthalpy of reactants

Enthalpy of the reaction

ΔHrxn - enthalpy of reaction
ΔHrxn = ΔHbonds broken - ΔHbonds formed ΔHbonds broken - bond enthalpy of bonds broken
ΔHbonds formed - bond enthalpy of bonds formed

Gibbs free energy

ΔG - change in Gibbs free energy
ΔH - change in enthalpy
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS T - temperature
ΔS - change in entropy
Gibbs free energy of a reaction
ΔG°rxn - Gibbs free energy change of the reaction
ΔGorxn = ΔGoproducts - ΔGoreactants ΔG°products - sum of products’ free energy of formation
ΔG°reactants - sum of reactants’ free energy of formation
 Gibbs free energy of a reaction
ΔGrxn - Gibbs free energy of the reaction
ΔG°rxn - Gibbs free energy of the reaction under
standard conditions
ΔGrxn = ΔGorxn + RTlnQ R - ideal gas constant
T - temperature
Q - Reaction quotient
Gibbs Free energy of a reaction at equilibrium
ΔG°rxn - Gibbs free energy of the reaction under

Chemistry
standard conditions
ΔGorxn = -RTlnKeq R - ideal gas constant
T - temperature
Keq - equilibrium constant
R - ideal gas constant
(8.3145 J · mol-1 · K-1) van der Waals equation
or 0.082 L · atm · K-1 · mol-1)
P - pressure
V - Volume
F - Faraday’s constant
n - moles of gas
(96,485 C/mol)
an2 R - ideal gas constant
(P + V2 )(V - nb) = nRT T - Temperature
a - the attractive forces factor
b - the volume factor

Dalton’s law of partial pressure

Pgas - partial pressure of a gas
Pgas = Xgas Ptotal Xgas - mole ratio of a gas
Ptotal - total pressure in a container

Boyle’s law

P - pressure
PV = constant V - volume

Charles’s law

V - volume
V
T
= constant T - temperature

Gay-Lussac’s law

P - pressure
P
T
= constant T - temperature

Molality

moles of solute mol

molality (m) = kilograms of solvent = kg

Molarity

moles of solute mol

molarity (M) = liters of solution = L

Raoult’s law
P - vapor pressure of the solution
P = XAPAO XA - mole fraction of the solvent
PA° - vapor pressure of the pure solvent
 Boiling point elevation
ΔTb - magnitude of boiling point elevation
i - van ‘t Hoff factor
ΔTb = iKbm Kb - boiling point elevation constant
m - molality

Freezing point depression

ΔTf - magnitude of freezing point depression
i - van ‘t Hoff factor
ΔTf = iKfm
Chemistry Kf - freezing point depression constant
m - molality

Osmotic pressure
R - ideal gas constant
(8.3145 J · mol-1 · K-1) Π - osmotic pressure
or 0.082 L · atm · K-1 · mol-1) i - van ‘t Hoff factor
Π = iMRT M - molarity
F - Faraday’s constant R - ideal gas constant
(96,485 C/mol) T - temperature
Arrhenius equation
k - rate constant
A - frequency factor constant
k = Ae-Ea /RT Ea - activation energy
R - ideal gas constant
T - temperature
Reaction rate
rate - reaction rate
k - rate constant
rate = k[A]x[B]y [A] and [B] - concentration of reactants
x and y - order of reaction with respect to each
reactant
Ionization constant of water
Kw - ionization constant of water
KW = [H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14
[H₃O+] and [OH-] - concentrations of hydronium and
at 25oC hydroxide ions in water

pH

pH = -log[H3O+]

pOH

pOH = -log[OH-]

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
pH - pH of the solution
pKa - pKa of acid
[A ]
-
pH = pKa + log [HA] [HA] - concentration of acid
[A-] - concentration of conjugate base
Equivalence point of a titration
a and b - number of dissociable protons or hydroxide
ions
aMaVa = bMbVb M - molarity of acid or base
V - volume of acid or base
 Standard cell potential
Eocell - standard cell potential
E o
cell
=E
o
cathode
-E o
anode
Eocathode - electric potential at cathode
Eoanode - electric potential at anode

Nernst equation
Eocell - standard cell potential
RT E′cell - cell potential
E′cell = Eocell - nF lnQ R - ideal gas constant
T - temperature

Chemistry E′cell = Eocell -

0.059
n
log10Q
n - moles of electrons
F - Faraday’s constant
Q - reaction quotient
R - ideal gas constant Electroplating
(8.3145 J · mol-1 · K-1)
or 0.082 L · atm · K-1 · mol-1) n - moles of electrons
F - Faraday’s constant
nF = lt t - time
F - Faraday’s constant
(96,485 C/mol) I - current
Gibbs free energy of an electrochemical cell
ΔG° - Gibbs free energy under standard conditions
Eocell - standard cell potential
ΔGo = -nFEocell n - moles of electrons
F - Faraday’s constant
 Specific rotation
[α] - specific rotation
α α - observed rotation
[α] = cℓ c - concentration
ℓ - length of the polarimeter tube

Organic
Chemistry
R - ideal gas constant
(8.3145 J · mol-1 · K-1)
or 0.082 L · atm · K-1 · mol-1)

F - Faraday’s constant
(96,485 C/mol)
 Pythagorean theorem

a and b - non-hypotenuse lengths of a right triangle

a2 + b2 = c2; c = √a2 + b2 c - hypotenuse length

Kinematic equation 1
Δx - displacement
t - time
1
d = 2 (vi + vf )t vi - initial velocity
vf - final velocity

Physics Kinematic equation 2

a - acceleration
t - time
vf = vi + at vi - initial velocity
G - universal gravitational
constant (6.67 x 10-11 N · m2 / kg2) vf - final velocity
Kinematic equation 3
g - acceleration due to gravity
(9.8 m/s2) a - acceleration
Δx - displacement
1
R - ideal gas constant Δx = vi t + 2 at2 t - time
(8.3145 J · mol-1 · K-1) vi - initial velocity
or 0.082 L · atm · K-1 · mol-1) Kinematic equation 4
kB - Boltzmann constant a - acceleration
(1.38 x 10-23 J/K) Δx - displacement
v 2f = v 2i + 2aΔx vi - initial velocity
pwater - density of water vf - final velocity
(1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml = 1000 kg/m3) Newton’s 1st law
k - Coulomb’s constant If velocity is constant:
(8.99 x 109 N · m2/C2) → Fnet - net force on an object
Fnet = 0
ε0 - the permittivity of free space
(8.85 x 10-12 C2/N · m2)
Newton’s 2nd law
→ →
Fnet - net force on an object
μ0 - the permeability of free Fnet = ma m - mass
space (4π x 10-7 N/A2) a - acceleration

c - speed of light in a vacuum Newton’s 3rd law

(3 x 108 m/s)
→ → F - force that object A exerts on object B and vice
h - Planck’s constant FAB = -FBA versa
(6.63 × 10-34 m2 · kg / s)
Center of mass
R - the Rydberg constant
(1.097 x 107 m-1) xcenter - x- or y-axis position for the center of mass
mn - mass of a smaller object that comprises a larger
m1x1 + m2x2 + ... + mkxk whole.
xcenter = m1+ m2+ ... + mk xn - x- or y-coordinate of a smaller object comprising
the larger whole
Static friction
Fmax - maximum static friction force
Fmax = μsN N - normal force
ųs - coefficient of static friction

Kinetic friction
Fkinetic - kinetic friction force
Fkinetic = μkN N - normal force
ųk - coefficient of kinetic friction
 Gravitational formula
Fgrav - gravitational force
m1m2 G - universal gravitational constant
Fgrav = G r2 m - mass of first and second objects

Centripetal acceleration
a - centripetal acceleration
v2 v - velocity
a= r r - distance of an object from the center of orbit

Physics Centripetal force

Fc - centripetal force
m - mass of an object
mv2
G - universal gravitational Fc = r v - velocity
constant (6.67 x 10-11 N · m2 / kg2) r - distance of an object from the center of orbit
Hooke’s law
g - acceleration due to gravity
(9.8 m/s2) Fspring - spring deformation force
Fspring = -kx k - spring constant
R - ideal gas constant x - deformation distance from equilibrium
(8.3145 J · mol-1 · K-1)
or 0.082 L · atm · K-1 · mol-1) Torque
τ - torque
kB - Boltzmann constant F - applied force
(1.38 x 10-23 J/K) τ = F · d · sin(θ) d - lever arm (distance from fulcrum)
θ - angle between applied force and lever arm
pwater - density of water
(1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml = 1000 kg/m3) Work
W - work
k - Coulomb’s constant F - applied force
(8.99 x 109 N · m2/C2) W = | F | · d · cos(θ) d - displacement over which the force is applied
θ - angle between applied force and displacement
ε0 - the permittivity of free space
(8.85 x 10-12 C2/N · m2) Power

μ0 - the permeability of free P - power

W
space (4π x 10-7 N/A2) P = Δt W - work or change in energy
Δt - time
c - speed of light in a vacuum
Kinetic energy
(3 x 108 m/s)
KE - kinetic energy
1
h - Planck’s constant KE = 2 mv
2 m - mass
(6.63 × 10-34 m2 · kg / s) v - velocity

R - the Rydberg constant Potential energy

(1.097 x 107 m-1)
PE - potential energy
m - mass
PEgrav = mgh g - acceleration due to gravity
h - height above ground level
Elastic potential energy
PE - potential energy
1 k - spring coefficient
PEelastic = 2 kx
2
x - spring deformation from equilibrium

Conservation of energy

KEinitial + PEinitial = PE - potential energy

KEfinal+ PEfinal KE - kinetic energy
 Work-Energy theorem
W - work
W = ΔKE = KEfinal - KEinitial KE - Kinetic energy
Work (Pressure-Volume curve)
W - Work
W = PΔV P - pressure
ΔV - volume
Kinetic energy of a particle

Physics
KE - kinetic energy
1
KE = 2 mv2r ms m - mass of a particle
vrms - root mean square of velocity

G - universal gravitational Kinetic energy of a particle

constant (6.67 x 10-11 N · m2 / kg2)
KE - kinetic energy
3
g - acceleration due to gravity
KE = 2 kBT kB - Boltzmann constant
T - temperature
(9.8 m/s2)
Root mean square of velocity
R - ideal gas constant
(8.3145 J · mol-1 · K-1) vrms - root mean square of velocity
or 0.082 L · atm · K-1 · mol-1) 3RT R - ideal gas constant
vrms = Mm T - temperature
kB - Boltzmann constant Mm - molar mass
(1.38 x 10-23 J/K) Celsius to Fahrenheit
pwater - density of water
5 C - temperature in Celsius
o
(1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml = 1000 kg/m3) o
C = (oF - 32) x 9 F - temperature in Fahrenheit
o

k - Coulomb’s constant
(8.99 x 109 N · m2/C2) Fahrenheit to Celsius

ε0 - the permittivity of free space C - temperature in Celsius

o
(8.85 x 10-12 C2/N · m2) 9
o
F=(Cx o
5) + 32 F - temperature in Fahrenheit
o

μ0 - the permeability of free

space (4π x 10-7 N/A2) First law of thermodynamics
ΔU - change in internal energy of the system
c - speed of light in a vacuum
(3 x 108 m/s) ΔU = Q - W Q - heat entering the system
W - work done by the system
h - Planck’s constant
Thermal expansion #1
(6.63 × 10-34 m2 · kg / s)
ΔL - change in length
R - the Rydberg constant aL - coefficient of thermal expansion
ΔL = aLLΔT L - original length
(1.097 x 107 m-1)
ΔT - change in temperature
Thermal expansion #2
ΔV - change in volume
aV - coefficient of thermal expansion
ΔV = aVVΔT V - original volume
ΔT - change in temperature
Ideal gas law
P - pressure
V - volume
PV = nRT n - moles of gas
R - ideal gas constant
T - temperature
 Density
ρ - density
m m - mass
ρ= V V - volume

Specific gravity

ρ ρ - density of substance
specific gravity = ρ ρwater - density of water
water

Physics Pressure
P - pressure
F
P= A F - force
G - universal gravitational A - area
constant (6.67 x 10-11 N · m2 / kg2)
Hydrostatic pressure
g - acceleration due to gravity
(9.8 m/s2) Psub - gauge pressure
ρ - density of fluid
R - ideal gas constant Psub = ρgh g - acceleration due to gravity
(8.3145 J · mol-1 · K-1) h - submerged depth
or 0.082 L · atm · K-1 · mol-1)
Absolute pressure
kB - Boltzmann constant
(1.38 x 10-23 J/K) Pabs - absolute pressure
Patm - atmospheric pressure
pwater - density of water
Pabs = Patm + ρgh ρ - density of fluid
(1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml = 1000 kg/m3) g - acceleration due to gravity
h - submerged depth
k - Coulomb’s constant
(8.99 x 109 N · m2/C2)
Part of object submerged
ε0 - the permittivity of free space %submerged - how much of an object is submerged
ρobject
(8.85 x 10-12 C2/N · m2) % submerged = ρliquid · 100 ρobject - density of object
ρliquid - density of liquid
μ0 - the permeability of free
space (4π x 10-7 N/A2) Buoyant Force
c - speed of light in a vacuum Fbuoy - buoyant force
(3 x 108 m/s) ρ - density of fluid
Fbuoy = ρVg V - volume of fluid displaced
h - Planck’s constant g - acceleration due to gravity
(6.63 × 10-34 m2 · kg / s)
Pascal’s law
R - the Rydberg constant P - Pressure
(1.097 x 107 m-1) F F
P = A1 = A2 F - force
1 2
A - area

Pascal’s law
W - work
W = F1d1 = F2d2 F - Force
d - displacement

Poiseuille’s law
Q - flow rate
r - radius of the vessel
πr4ΔP ΔP - change in pressure
Q = 8ηL η - viscosity
L - length of the vessel
 Bernoulli’s law
P - pressure
1
P1 + 2 ρv12 + ρgh1 = ρ - density of fluid
v - velocity of the fluid
1
P2 + 2 ρv22 + ρgh2 g - acceleration due to gravity
h - height or depth with respect to ground level

Continuity equation

v - velocity
v1A1 = v2A2
Physics A - area of the vessel

Pitot tube
G - universal gravitational Pstag - stagnation pressure
constant (6.67 x 10-11 N · m2 / kg2) 1 Pstatic - static pressure
Pstag - Pstatic = 2
ρv 2
ρ - density of fluid
g - acceleration due to gravity v - velocity of the fluid
(9.8 m/s2)
Resistance
R - ideal gas constant
(8.3145 J · mol-1 · K-1) R - resistance
or 0.082 L · atm · K-1 · mol-1) ρ - resistivity
ℓ
R=ρ A ℓ - length of resistor
kB - Boltzmann constant A - area of resistor
(1.38 x 10-23 J/K)
Conductance
pwater - density of water G - conductance
(1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml = 1000 kg/m3) σ - conductivity (1/ρ)
A
G=σ ℓ ℓ - length of conductor
k - Coulomb’s constant A - area of conductor
(8.99 x 109 N · m2/C2)
Coulomb’s law
ε0 - the permittivity of free space
(8.85 x 10-12 C2/N · m2) F - electrostatic force
k - Coulomb’s constant
kq1q2
μ0 - the permeability of free F= q - charge of a particle
r2 r - distance between charges
space (4π x 10-7 N/A2)

c - speed of light in a vacuum Electric field

(3 x 108 m/s)
E - electric field strength
h - Planck’s constant F - electrostatic force
(6.63 × 10-34 m2 · kg / s) F kQ Q and q - magnitude of charge
E = q = r2 k - Coulomb’s constant
R - the Rydberg constant r - distance from the source charge
(1.097 x 107 m-1)
Electric potential energy
U - electric potential energy
k - Coulomb’s constant
kQq
U= r Q and q - magnitude of charges
r - distance between charges

Electric potential (Voltage)

V - voltage
U - electric potential energy
U kQ k - Coulomb’s constant
V= q = r Q or q - magnitude of charge
r - distance from electric field source
 Ohm’s law
V - voltage
V = IR I - current
R - resistance

Power
P - power
V - voltage
V2 I - current
P = IV = I 2R = R
R - resistance

Physics Current in series

Itotal - total current

Itotal = I1 = I2 = ... = In In - current through individual parts of the series circuit
G - universal gravitational
constant (6.67 x 10-11 N · m2 / kg2)
Voltage in series
g - acceleration due to gravity
(9.8 m/s2) Vsource - voltage source
Vsource = V1 + V2 + ... + Vn Vn - Voltage across individual components of the
R - ideal gas constant series circuit
(8.3145 J · mol-1 · K-1)
Resistance in series
or 0.082 L · atm · K-1 · mol-1)
Rtotal - total resistance for a given series circuit
kB - Boltzmann constant Rtotal = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Rn - resistance of an individual component of the
(1.38 x 10-23 J/K) series circuit

pwater - density of water Current in parallel

(1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml = 1000 kg/m3) Itotal - total current through a circuit with parallel
branches
k - Coulomb’s constant Itotal = I1 + I2 + ... + In In - current through individual branches of the parallel
(8.99 x 109 N · m2/C2) circuit

ε0 - the permittivity of free space Voltage in parallel

(8.85 x 10-12 C2/N · m2) Vtotal - total circuit voltage
Vtotal = V1 = V2 = ... = Vn Vn - Voltage across individual branches of the parallel
μ0 - the permeability of free circuit
space (4π x 10-7 N/A2)
Resistance in parallel
c - speed of light in a vacuum
(3 x 108 m/s) Rtotal - total resistance for a given parallel circuit
1 1 1 1
Rtotal
= R + R + ... + R Rn - resistance of an individual component in a parallel
h - Planck’s constant 1 2 n branch
(6.63 × 10-34 m2 · kg / s)
Capacitance
R - the Rydberg constant C - capacitance
(1.097 x 107 m-1) Q
C=V Q - charge stored in capacitor
V - voltage across capacitor

Capacitance

C - capacitance
ε0 - the permittivity of free space
A
C = ε0 d A - cross-sectional area of the plates
d - distance between the plates

Electric field between capacitor plates

E - electric field between the plates
V
E= d V - voltage across the plates
d - distance between the plates
 Capacitance in series

Ctotal - total capacitance of a given series circuit

1 1 1 1
Ctotal
= C + C + ... + C Cn - capacitance of individual components of the
1 2 n series circuit

Capacitance in parallel

Ctotal - total capacitance in a given parallel circuit

Ctotal = C1 + C2 + ... + Cn Cn - capacitance of individual component in a parallel

Physics
branch

Magnetic field around a wire

B - magnetic field strength
G - universal gravitational
μI μ0 - the permeability of free space
constant (6.67 x 10-11 N · m2 / kg2) B = 2πr
0
I - current through the wire
r - distance from the wire
g - acceleration due to gravity
(9.8 m/s2) Magnetic force on a charge

R - ideal gas constant FB - magnetic force

(8.3145 J · mol-1 · K-1) q - magnitude of charge
or 0.082 L · atm · K-1 · mol-1)
FB = qvBsin(θ) v - velocity of the charge
B - external magnetic field strength
kB - Boltzmann constant θ - angle between velocity and magnetic field vectors
(1.38 x 10-23 J/K)

pwater - density of water Magnetic force on a wire

(1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml = 1000 kg/m3)
FB - magnetic force
k - Coulomb’s constant I - current through the wire
(8.99 x 109 N · m2/C2) FB = IℓBsin(θ) ℓ - length of the wire
B - external magnetic field strength
ε0 - the permittivity of free space θ - angle between current and magnetic field vectors
(8.85 x 10-12 C2/N · m2)
Period of a mass on a spring
μ0 - the permeability of free
space (4π x 10-7 N/A2) T - period
m
T = 2π k
m - mass of object attached to spring
c - speed of light in a vacuum k - spring constant
(3 x 108 m/s)
Period of a pendulum
h - Planck’s constant T - period
(6.63 × 10-34 m2 · kg / s) L
T = 2π g
L - length of the pendulum
g - acceleration due to gravity
R - the Rydberg constant
(1.097 x 107 m-1) Velocity of a wave
v - velocity of the wave
v = λf λ - wavelength
f - frequency

Speed of sound
v - speed of sound in a medium
B
Vsound = ρ
B - bulk modulus of medium
p - density of medium

Decibel level
dB - decibel level
I
dB = 10log( I ) I - intensity of given sound
0 I0 - reference intensity
 Doppler effect

f΄- perceived frequency

f0 - frequency emitted by the source
(v +v ) vsound - speed of sound
f΄= f0 (vsound + vobserver) vobserver - relative velocity of the observer
sound source
vsource - relative velocity of the source

Standing wave for a string or pipe open at both ends

λ - wavelength

Physics
2L
λ= n L - length of the pipe or string
n - integer of harmonic

Standing wave for a pipe closed at one end

G - universal gravitational
constant (6.67 x 10-11 N · m2 / kg2) λ - wavelength
4L
λ= nodd
L - length of the pipe
g - acceleration due to gravity nodd - integer of harmonic (odd only)
(9.8 m/s2)
Energy of an electromagnetic wave
R - ideal gas constant E - energy of the wave
(8.3145 J · mol-1 · K-1) λ - wavelength
or 0.082 L · atm · K-1 · mol-1) hc f - frequency
E = hf = λ c - speed of light in a vacuum
kB - Boltzmann constant h - Planck’s constant
(1.38 x 10-23 J/K)
Refractive index
pwater - density of water
(1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml = 1000 kg/m3) n - index of refraction of a medium
c
n= v c - speed of light in a vacuum
k - Coulomb’s constant v - speed of light in the medium
(8.99 x 109 N · m2/C2)
Snell’s law
ε0 - the permittivity of free space
(8.85 x 10-12 C2/N · m2)
n - index of refraction of each medium
n1sin(θ1) = n2sin(θ2) θ - angle of incidence and angle of refraction
μ0 - the permeability of free
space (4π x 10-7 N/A2)
Single-slit diffraction
c - speed of light in a vacuum
(3 x 108 m/s)
A - aperture width
λ - wavelength
h - Planck’s constant Asin(θ) = mλ m - the order of the minimum
(6.63 × 10-34 m2 · kg / s)
θ - angle relative to the original direction of the light
R - the Rydberg constant
(1.097 x 107 m-1) Double-slit diffraction maximum

D - distance between apertures

n - the order of the maximum
Dsin(θ) = nλ λ - wavelength
θ - angle relative to the original direction of the light

Double-slit diffraction minimum

D - distance between apertures

n - the order of the minimum
1
Dsin(θ) = (n + 2 ) λ λ - wavelength
θ - angle relative to the original direction of the light
 Thin lens equation
f - focal distance
1 1 1
f
=o+ i o - object distance
i - image distance

Magnification
o - object distance
i
m = -o i - image distance
m - magnification

Power of a lens
Physics P= f
1 P - power of a lens
f - focal distance
G - universal gravitational
constant (6.67 x 10-11 N · m2 / kg2) Mass-energy equivalence
E - binding energy of a nucleus
g - acceleration due to gravity E = mc2 m - mass defect
(9.8 m/s2) c - speed of light in a vacuum

R - ideal gas constant Photoelectric effect

(8.3145 J · mol-1 · K-1)
or 0.082 L · atm · K-1 · mol-1) KE - kinetic energy of ejected electron
KEmax = Eincident - Ework Eincident - energy of incident photon
kB - Boltzmann constant Ework - energy required to eject an electron
(1.38 x 10-23 J/K)
Rydberg equation
pwater - density of water R - the Rydberg constant
(1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml = 1000 kg/m3) 1 1 1
λ
= R ( n2 - n2 ) n - orbital levels
1 2 λ - wavelength of photon
k - Coulomb’s constant
(8.99 x 109 N · m2/C2) Alpha decay
A - atomic mass
ε0 - the permittivity of free space A A-4 4 Z - atomic number
(8.85 x 10-12 C2/N · m2) ZX → Z-2 Y+ 2 a
a - alpha particle (helium nucleus)

μ0 - the permeability of free Beta-minus decay

space (4π x 10-7 N/A2) A - atomic mass
A A 0 Z - atomic number
c - speed of light in a vacuum ZX → Z+1 Y+ 0 β -
β- - electron
(3 x 108 m/s)
Beta-plus decay
h - Planck’s constant
(6.63 × 10-34 m2 · kg / s) A - atomic mass
A A 0 Z - atomic number
ZX → Z-1 Y+ 0 β +

R - the Rydberg constant β+ - positron

(1.097 x 107 m-1) Gamma decay
A - atomic mass
A A Z - atomic number
ZX *→ ZX +c
c - high energy radiation
Electron capture
A
ZX + e- → Z - A
1 Y
A - atomic mass
Z - atomic number

Exponential decay
n - remaining amount
n0 - original amount
n = n0e -λt
t - time
λ - decay constant
 Half-life

0.693 λ - decay constant

t1/2 = λ t1/2 - half-life

Physics
G - universal gravitational
constant (6.67 x 10-11 N · m2 / kg2)

g - acceleration due to gravity

(9.8 m/s2)

R - ideal gas constant

(8.3145 J · mol-1 · K-1)
or 0.082 L · atm · K-1 · mol-1)

kB - Boltzmann constant
(1.38 x 10-23 J/K)

pwater - density of water

(1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml = 1000 kg/m3)

k - Coulomb’s constant
(8.99 x 109 N · m2/C2)

ε0 - the permittivity of free space

(8.85 x 10-12 C2/N · m2)

μ0 - the permeability of free

space (4π x 10-7 N/A2)

c - speed of light in a vacuum

(3 x 108 m/s)

h - Planck’s constant
(6.63 × 10-34 m2 · kg / s)

R - the Rydberg constant

(1.097 x 107 m-1)
 Michaelis-Menten kinetics
v - reaction rate
vmax[S] vmax - maximum possible reaction rate
v = K + [S] Km - substrate concentration sufficient to reach ½ vmax
m
[S] - substrate concentration
Beer-Lambert law
A - solute’s absorbance
ε - molar absorptivity of the solute
A = εcℓ c - concentration of the solute
ℓ - path length of the transmitted light
Biochemistry