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Integral Lecture1

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6 views10 pages

Integral Lecture1

Uploaded by

nourshref2000
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 5

INTEGRALS
Lecture-1
(InDefinite Integral-Basics))

1. Derivatives: Measures instantaneous change


2. Integrals: Measures cumulative amounts

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1
Definition
 Antiderivative:
A primitive or antiderivative of a function f (x) is function
F(x) such that F’(x) = f (x).
The indefinite integral orgeneral antiderivative ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬of a function f (x )
stands for all possible antiderivatives of f (x ) defined on an interval such that

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶

C is a constant and F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x)

𝑥2 𝑥2 1
න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 ; 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒: + 𝐶 → 2𝑥 = 𝑥
2 2 2
2
Basic properties for indefinite integral
1) Constant factor rule:

න 𝑘. 𝑓 x dx = 𝑘. න 𝑓 x dx

2) Sum and difference rule:

න(𝑓 x ± 𝑔 x )dx = න 𝑓 x dx ± න 𝑔 x dx

3
Table of Indefinite Integrals
𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑥6
න 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1 න 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑛+1 6

𝑑𝑥
න 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = න = 𝐿𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥

1 𝑎𝑥 1 7𝑥
න 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 +𝐶 න 𝑒 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 +𝐶
𝑎 7

1 1
න cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶 න cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 4𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎 4

1 1
න sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶 න sin(3𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 = − cos(3𝑥 + 5) + 𝐶
𝑎 3

4
Table of Indefinite Integrals
න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶

න 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶

1
න 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥 +1

1
න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
1 − 𝑥2

5
1) Integral of the form න(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑑𝑥

 Let U=ax+b
න(2𝑥 + 3)5 𝑑𝑥 =?

𝑑𝑈 1
= 𝑎 → 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑈
𝑑𝑥 𝑎

1 1 1 𝑈 𝑛+1
𝐼 = න(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑈 𝑛 𝑑𝑈 = න 𝑈 𝑛 𝑑𝑈 = +𝐶
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑛+1

 Example:
1 (2𝑥 + 3) 6
න(2𝑥 + 3)5 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
2 6
6
1
2) Integral of the form න 2
𝑥 +𝑎 2
𝑑𝑥

1 1
න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 න 2 𝑑𝑥 =?
𝑎2 ( ) +1 𝑥 +4
𝑎
𝑥
 Let U=
𝑎

𝑑𝑈 1
=  𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑑𝑈
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
1 1 1 1 −1
𝐼=න (𝑎𝑑𝑈) = න 𝑑𝑈 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑈+𝐶
𝑎2 (𝑈)2 + 1 𝑎 𝑈2 + 1 𝑎

1 −1
𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) + 𝐶
𝑎 𝑎
7
Examples:
1 1 1 −1
𝑥
න 2 𝑑𝑥 = න 2 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
𝑥 +4 𝑥 +2 2 2

1 1 1 𝑥
න 2 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 +𝐶
𝑥 +5 𝑥 2 + ( 5)2 5 5

8
1
3) Integral of the form න 𝑎2 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥

1
න 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑥 න 𝑑𝑥 =?
𝑎2 [1 − ( )2 ] 7− 𝑥2
𝑎
𝑥
 Let U=
𝑎

𝑑𝑈 1
=  𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑑𝑈
𝑑𝑥 𝑎

1 1
𝐼=න (𝑎𝑑𝑈) = න 𝑑𝑈 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑈 + 𝐶
𝑎 1 − 𝑈2 1 − 𝑈2

𝑥
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝐶
𝑎

9
Examples:
1 1 −1
𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝐶
7 − 𝑥2 7
( 7)2 −𝑥 2

10

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