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Termination of Employment
ii
Termination of Employment
Third Edition
by
Alastair Purdy
Solicitor, SC
BLOOMSBURY PROFESSIONAL
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
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government-licence/version/3) except where otherwise stated.
All Eur-lex material used in the work is © European Union,
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/, 1998–2023.
Dear readers,
It is with great pleasure and a profound sense of fulfillment that I present to you the
third edition of Termination of Employment. This book is the culmination of over three
decades of study, personal experience and unwavering commitment to understand,
insofar as is possible, the intricacies concerned with and related to the termination of
employment in Ireland.
As I reflect on my journey through this intricate landscape, it becomes clear that the
path to understanding and mastery is a continuous one. With each passing year, the
dynamics of the workplace evolve, new laws are passed, new legal precedents emerge
and the complexities of the employee-employer relationship deepens.
The prominent audience for this book has always been the practitioners, legal
professionals, HR specialists, managers and all those who grapple with the multifaceted
issues concerning the termination of employment. It is my sincere hope that the
knowledge and insights contained within these pages will serve as a valuable resource
to your daily work. Whether you are a seasoned expert or just starting out in this
field, the aim of the book is to provide you with practical guidance and real world
examples that will enhance your ability to navigate the challenges of the termination of
employment effectively.
In this third edition, you will find updated information that reflects the latest
developments and case law examples that illustrate complex scenarios and an overview
of what is expected. I have drawn upon my own experiences and those of colleagues
as well as the invaluable feedback from readers of the previous editions to create what
I hope is a relevant resource for you.
I want to express my deep appreciation to my colleagues in the firm of Alastair
Purdy & Co, mentors and fellow practitioners who have supported me throughout
my career. Your insights, discussions and shared experiences have enriched my
understanding of this subject immeasurably. A special mention in the compilation of
this third edition must go to my colleague Robin Hyde, without whom I would have
struggled to get this done. A mention must also go to Jessica Purdy, who assisted me
greatly with research and in particular with chapter 12. I owe a great deal of thanks
to many colleagues in this area but most especially, I would like to thank Brendan
Kirwan SC for his insights in respect of the chapter on employment injunctions, whose
thoughts and perceptions into this difficult area were invaluable. I also extend my
gratitude to my family and in particular, my wife Orla, whose unwavering support
has allowed me to dedicate the time and effort required to undertake this work. Lastly
I would like to thank Gavin Sheridan CEO and Co-founder of Vizlegal for introducing
me to Vizlegal without which the research for this book would have been profoundly
more difficult.
vii
Preface
As you delve into the pages of this book, I encourage you to approach it not just
as a reference but to use it to inform your decisions, ignite discussions and inspire
innovative approaches to the challenges you encounter in this area.
Alastair Purdy
October 2023
viii
Contents
Preface�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������vii
Table of Cases������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ xvii
Table of Statutes���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xliii
Table of Statutory Instruments�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������lxiii
Table of European Legislation���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� lxvii
ix
Contents
x
Contents
Onus of Proof���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������99
Exceptions where the onus of proof shifts to the employee��������������������������������100
Unfair Dismissals�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������102
Membership of a trade union or involvement in trade union activities��������������102
Strikes and lockouts��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������103
Religious or political opinions����������������������������������������������������������������������������107
Race, colour or sexual orientation�����������������������������������������������������������������������107
Age����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������107
Pregnancy or connected matters�������������������������������������������������������������������������109
Dismissals contrary to the Adoptive Leave Acts 1995 and 2005������������������������ 110
Membership of the Traveller community������������������������������������������������������������ 110
Civil or criminal proceedings������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 111
Dismissals in Accordance with Acts Other than the Unfair Dismissals Act�������������� 111
Persons reporting child abuse����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 111
Dismissals and the Employees (Provision of Information and
Consultation) Act 2006���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 111
Dismissals and the Health, Safety and Welfare at Work Act 2005��������������������� 111
Dismissals and the Parental Leave Acts 1998 and 2006 and the Carer’s
Leave Act 2001���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 115
Dismissals contrary to the National Minimum Wage Act 2000�������������������������� 115
Dismissals contrary to the Standards in Public Office Act 2001������������������������ 115
Dismissals Deemed Not to be Unfair������������������������������������������������������������������������� 115
Capability, competence or qualifications of the employee���������������������������������� 116
Conduct���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������128
Redundancy���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������153
Heat-of-the-moment resignations�����������������������������������������������������������������������156
Constructive Dismissal����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������158
And/or test�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������158
Unequivocal words���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������159
The contract test��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������159
The reasonableness test���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������161
Obligation to utilise the grievance procedure�����������������������������������������������������163
Surveillance of Employees/Use of Private Investigators�������������������������������������������166
Covert cameras����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������166
Covert recording of conversations����������������������������������������������������������������������171
Use of private investigators for employment law and ‘crossover’ with
personal injury litigation��������������������������������������������������������������������������������173
Importance of Procedures������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������175
Reasonableness of the Employer’s Decision�������������������������������������������������������������175
Remedies��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������176
Compensation������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������177
Minimum four weeks������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������179
Ability to mitigate loss����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������180
Illness resulting from dismissal���������������������������������������������������������������������������182
xi
Contents
Chapter 5: Redundancy������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������209
Statutory Definition of ‘Redundancy’������������������������������������������������������������������������209
Entitlement to a Redundancy Payment����������������������������������������������������������������������209
Continuous service���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 211
Insurable employment�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������213
Aged over 16�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������214
Genuine redundancy�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������214
The right to a redundancy lump-sum payment by reason of lay-off
or short time (Form RP9)������������������������������������������������������������������������������214
Employees wishing to leave their employment before their notice
of proposed dismissal expires������������������������������������������������������������������������216
Disentitlement to a Redundancy Payment�����������������������������������������������������������������217
Alternative work�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������217
Misconduct����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������218
Refusal to take alternative employment��������������������������������������������������������������218
Change of location����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������219
Calculation of Statutory Entitlement�������������������������������������������������������������������������220
Calculation of a week’s pay for purposes of the Act�������������������������������������������220
Reckonable and non-reckonable service�������������������������������������������������������������222
Maternity leave and additional maternity leave for redundancy
calculation purposes��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������224
Parental leave for redundancy calculation purposes�������������������������������������������224
Calculating ‘excess days’ in respect of redundancies notified/declared
on or after 10 April 2005�������������������������������������������������������������������������������225
Adoptive leave for redundancy calculation purposes�����������������������������������������225
Parent’s leave for redundancy calculation purposes�������������������������������������������225
xii
Contents
xiii
Contents
xiv
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October 19. I was willing either to die or live; but found it hard to
think of living useless. Oh that I might never live to be a burden to
God’s creation; but that I might be allowed to repair home, when my
sojourning work is done!
[This was the last interview that he ever had with his people.
About eleven o’clock the same day, he left them: and the next day
came to Elisabeth-Town.]
Lord’s-day, May 17. Though I felt much dulness this week; yet I
had some glimpses of the excellency of divine things; and especially
one morning, the beauty of holiness, as a likeness to the glorious
God, was so discovered to me, that I longed earnestly to be in that
world where holiness dwells in perfection, that I might please God,
live entirely to him, and glorify him to the utmost stretch of my
capacities.
How I was, the first day or two of my illness, with regard to the
exercise of reason, I scarcely know; but the third day, and constantly
afterwards, for four or five weeks together, I enjoyed as much
serenity of mind, and clearness of thought, as perhaps I ever did in
my life. And I think my mind never penetrated with so much ease
and freedom into divine things, and I never felt so capable of
demonstrating the truth of many important doctrines of the gospel
as now.
As God was pleased to afford me clearness of thought almost
continually, for several weeks together; so he enabled me in some
measure, to employ my time to valuable purposes. I was enabled to
write a number of important letters, to friends in remote places; and
sometimes I wrote I was speechless, i. e. unable to maintain
conversation with any body.—*Besides this I had many visitants;
with whom when I was able to speak, I always conversed of the
things of religion: and was peculiarly assisted in distinguishing
between true and false religion. And especially I discoursed
repeatedly on the nature and necessity of that humiliation, self-
emptiness, or full conviction of a person’s being utterly undone in
himself, which is necessary in order to a saving faith, and the
extreme difficulty of being brought to this, and the great danger
there is of persons taking up with some self-righteous appearances
of it. The danger of this I especially dwelt upon, being persuaded
that multitudes perish in this hidden way; because so little is said
from most pulpits to discover any danger here: so that persons
being never effectually brought to die to themselves, are never truly
united to Christ. I also discoursed much on what I take to be the
essence of true religion, that God-like temper and disposition of soul,
and that holy conversation and behaviour, that may justly claim the
honour of having God for its original pattern. And I have reason to
hope God blessed my discoursing to some, both ministers and
people; so that my time was not wholly lost.
This visit was attended with a mixture of joy and sorrow to Mr.
Brainerd. He greatly rejoiced to see his brother, especially because
he had desired an opportunity of some religious conversation with
him before he died. But this meeting was attended with sorrow, as
his brother brought to him the tidings of his sister Spencer’s death at
Haddam: a sister, between whom and him had long subsisted a
peculiar dear affection, and much intimacy in spiritual matters. He
had heard nothing of her sickness. But he had these comforts
together with the tidings, a confidence of her being gone to heaven,
and an expectation of soon meeting her there.—His brother
continued with him till he left the town, and came with him from
thence to Northampton.
Lord’s-day, July 26. This day, I saw clearly, that God himself could
not make me happy unless I could be in a capacity to “please and
glorify him for ever.” Take away this, and admit me into all the fine
heavens that can be conceived by men or angels, and I should still
be miserable for ever.
*While he was here, his conversation from first to last was much
on the same subjects as it had been in Boston. He was much in
speaking of the nature of true religion, as distinguished from its
various counterfeits; expressing his great concern, that the latter did
so much prevail in so many places. He often manifested his great
abhorrence of all such doctrines and principles, as in any wise
savoured of, and had any (though but a remote) tendency to
Antinomianism; of all such notions as seemed to diminish the
necessity of holiness of life, or to abate men’s regard to the
commands of God, and a strict, diligent, and universal practice of
virtue, under a pretence of depreciating our works, and magnifying
God’s free grace. He spake often with much detestation, of such
discoveries and joys as have nothing of the nature of sanctification
in them, and do not tend to strictness, tenderness, and diligence in
religion, and meekness and benevolence toward mankind: and he
also declared, that he looked on such pretended humility as worthy
of no regard, that was not manifested by modesty of conduct and
conversation.
*After he came hither, as long as he lived, he was much in
speaking of the future prosperity of Zion that is so often promised in
scripture: and his mind seemed to be carried forth with intense
desires, that religion might speedily revive and flourish; yea, the
nearer death advanced, still the more did his mind seem to be taken
up with this subject. He told me, when near his end, that “he never
in all his life had his mind so led forth in desires and earnest prayers
for the flourishing of Christ’s kingdom on earth, as since he was
brought so exceeding low at Boston.” He seemed much to wonder,
that there appeared no more of a disposition in ministers and people
to pray for the flourishing of religion through the world; that so little
a part of their prayers was generally taken up about it, in their
families, and elsewhere; and particularly, he several times expressed
his wonder, that there appeared no more forwardness to comply
with the proposal lately made in a memorial from a number of
ministers in Scotland, and sent over into America, for united
extraordinary prayer, among Christ’s ministers and people, for the
coming of Christ’s kingdom: and he sent as his dying advice to his
own congregation, that they should practise agreeably to that
proposal. ¹
He had been wont, till now, frequently to ride out, two or three
miles; but this week, on Thursday, was the last time he ever did so.]
[Till this week he had been wont to lodge in a room above stairs;
but he now grew so weak, that he was no longer able to go up stairs
and down. Friday, August 28, was the last time he ever went above
stairs, henceforward he betook himself to a lower room.
[On the evening following that Lord’s-day, his feet began to swell,
which thenceforward swelled more and more. A symptom of his
dissolution coming on.
The next day his brother left him, being obliged to return to
New-Jersey on some business of great importance, intending to
return again with all possible speed, hoping to see his brother yet
once more in the land of the living.
On the Thursday of this week (September 17.) was the last time
that ever he went out of his lodging-room. That day, he was again
visited by his brother Israel, who continued with him thenceforward
till his death. *On that evening he was taken with something of a
diarrhea; which he looked upon as another sign of his approaching
death: whereupon he expressed himself thus; “Oh, the glorious time
is now coming! I have longed to serve God perfectly: now God will
gratify those desires!” And from time to time, at the several new
symptoms of his dissolution, he was so far from being damped, that
he seemed to be animated; as being glad at the appearances of
death’s approach. He often used the epithet, glorious, when
speaking of the day of his death, calling it that glorious day. And as
he saw his dissolution gradually approaching, he was much in talking
about it, and also settling all his affairs, very particularly and
minutely giving directions concerning what he would have done. And
the nearer death approached, the more desirous he seemed to be of
it. He several times spake of the different kinds of willingness to die;
and spoke of it as a mean kind of willingness to die, to be willing to
leave the body only to get rid of pain.]
*Saturday, September 19. While I attempted to walk a little, my
thoughts turned thus; “How infinitely sweet it is, to love God, and be
all for him!” Upon which it was suggested to me, “You are not an
angel, lively and active.” To which my soul immediately replied, I as
sincerely desire to love and glorify God, as any angel in heaven.”
Upon which it was suggested again, “But you are filthy, and not fit
for heaven.” Hereupon instantly appeared the blessed robes of
Christ’s righteousness, which I could not but exult and triumph in;
and I viewed the infinite excellency of God, and my soul even broke
out with longings, that God should be glorified. I thought of dignity
in heaven: but instantly the thought returned, “I do not go to
heaven to get honour, but to give all ♦possible glory and praise.” Oh,
how I longed that God should be glorified on earth also! Bodily pains
I cared not for: though I was then in extremity, I never felt easier; I
felt willing to glorify God in that state, as long as he pleased. The
grave appeared really sweet, and I longed to lodge my weary bones
in it: but Oh, that God might be glorified! this was the burden of all
my cry. Oh, I knew, I should be active as an angel, in heaven; and
that I should be stripped of my filthy garments!――But Oh, to love
and praise God more, to please him for ever! this my soul panted
after, and even now pants for while I write. Oh that God might be
glorified in the whole earth! “Lord, let thy kingdom come.” I longed
for a spirit of preaching to descend and rest on ministers, that they
might address the consciences of men with closeness and power. I
saw God, had the residue of the spirit; and my soul longed it should
be “poured from on high.” I could not but plead with God for my
dear congregation, that he would preserve it, and not suffer his
great name to lose its glory in that work; my soul still longing, that
God might be glorified.
¹ This was the last that ever he wrote in his diary with his
own hand: though it is continued a little farther, in a
broken manner; written by his brother Israel, but indited
by his mouth.
During the whole of these last two weeks of his life, he seemed
to continue loose from all the world, as having done his work, and
done with all things here below, having nothing to do but to die, and
abiding in an earnest desire and expectation of the happy moment,
when his soul should take its flight, and go to a state of perfection,
of holiness, and perfect glorying and enjoying God. He said, “That
the consideration of the day of death, and the day of judgment, had
a long time been peculiarly sweet to him.” He from time to time
spake of his being willing to leave the body and the world
immediately, if it was the will of God. He also was much in
expressing his longing that the church of Christ on earth might
flourish, and Christ’s kingdom here might be advanced,
notwithstanding he was about to leave the earth, and should not
with his eyes behold the desirable event. He said to me, one
morning, “My thoughts have been employed on the old dear theme,
the prosperity of God’s church on earth. As I waked out of sleep, I
was led to cry for the pouring out of God’s Spirit, and the
advancement of Christ’s kingdom, which the dear Redeemer did, and
suffered so much for. It is that especially makes me long for it.”
He once told me, that “he had formerly longed for the out-
pouring of the Spirit of God, and the glorious times of the church,
and hoped they were coming: and should have been willing to have
lived to promote religion at that time, if that had been the will of
God: but (says he) I am willing it should be as it is: I would not have
the choice to make for myself, for ten thousand worlds.” He
expressed on his death-bed a full persuasion that he should in
heaven see the prosperity of the church on earth, and should rejoice
with Christ therein; and the consideration of it seemed to be highly
pleasing to his mind.
He also still dwelt much on the great importance of the work of
ministers; and expressed his longings, that they might be filled with
the Spirit of God; and manifested much desire to see some of the
neighbouring ministers, whom he had some acquaintance with, that
he might converse freely with them on that subject before he died.
And it so happened, that he had opportunity with some of them,
according to his desire.
Another thing that lay much on his heart, and that he spake of,
from time to time, in these near approaches of death, was the
spiritual prosperity of his own congregation: and when he spake of
them, it was with peculiar tenderness, so that his speech would be
presently interrupted and drowned with tears.
Till now, he had every day sat up part of the day; but after this
he never rose from his bed.]