Mathematical Fundamentals for

Engineers
IS1402

Dr. Mihirini Wagarachchi

Department Interdisciplinary Studies

Faculty of Engineering
University of Ruhuna
September 30, 2024
 Contact

Email
[email protected]

Telephone
077 109 3025
 Outline

➢ Complex Numbers

➢ Matrices

➢ Real functions

➢ Vectors
Complex Numbers
 Roots of 𝑥2 − 1 = 0 Roots of 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0

𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 1 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 1
3.5 3.5
3

2.5

2 2
1.5

0.5

0
-2

-1

2
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2

-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2

0.6
0.2
0.4

0.8

1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

-2

-1

2
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2

-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2

0.6
0.2
0.4

0.8

1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
-0.5 -0.5
-1

-1.5

The equation has two equal roots

The equation has two distinct roots The equation has only one equal roots
 3

0
1
4
6

-2
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1
Roots of

-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1

1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
The equation has no real roots
 -15
-5
5
-2
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1
-0.8
Roots of

-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2

2.4
2.6
2.8

The equation has Three distinct roots

Series1

Series1

-15
-10
15
25
30

-2
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
Roots of

-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
𝑦 = 𝑥3 − 1

0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
The equation has one real root

2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
 ℝ
1 7
ℕ - Set of Natural Numbers
Set of irrational Numbers −
2 13 𝑊 - Set of Whole Numbers
2
𝜋 -1
0 ℤ - Set of Integers
1 𝑤 ℤ
𝑒 ℕ ℚ - Set of Rational Numbers
107 5
5 -17
ℝ - Set of Real Numbers
0.10100100010001 …
ℚ ℝ\ ℚ - Set of Irrational Numbers

- +
0
 Definition
The numbers in the form 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 where 𝒙 and 𝒚 are real
numbers and 𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏 are called complex numbers.

𝒙 - real part of 𝒛
𝒚 -imaginary part of 𝒛

𝒙 = 𝑹𝒆 𝒛
𝒚 = 𝑰𝒎(𝒛)

Cont…
 Definition
Example

𝒛 = 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒊
𝑹𝒆 𝒛 = 𝟑, 𝑰𝒎 𝒛 = −𝟐

𝟏 𝟑
𝒛= + 𝒊
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟑
𝑹𝒆 𝒛 = , 𝑰𝒎 𝒛 =
𝟐 𝟐
Cont…
 Definition

If 𝒚 = 𝟎, then 𝒛 is a real number and if 𝒙 = 𝟎 , 𝒛 is called a

pure imaginary number.

𝟐 = 𝟐 + 𝟎𝒊 , −𝟎. 𝟓 = −𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎𝒊 are real numbers

𝟐
-3𝒊 , 𝟎. 𝟐𝒊, 𝒊 are pure imaginary numbers
𝟑
The set of real numbers is a subset of the set of Complex
numbers
ℂ
ℝ
ℚ

ℕ
𝑤

ℤ
 Equal Complex Numbers

Two complex number 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 and 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃 are said to be equal

if and only if 𝒙 = 𝒂 and 𝒚 = 𝒃.

The inequality is meaningless in complex numbers.

 Complex Conjugate
If 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 is a complex number, then the number 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒚
is called the complex conjugate of z and denoted by 𝒛ത .

i. e 𝒛ത = 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒚.

Example:

𝟑 − 𝟒𝒊 and 𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊 are conjugates of each other.

 Algebraic Operations of Complex Numbers
Addition
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑥 + 𝑖 𝑏 + 𝑦
Subtraction
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑎 − 𝑥 + 𝑖 𝑏 − 𝑦
Multiplication
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 × 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
= 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑖𝑎𝑦 + 𝑖𝑏𝑥 + 𝑖 2 𝑏𝑦
= 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑖(𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥)
Division
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
= .
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑖(𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦)
=
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
 Algebraic Operations of Complex Numbers
Example:

1. 2 + 3𝑖 + 1 − 𝑖 = 3 + 2𝑖

2. 1 − 2𝑖 − 3 + 𝑖 = −2 − 3𝑖
3. 3 − 𝑖 × 2 + 2𝑖

= 3 2 + 2𝑖 − 𝑖 2 + 2𝑖
= 6 + 6𝑖 − 2𝑖 − 2𝑖 2
= 6 + 6𝑖 − 2𝑖 + 2
= 8 + 4𝑖
 Algebraic Operations of Complex Numbers
Example:

2 + 5𝑖
3−𝑖

2 + 5𝑖 3+𝑖
= ×
3−𝑖 3+𝑖

6 + 2𝑖 + 15𝑖 − 5 1 + 17𝑖
= 2
=
9−𝑖 10
Exercise

If 𝑧 is a complex number show that 𝑧 + 𝑧ҧ and 𝑧𝑧ҧ are real

numbers.

Show that 𝑧 − 𝑧ҧ is pure imaginary.

Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

Then 𝑧ҧ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
𝑧 + 𝑧ҧ = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦

= 2𝑥

= 2𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

Then 𝑧ҧ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
𝑧𝑧ҧ = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)

= 𝑥2 − 𝑦2

This is a real number

Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

Then 𝑧ҧ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
𝑧 − 𝑧ҧ = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) + (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)

= 2𝑖𝑦

= 𝑖2𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
Exercise
⇒ 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 3 (1)
Find the square root of 3 − 4𝑖 and
2𝑎𝑏 = −4 (2)
Let
𝑧 = 3 − 4𝑖
2
and 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 be the square root of 𝑧 ⇒𝑏=−
𝑎
𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑎, 𝑏 ≠ 0
By substituting to (1)
Then 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 2 = 𝑧
2
4
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 2
= 3 − 4𝑖 𝑎 − 2 =3
𝑎

⇒ 𝑎2 + 2𝑖𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏 2 = 3 − 4𝑖 ⇒ 𝑎4 − 3𝑎2 − 4 = 0
 ⇒ 𝑎2 − 4 𝑎2 + 1 = 0
Therefore
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 2 − 𝑖
As 𝑎 is a real number or
𝑎2 + 1 ≠ 0 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = −2 + 𝑖

Therefore,
Hence, the square root of 3 − 4𝑖
𝑎2 − 4 = 0
is
⇒ 𝑎 = ±2 2 − 𝑖 or −2 + 𝑖

⇒ 𝑏 = ∓1
Graphical Representation of Complex Numbers

Argand Diagram 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑦
𝑟

𝜃
𝑂
𝑥

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑧 = 𝑟 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
Exponential form of Complex Numbers

𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥 3
𝑒𝑥 = 1 + + + + ⋯
1! 2! 3!

𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6
cos 𝑥 = 1 − + − …
2! 4! 6!

𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥5
sin 𝑥 = − + …
1! 3! 5!
Exponential form of Complex Numbers

𝑖𝑥 (𝑖𝑥)2 (𝑖𝑥)3 (𝑖𝑥)4 (𝑖𝑥)5

𝑒 𝑖𝑥 =1+ + + + + …
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥5
= 1− + − ……+ 𝑖 − + …
2! 4! 6! 1! 3! 5!
= cos 𝑥 + 𝑖 sin 𝑥

𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
Exponential form of Complex Numbers

𝑖𝑥 (𝑖𝑥)2 (𝑖𝑥)3 (𝑖𝑥)4 (𝑖𝑥)5

𝑒 𝑖𝑥 =1+ + + + + …
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥5
= 1− + − ……+ 𝑖 − + …
2! 4! 6! 1! 3! 5!
= cos 𝑥 + 𝑖 sin 𝑥

𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃+2𝑛𝜋) , 𝑛 = 0,1,2, …

 De Moivre’s Theorem

If 𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) then for any positive integer 𝑛,

𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 (cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃)

When 𝑛 is negative integer,

1 1
𝑛
= 𝑛 (cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃)
𝑧 𝑟
 De Moivre’s Theorem

1
When 𝑛 is a fraction , 𝑟 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 represents one of the
𝑝
𝑝th roots of 𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
 𝒏th roots of Unity

Let w be one of the 𝑛th root of unity.

Then
𝑤𝑛 = 1
1
⇒𝑤= 1𝑛
1
𝑤 = cos 2𝑘𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 2𝑘𝜋 𝑛 ; 𝑘 = 0,1,2, …
Then there are 𝑛 different values for 𝑤 such that
2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋
𝑤 = cos + 𝑖 sin , 𝑘 = 0, 1,2, (𝑛 − 1)
𝑛 𝑛

All the nth roots of unity can be located on the circle with radius 1.
 Circular 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐇𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬

Circular Functions
 Circular 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐇𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬

Hyperbolic Functions