DAVPUBLIC SCHOOL

BISTUPUR

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

AIM
To investigate the relation between the ratio of
i. Output and Input Voltage, and
ii. Number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a
self-designed transformer."

Made by,

NAME:- SHREYA SENGUPTA

CLASS:- XII B
SESSION:-2022-23
AISSCE ROLL NO:- 22618 046
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that an original and genuine investigation work

has been carried out to investigate about the subject matter
andthe related data collection and investigation has been
completed solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by Shreya
Senguptaof Class XIl B, DAVPublic School, Bistupur,
Jamshedpur, under the guidance of Ms. Mousumi
Bhattacharjee. The Aim of the project is :
"To investigate the relation between the ratio of -
i. Output and Input Voltage, and
i. Number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of
aself-designed transformer."
A1 $ScE ROLL NO 22 678 046

SIGNATURE OF SIGNATURE OF
THE INTERNAL THE EXTERNAL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A project is a golden opportunity for learning, self-development and

acquiring knowledge. Iconsider ourselves fortunate and privileged to
have wonderful mentors who guided me through this journey for the
completion of this project successfully.
My sincere thanks to Mrs. Pragya Singh, Principal, DAV Public School,
Bistupur, Jamshedpur, for providing me with such an interesting and
thrilling project to work upon.
My heartfelt gratitude to my Physics Teacher, Ms. Mousumi
Bhattacharjee, who despite being extraordinarily busy took time out to
address all our doubts and problems, guide me and for her patience
and belief in us. Her exemplary investment in the complete process,
constant encouragement and insightful feedback helped us achieve our
objectives.
At last but not the least, Iwould like to thank my family and friends
whose support and co-operation helped me make this project a
success.
 CONTENTS

Introduction
Working Principle
EMFEquation of a Transformer
Construction and Working
Experiment
Types of Transformers
Ideal Transformers
Energy LoOses
Applications of Transformer
Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION
Transtomer ATransformer is a device that
transfers electric energy from
Seord,
V. Crut one alternating-current circuit to
one or more other circuits,
either by increasing or reducing
the voltage. Increasing the voltage is referred to as 'stepping up',
whereas decreasing the voltage is referred to as 'stepping down'.
Transformers are employed for widely varying purposes; e.g, to reduce
the voltage of conventional power circuits to operate low-voltage
devices,such as doorbells and toy electric trains, and to raise the voltage
from electric generators so that electric power can be transmitted over
long distances.
Transformers change voltage through electromagnetic induction ; i.e.,
as the magnetic lines of force (flux lines) build up and collapse with the
changes in current passing through the primary coil, current is induced
in another coil, called the secondary. The secondary voltage is
calculated bymultiplying the primary voltage by the ratio of the
number of turns in the secondary coil to the number of turns in the
primary coil, a quantity called the turns ratio.
Thus, the transformer is basically avoltage control device that is used
widely in the distribution and transmission of alternating current
power. The idea of a transformer was first discussed by Michael
Faraday in the year 1831 and was carried forward by many other
prominent scientific scholars. However, the generalpurpose of using
transformers was to maintain a balance between the electricity that
was generated at very high voltages and consumption which was done
at very lowvoltages.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working principle of a transformer is very simple. Mutual Induction
between two or more windings (also known as coils) allows for electrical
energy to be transferred between circuits.

Say you have one winding (also known as a coil) which is supplied by an
alternating electrical source. The alternating current through the winding
produces a continually changing and alternating flux that surrounds the
winding.

If another winding is brought close to this winding, some portion of this

alternating flux will link with the second winding. As this flux is continually
changing in its amplitude and direction, there must be a changing flux linkage
in the second winding or coil.

According to Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction, there will be an

EMF induced in the second winding. If the circuit of this secondary winding
is closed, then a current will flow through it. This is the basic working
principle of a transformer.

Let us use electrical symbols to help visualize this. The winding which
receives electrical power from the source is known as the 'primary winding.
In the diagram below this is the 'First Coil'.

Coil 1 Coil2

Applied Alternating Aliternating Induced

Current Supply EMF
The winding which gives the desired output voltage due to mutual induction
is commonly known as the ´secondary winding. This is the 'Second Coil' in
the diagram in the previous page.

Atransformer that increases voltage between the primary to secondary

windings is defined as a step-up transformer. Conversely, a transformer that
decreases voltage between the primary to secondary windings is defined as
step-down transformer.

Whether the transformer increases or decreases the voltage level depends on

the relative number of turns between the primary and secondary side of the
transformer.If there are more turns on the primary coil than the secondary coil
than the voltage will decrease (step down).If there are les turns on the
primary coil than the secondary coil than the voltage will increase (step up).
The purpose of the transformer core is to provide alow reluctance path,
through which the maximum amount of flux produced by the primary
winding is passed through and linked with the secondary winding.
The current that initially passes through the transformer whern it is switched
on is known as the transformer inrush current.
 EMF EQUATION OF A
RANSFORMER
N,-number of turns in
primary coil.
Om N-number of turns in
secondary coil.
T/4
Om-maximum flux in weber
(Wb).
T- time period. Time is taken
for 1 cycle.
The flux formed is a sinusoidal wave. It
rises to a maximum value m and decreases to negative maximum Om
So, flux reaches a maximum in one-quarter of a cycle. The time taken is
equal to T/4.
Average rate of change of flux =Om/(T/4)< 4fDm
Where f= frequency
T=1/f
Induced emf per turn = rate of change of flux per turn
Form factor =rms value/ average value
Rms value= 1.11 (4f0Om) =4.44 fOm [form factor of sine wave is 1.11]
RMS value of emf induced in winding RMS valúe of emf per turn x no
of turns

Primary Winding
Rms value of induced emf = E, = 4.44 fODm * N,
Secondary winding:
Rms value of induced emf= E, = 4.44 fDm * N,
 E, E, =4.44f Om
N,
transformer.
This is the emt equation of the
Foranideal| transformer at no load
condition,
F.= supply voltage on the primary winding.
calculated) on the secondary
E,=terminalvoltage (theoretical or
winding.

Voltage Transformation Ratio

E E, =k
N N,
is a constant.
Kis called the voltage transformation ratio, which
Casel: if N;, NË K>1 it is called a step-up transformer.
Case 2: if N,< Ng, K<lit iscalled a step-down transformer.
Transformer Efciency
efficiency
Comparing system output with input will confirm transformer
The system is called better when its efficiency is high.
Ethciencv(n)=(Ourpurpower Inpurpower) x100
Eficiencv(n)-|Pout/(Pout+ Ploses))º100
Eticiencv(r)=|V212cosb/(\212eost) +Pe+ Pcm)] 100
Where P. =P.
P =P.
(tulload)=IVAcost)(V Acostt+ Pe+Pem)| 100
 CONSTRUCTION AND
WORKING
Lamnated core

se ondar

Praay
wrrg

The major parts of a single-phase transformer consist of :

1.Core
transformer. It also
The core acts as a support to the winding in the
provides a low reluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux. The
of a
winding is wound on the core as shown in the picture. It is made up
transformer.
laminated soft iron core in order to reduce the losses in a
The factors such as operating voltage, current, power etcdecide core
composition. The core diameter isdirectly proportional to copper
losses and inversely proportional to iron losses.

2.Windings
Windings are the set of copper wires wound over the transformer core.
Copper wires are used due to:

The high conductivity of copper minimizes the loss in a

transformer because when the conductivity increases, resistance
tocurrent flow decreases.
 Thehigh ductility of copper isthe property of metals that allows it
tobe made into very thin wires.

There are mainly two types of windings. Primary windings and

secondary windings.

Primary winding:The set of turns of windings to which supply

current is fed.
Secondary winding: The set of turns of winding from which output
is taken.
The primary and secondary windings are insulated from each other
using insulation coating agents.

3. Insulation Agents
Insulation is necessary for transformers to separate windings from each
other and toavoid short circuit. This facilitates mutual induction.
Insulation agents have an influence on the durabilityand the stability of
atransformer.
Following are used as an insulation medium in a transformer:
Insulating oil
. Insulating tape
Insulating paper
. Wood-based lamination
 EXPERIMENT
Toinvestigatethe relation between the ratio of-
Output and lnput Voltage, and
il. Number of turns in the secondary coil and primary col of a Sen
designed transformer.»

THEORY:
Transfotmer is a device which is based on the principle of Mutual
Induction. For atransformer, we have the relation:
Voltage in Secondary Coil Turns on Secondary Coil
Voltage in Primary Coil Turns on Primary Coil
OR

N
V N.

Magnetic Flux
Laminated Core

Load (Output)
AC Voltage Source
(Input)

Primary Winding Secondary Winding

-Magnetic Core
Numberofturns
in primary coil = N,= 60
Numberofturns
in secondary coil = N, = 20
Inputvoltage of
fA.C. mains = V,= 14 V
voltage of A.C. step-down transformer= V,=4.6 V
Output

CALCULATIONS:
Ratio of N,/N,=3
Ratio of V,/V,=3.043

CONCLUSION:
V,/V,are nearly equal. In actual
1. We find that the ratio of N,/N,and less than that of N,/N2.
practice, ratio of V,/Vis found to be slightly Created by the primary
It is on account of the fact that the entire flux
coil P does not pass through the secondary coil S.
designed and its output voltage
2. The step-down transformer has been
is 4.6 V.

PRECAUTIONS :
winding.
1. Only enamelled copper wire should be used for secondary
2. The wire used in primary coil should be thinner and that in
coil should be thicker.
only,
3. Connect your transformer to A.C. mains for short intervals
otherwise the coil may be burnt due to overheating.
 YPES OF TRANSFORMERS
are
There
various types of transformers which are classified based on
thefollowingfactors;
Working voltage range.
The medium used in the Core.
Winding arrangement.
Installation location.

Based orn (Voltage Levels

Commonly used transformer type, depending upon voltage they are
classifiedas:

Step-up Transformer: They are used between the power

generator and the power grid. The secondary output voltage is
higher than the input voltage.
Step down Transformer: These transformers are used to convert
high voltage primary supply to low voltage secondary output
voltage.

Step Down Transformer

Step Up Transformer
Primary Socondary Primary Secondary

400 V 1000V 200V

100 V
10 A turns 20 turns 2.5 A 2A
50 turns 10 turns: 10A

Core tost
1000 W 2000 W
1000 W 2000 W

Based on the Medium of Core Used

Ina transformer,we will find different types of cores that are used.
Air core Transformer: The flux linkage between primary and
secondary winding is through the air. The coil or windings wound
on the non-magnetic strip.
 multiple iron
Ironcore Transformer: Windings are wound on linkage path to
platesstackedtogether, which provides a perfect
generateflux,

Basedonthe Winding Arrangement

a
Autotransformer: It will have only one winding wound over coil.
same
laminated core. The primary and secondary sharethe
Auto alsO means "self" in language Greek.

Based on Install Location

stations as
Power Transformer: It is used at power generation
they are suitable for high voltage application
for
Distribution Transformer: Mostly used at distribution lanes
domestic purposes. They are designed for carrying low voltages. It
magnetic losses.
isvery easy to install and characterized by low
Measurement Transformers: These are further classified. They
are mainly used for measuring voltage, current, power.
Protection Transformers: They are used for component
protection purposes. In circuits, some components must be
protected from voltage fluctuation etc. Protection transformers
ensure component protection.
 pEAL TRANSFORMERS
idealtransformer Comprises two resistance less coils embracing a
(in
magnetic Circuit of infinite permeability and zero core loss
An
common
The
Sre. coils produce no leakage flux: i.e. the whole flux of the
magneticcircuit completelylinks both coils.

Whenthe primary coil is energised by an alternating voltage Vi, a

correspondingflux of peak value mis developed, inducinginthe N-
primarycoil an e.m.f. Ej = V,. At the same time an e.m.f. E, is
turn of the secondary
duced in the Ny-turn secondary coil. If the terminals must
coilare
connected to aload taking acurrent l2, the primary coil
accepta balancing current I, such that IHN, =I,N2,
as the core requires
zeroexcitation,

PRMARY SECONDARY

--
SOURCE

The operating conditions are therefore -

N1/N2=E1/E2=12/11;
And, E111=E212

The secondary load impedance Z,= Ez/l, is reflected into the primary to
give the impedance Z = E/, such that
Z1=(N1/N2)2Z2
Apractical power transformer differs from the ideal in that its
core is
not infinitely permeable and demands an excitation Nglo = Ngl- Nl:
the primary and secondary coils have both resistance and magnetic
leakage; and core losses occur. By treating these effects separately, a
practical transformer may be considered as an ideal transformer
connected intoan external network to account for the defects.

ldeal transformers, with coefficient of coupling considered to be one,

and with no real power consumed in the windings or the core can be
considered to have no loss, as shown in Figure. Therefore, the power in
the primary is considered to be the same as the power in the
secondary, Pp= Ps.

Ep Es

Pp = Eplp
Ps Esls
 ENERGY LOSES
the
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than
reasons
input energy, because energy loses occur due to a number of
as explained below:

1. LOSS OF MAGNETIÇ FLUX:

the whole of
The coupling between the coils is seldom perfect. So,
up in
the magnetic flux produced by the primary coil is not linked
the secondary coil.

2. IRONLOSS:
Inactual iron cores, in spite of lamination, Eddy currents are
produced. The magnitude of eddy currents may, however be
small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat produced in the iron
Core.

3. COPPER LOSS :
In practice, the coils of the transformer possess resistance. So a
part of the energy is lost due to the heat produced in the
resistance of the coil.

4. HYSTERESIS LOSS:
The alternating current in the coiltapes the iron core through
complete cycle of magnetism. So energy is lost due to hysteresis.

5. MAGNETO RESTRICTTON :
The alternating current in the transformer maybe set its parts in
to vibrations and sound maybe produced. Its called humming.
Thus apart of energy is lost due to humming.
 APPLICATIONS OF
TRANSFORMERS
Transformer is an electrical device that is widely used in electrical
power transmission and distribution systems. There are different uses
of transformer. In other words, a transformer is used in many
applications. In this article, we willthrow light on the applications of a
transformer in detail.

L.Change the level of volkage and curent

This is the mainuse ofatransformer. It changes the voltage and
current levels according to the need. It steps up or steps down voltage
or current without changing the frequency of electrical power.
2. Isolation of two circuits
As we know that the primary and secondary windings of a transformer
are electrically isolated.This is how it can separate two circuits without
connecting electrically (or physically).
3. Used for measurement purposes
Instrument transformers are specially designed for measuring the high
voltages and currents in high voltage systems without using a large
rating of measuring instruments such as ammeters, and voltmeters. A
normal ammeter or voltmeter is enough to measure such high voltage
or current with the help of these instrument transformers.

4. Used for maximum power transfer

It is an interesting use of a transformer. It is used as an impedance
matching device for transferring maximum power to other low-power
electronic and control circuits.
5. Used as a coupling device
transformer-coupled
The transformer is used as a coupling device in a
and
amplifier. This amplifier is generally used for power amplification
impedance matching purposes.

6.Buk powertransfer from one

Atransformer is used for transforming electrical power systems.
voltage level to another for transmission and distribution
Hence electrical
Since electrical energycan't be stored after generation.
reduction in
power is transformed to a higher voltage levelfor the
losses and further distributed for utilization.

7. Used in a voltage regulator

Atap changing transformer is used for voltage regulation. It boostS up
voltage if there is a decrease in the system's voltage level. It reduces
voltage if there is an increase in the system's voltage level.

8. Neutralgeneration
Athree-phase supply does not have neutral. Hence a transformer
providesaneutral for connecting single-phase load to the transformer
secondary.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) https:/byjus.com/iee/transformer/
2) https:/lwww.britannica.com/technology/transformer-electronics

3) https://www.electrical4u.com/what-is-transformer-definition
working-principle-of-transformer/

4) https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/ideal:
transformer

5) https:/lelectricalvoice.com/uses-of-transformer-applications/