Multiple Integrals

Multiple Integrals

Math 301
Lecture 7

Summer 2022

Rami Younes Multiple Integrals

 Multiple Integrals

Lecture Outline

1 Multiple Integrals
Double Integrals
Applications

Rami Younes Multiple Integrals

 Multiple Integrals

Recommended Reading

Stewart’s Calculus (7th edition): survey the titles covered in

sections 15.1, 15.2 and 15.3

Rami Younes Multiple Integrals

 Double Integrals
Multiple Integrals
Applications

The Double Integral

Double Integrals Over Rectangles
Recall
If z = f (x, y ) is a continuous function defined over some
If f is a continuous function defined over
rectangle R = [a, b] ⇥ [c, d], the double integrals of f over R is
some interval [a, b], the definite integral of f
by definition
over that interval is by definition

Z b n
X ZZ n X
X m
⇤ ⇤ ⇤
f (x) dx = lim f (xi ) xi . f (x, y ) dA = lim f (xi , yj ) xi yj .
a n!1 n!1
i=1 R m!1 i=1 j=1
The limit (of the Riemann sum) on the right The limit (of the Riemann sum) on the right hand side is
hand side is guaranteed to exist under the guaranteed to exist under the assumption that f is continuous.
assumption that f is continuous. ZZ
Z b If f (x, y ) 0 over R, f (x, y ) dA is the volume under the
If f (x) 0 over [a, b], f (x) dx is the
a R
area under the curve y = f (x) over [a, b]. surface z = f (x, y ) over R.
If f takes on both positive and negative signs IfZZ
f takes on both positive and negative signs over [a, b],
Z b
over [a, b], f (x) dx is the net area f (x, y ) dA is the net volume bounded by the surface
a R
bounded by the curve over the interval.
z = f (x, y ) over the rectangle.

Rami Younes Multiple Integrals

 Double Integrals
Multiple Integrals
Applications

Evaluation of Double Integrals by Successive Integrations

In practice, double integrals are computed as either one of the iterated Example ZZ
integrals in the following theorem. Evaluate (x
2
3y ) dA, where
Fubini’s Theorem R
If f is continuous on the rectangle R = [a, b] ⇥ [c, d], then

ZZ Z b ✓Z d ◆ R = [0, 1] ⇥ [1, 2]
f (x, y ) dA = f (x, y )dy dx = {(x, y )| 0  x  1, 1  y  2}.
a c
R
Z d ✓Z b ◆
= f (x, y )dx dy . Solution
c a
Since f (x, y ) = x 3y 2 is continuous,
Fubini’s theorem applies.
Illustration of Fubini’s Theorem (for positive functions)
ZZ Z 1Z 2
2 2
(x 3y ) dA = (x 3y )dy dx
0 1
R
Z 1h i
3 2
= xy y dx
0 1
Z 1
= [(2x 8) (x 1)] dx
0
Rd R Z 1
For each x in [a, b], c f (x, y )dy For each y in [c, d], ab f (x, y )dx
is the area of the slice A(y ) = (x 7) dx
is the area of the slice A(x) 0
whose integral over [a, b], gives whose integral over [c, d], gives " 2 #1
the volume under the surface. the volume under the surface. x
Thus, volume using cross-sections = 7x
Thus, volume using cross-sections 2 0
establishes the 1st part of establishes the 2nd part of
Fubini’s theorem. Fubini’s theorem. = 6.5.

Rami Younes Multiple Integrals

 Double Integrals
Multiple Integrals
Applications

Evaluation of Double Integrals by Successive Integrations

Integration by parts yields,
Example ZZ
Evaluate y sin(xy ) dA, where R = [1, 2] ⇥ [0, ⇡]. Z ⇡ Z ⇡ 
cos(xy )
R y sin(xy )dy = yd
0 0 x
Solution  Z ⇡
y cos(xy ) y =⇡ 1
Since f (x, y ) = y sin(xy ) is continuous, by Fubini’s theorem: = + cos(xy )dy
x y =0 x 0
ZZ Z ⇡ ✓Z 2 ◆
⇡ cos(⇡x) 1 y =⇡
y sin(xy ) dA = y sin(xy )dx dy = + [sin(xy )]y =0
0 1 x x2
R
Z ⇡ ✓Z 2 ◆ ⇡ cos(⇡x) sin ⇡x
= +
= y sin(xy )dx dy x x2
0 1
Z ⇡ 
cos(xy ) x=2 Therefore,
= y dy
0 y x=1
Z ⇡ ZZ Z 2✓ ◆
⇡ cos(⇡x) sin(⇡x)
= [ cos(2y ) + cos y ] dy = 0. y sin(xy ) dA = + dx (⇤)
1 x x2
0 R

Remark ZZ Again, integrating by parts with u = 1/x and v 0 = ⇡ cos ⇡x,

Integrating y sin(xy ) dA w.r.t. y first would have yielded a
R Z 2  Z 2
more complicated computation! Therefore, some care may be ⇡ cos(⇡x) sin ⇡x 2 sin(⇡x)
dx = + dx
required as to which iterated integral in Fubini’s theorem to use. 1 x x 1 1 x2
ZZ Z 2 ✓Z ⇡ ◆
Substitution into (⇤) yields
Illustration: y sin(xy ) dA = y sin(xy )dy dx ZZ 
1 0 sin ⇡x 2
R y sin(xy ) dA = = 0.
R x 1

Rami Younes Multiple Integrals

 Double Integrals
Multiple Integrals
Applications

The Double Integral Over General Domains

If z = f (x, y ) is a continuous function defined over some bounded Example ZZ
plane region D (not necessarily a rectangle), the double integral Evaluate (x + 2y ) dA, where D is the region bounded
of f is defined in exactly the same way as on rectangles and may
D
be computed by using iterated integrals (Fubini’s Theorem) as
follows: by the parabolas y = 2x 2 and y = 1 + x 2 .
Decide whether D is best described as type I or type II:

Type I region Type II region Solution

D is best described as a type I region.Therefore,

For type I regions: ZZ

! (x + 2y ) dA
ZZ Z b Z g (x)
2 D
f (x, y ) dA = f (x, y )dy dx.
a g1 (x) Z 1 Z 1+x 2 Z 1 h i 2
D 2 y =1+x
= (x + 2y )dy dx = xy + y dx
1 2x 2 1 y =2x 2
For type II regions: Z 1 h i
2 2 2 2 2 2
= x(1 + x ) + (1 + x ) x(2x ) (2x ) dx
ZZ Z d Z h (y ) ! 1
2 Z 1 ⇣
f (x, y ) dA = f (x, y )dx dy . ⌘ 32
4 3 2
c h1 (y ) = 3x x + 2x + x + 1 dx =
D 1 15

Rami Younes Multiple Integrals

 Double Integrals
Multiple Integrals
Applications

The Double Integral Over General Domains

Example ZZ
Evaluate xy dA, where D is the region bounded by the Properties of the Double Integral

D
The double integral has properties very much similar to those of the
definite integral.
line y = x 1 and y 2 = 2x + 6.

Solution
D is best described as a type II region with
2
x = h1 (y ) = y2 3 and x = h2 (y ) = y + 1.Therefore,

ZZ Z 4 Z y +1
xy dA = xydx dy
y2
2 3
D 2
Z 4 h i
1 2 x=y +1
= x y y2 dy
2 2 x=
2
3
Z 4 " #
1 2 y2 2
= y (y + 1) ( 3) dy
2 2 2
= 36

Rami Younes Multiple Integrals

 Double Integrals
Multiple Integrals
Applications

Applications of Double Integrals

3 (Mass Compuatation)
1 (Volume Computation)
If f (x, y ) is interpreted as the density ⇢(x, y ) of a
If f (x, y ) 0 over D, then the volume V above D
flat body D (that is, mass per unit area) at a
and below the graph z = f (x, y ) is
ZZ location (x, y ) on D, then ⇢(x, y )dA is the mass
concentrated at that location and the integral of ⇢
V = f (x, y ) dA
over D is the result of adding all masses
D concentrated at the various points of the body which
2 (Area Computation) is the total mass of D
ZZ
If f (x, y ) = 1 over D, then the volume above D and
Total Mass = ⇢(x, y ) dA.
below the graph z = f (x, y ) is a cylinder of height
1. D
4 (Charge Computation)
If f (x, y ) is interpreted as the charge density
(x, y ) of a flat body D (that is, charge per unit
area) at a location (x, y ) on D, then (x, y )dA is
the charge concentrated at that location and the
integral of over D is the result of adding all
charges concentrated at the various points of the
body which is the total charge of D
ZZ
Therefore, the volume is equal to the area of D and Total Charge = (x, y ) dA.
the above volume formula in (1) gives
ZZ D
Area(D) = dA 5 More applications include computing the center of
D gravity of flat regions, moments of inertia, etc. (see
section 15.5 of Stewart’s book to learn more about
The integral is computed as an iterated integral
these applications).
depending on whether D is identified as type I or
type II.

Rami Younes Multiple Integrals

 Double Integrals
Multiple Integrals
Applications

Applications of Double Integrals

Example
Example
Find the volume of the solid S that is bounded by the
Charge is distributed over the triangular region D shown in
elliptic paraboloid of equation x 2 + 2y 2 + z = 16, the planes
the figure so that the charge density at (x, y ) is
x = 2 and y = 2, and the three coordinate planes.
(x, y ) = xy , measured in coulombs per square meter
(C/m2 ). Find the total charge Q.

Solution
Note that S is the region below the graph of
z = f (x, y ) = 16 x2 2y 2 over the rectangle
RZZ= [0, 2] ⇥ [0, 2]. Thus, the volume is
f (x, y ) dA.Since f is continuous, Fubini’s theorem
R Solution
applies:
ZZ type I region Z 1 Z 1
ZZ Z 2Z 2 z}|{
2 2 2 2 Q = (x, y ) dA = xydy dx
(16 x 2y ) dA = (16 x 2y )dx dy 0 1 x
0 0 D
R
Z 1 " 2 #y =1 Z 1
Z 2" 3
#2 y x 2 2
x 2 = x dx = [1 (1 x) ]dx
= 16x 2xy dx 0 2 y =1 x 0 2
0 3 0
Z 2✓ ◆ Z 1⇣ ⌘
88 1 2 3 5
= 4y
2
dy = 48. = 2x x dx = .
3 2 0 24
0

Rami Younes Multiple Integrals