Difference between

 Distinguish between FTP and TFTP

FTP TFTP
FTP stands for the file transfer protocol . TFTP stands for trivial file transfer protocol

Authentication is required in FTP for No authentication is required in TFTP

communication between client and server

FTP uses TCP service which is connection TFTP uses UDP service which is connection –less
oriented service service
FTP software is larger than TFTP TFTP software is smaller than FTP and fits into
read only memory of the diskless workstation
FTP have many command TFTP have only five message

FTP is more complex TFTP is less complex

 Distinguish between TCP and UDP

Feature TCP UDP

Connectionoriented Yes, establishes a connection No, does not establish a connection.
before data transfer.

Reliability Provides reliable data transmission No guarantees; unreliable data

(acknowledgments, transmission.
retransmission).
Flow Control Yes, uses mechanisms like sliding No flow control
window for flow control.
Error Checking Error detection and correction Error detection only (checksums).
(checksums).
Speed Slower due to error handling, Faster because there is no overhead
retransmissions, etc. for connection management.
Header Size 20 bytes 8 bytes

 Distinguish between unicast and multicast

Basic of Unicast Multicast
comparison
Basic One sender and one receiver One sender and multiple receiver
Bandwidth Multiple unicasting utilizes more Multicasting utilizes bandwidth
bandwidth as compared to efficiently
multicast
Scale It does not scale well for streaming It does not scale well across large
media networks
Mapping One to one One to many
Example Web surfing file transfer Multimedia delivery , stock
exchange
  Differentiate between IPv4 and IPv6.
IPV4 IPV6
 IPv4 has a 32-bit (4 byte) address length  IPv6 has a 128-bit (16 byte) address length
 Fragmentation is done by sender and  Fragmentation is done only by sender .
forwarding router
 No packet flow identification  Packet floe identification is available within
the IPV6 header using the flow label field
 The length of header is 20 byte  The length of header is 40 byte
 Number of header field is 12  Number of header field is 8
 Checksum field is available in header  No checksum field in header
 Option field is available in header  No option field ,but extension header are
available
 Address resolution protocol is available to map  Address resolution protocol is replaced with
IPV4 address to MAC address neighbour discovery protocol
 Broadcast message are available  Broadcast message are not available
 IPsec support is optional  IPsec is mandatory and end-to-end .
 Internet group management protocol is used to  IGMP is replace with multicast listener
manage local subnet group membership . discovery message

 Differentiate between distance vector routing and link state routing.

vector routing link state routing

Routing tables are updated by exchanging information Complete topology is Distributed to every router to
with the neighbours. update a routing table
It updates full routing table. It updates only link states.

It uses Bellman-Ford algorithm It uses Dijkstra algorithm.

Distance Vector routing doesn’t have any hierarchical Link state routing works best for hierarchical routing
structure. design.
CPU and memory utilization are lower than Link state Higher utilization of CPU and memory than distance
routing. vector routing.
Slow convergence. Fast convergence.
Example protocols are RIP and IGRP Example protocols are OSPF and IS-IS.

 Differentiate between distance dynamic routing and static routing.

Basis of Static Routing Dynamic Routing

comparison
Configuration Manually done Automatically done
Routers Routing location by hand typed Dynamically fill all locations
Routing algorithms Does not support complex algorithm Supports more complex algorithm for
routing purposes
Used in In small networks In large networks
Failure of links Link failure disturb rerouting Link failure doesn’t disturb the rerouting
Security More secure because no advertisement Less secure because sending multicast and
send with data broadcasts
Routing Protocol No routing protocols are added in the Routing protocols such as RIP EIGRP etc are
routing process included in all routing process
  Differentiate between RIP & OSPF routing protocol.
RIP OSPF
RIP Stands for Routing Information Protocol. OSPF stands for Open Shortest Path First
RIP works on the Bellman-Ford algorithm. OSPF works on Dijkstra algorithm
It is a Distance Vector protocol and it uses the distance It is a link-state protocol and it analyzes different
or hops count to determine the transmission path. sources like the speed, cost and path congestion while
identifying the shortest path.
It is used for smaller size organizations. It is used for larger size organizations in the network.

It allows a maximum of 15 hops. There is no such restriction on the hop count.

It is not a more intelligent dynamic routing protocol. It is a more intelligent routing protocol than RIP.
The networks are classified as areas and tables here. The networks are classified as areas, sub-areas,
autonomous systems, and backbone areas here.

 Distinguish between SMTP & POP3 protocol

SMTP POP3
SMTP stands for SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL & is POP3 stands for POST OFFICE PROTOCOL VERSION 3 &
also called Push Protocol. is also called a Pop Protocol.
SMTP is used for Sending emails. POP3 is used to retrieve the emails.

SMTP transfers Email from Sender’s Device to the POP3 retrieves Emails from the mailbox on the
mailbox on the recipient’s server. receipting’s server to their device
It is a message transfer Agent. SMTP has two MTAS. It is a message access Agent. POP3 has two MAAS.
SMTP uses Ports 25, 465 & 587. POP3 uses Ports 110 or 995.