Course Introduction January 22 – 24, 2008

Today’s Class
Course Introduction • First class day items: roll, outline, etc.
• Class goals and learning objectives
Larry Caretto • Assessment quiz
Mechanical Engineering 390 • Discussion of dimensions and units
Fluid Mechanics – Physical quantities have dimensions
– Several units measure same dimension
January 22 and 24, 2008 – Use SI system of units (meter, kilogram, ...
– Also use engineering units (feet, pounds ...

Thursday Class Basic Information

• Fluid properties • Larry Caretto, Jacaranda (Engineering) 3333,
– Density [email protected], 818.677.6448
– Bulk modulus • Office hours Monday and Wednesday, 4:30 to
5:15 pm; Tuesday and Thursday 2:45 to
– Viscosity
3:45 pm; other times by email, phone, drop-in,
– Vapor pressure or appointment
– Viscosity • http://www.csun.edu/~lcaretto/me390
– Surface Tension • Munson, Young, and Okiisii, Fundamentals of
• Start discussion of fluid statics on using Fluid Mechanics (fifth edition), Wiley, 2006.
next set of notes
3 4

Email Course Learning Objectives

• Campus policy requires students to • Understand the and be able to formu-
monitor their CSUN email addresses late and solve problems using basic
– These addresses will be used class email fluid properties: density, specific weight,
list [email protected] viscosity and mechanical quantities:
• Setup your CSUN email account if you pressure, velocity, force and stress
have not done so already • solve problems to determine pressures
• If desired, forward CSUN email to in static fluids and manometers
another address • understand limits of and solve problems
with Bernoulli equation
5 6

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 1

Course Introduction January 22 – 24, 2008

More Learning Objectives Still More Learning Objectives

• understand definition and be able to use • understand the differences between
concepts of system and control volume laminar and turbulent flows and be able
to determine if a flow is laminar or
• use continuity equation to use mass turbulent based on the Reynolds
conservation in problem solving number for the flow
• solve problems to determine forces in • solve problems in laminar and turbulent
moving fluids using control volumes flows in pipes
• use dimensionless parameters and apply • be familiar with the basic ideas of
the concept of similitude for fluid boundary layers and irrotational flows
mechanics experimentation outside these boundary layers
7 8

Learning Objectives Concluded Thermodynamics

• solve problems of lift and drag in • Often a prerequisite for fluids, but not
external flows presently a prerequisite at CSUN
• understand the important variables used
to solve problems in open channel and • Students advised to complete ME 370
compressible flows prior to taking ME 390
• solve problems in one of the following • Instead of a 370 review this course will
areas (a) compressible flows (b) open use “just-in-time” Thermodynamics
channel flows
• Cover specific topics as required for
course in nature of review

9 10

Class Operation Quizzes

• Tuesday: lecture on new material • Twelve during the semester
– Review text and notes before class • Based on group work and homework
• Thursday: group problem solving – Homework assigned, but not collected or
graded
• Tuesday: 30-minute quiz at start of • Solutions available on line
class followed by new material lecture • Count ten highest quiz grades for final
• Starts next week – No makeup quizzes; final quiz grade based
– Introduction during first week only on quizzes taken if fewer than ten
• First quiz is on Tuesday, February 5 • First few quizzes closed book; remainder
will be open book and equation sheet
11 12

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 2

Course Introduction January 22 – 24, 2008

Grading See the Course Outline

• Quiz grades 45% • Download from course web site
– http://www.csun.edu/~lcaretto/me390
• Midterm (March 13) 22%
• Contains lecture schedule and homework
• Final (May 13) 33% assignments (homework also on web)
• Plus/minus grading will be used • Also read information on the following items
• Grading criteria in course outline – Class participation and courtesy
– Collaboration versus plagiarism: students found
• No make-up quizzes or exams cheating receive F grade in course
• Students are responsible for changes to
outline announced in class
13 14

You cannot Goals for this Course

teach people • My goal is to help all students find within
themselves sufficient knowledge of fluid
anything; you mechanics so that they will all get an A
grade in the course
can only help
Galileo Galilei • What is your goal for this course?
(1564-1642)
them find it within • What will you do to achieve that goal?
themselves.
http://space.about.com/od/astronomyhistory/a/galileoquotes.htm

15 16

How to get your A How to Get your A, Part II

• Spend six to ten hours per week outside • Study with fellow students and try to
class studying for the course answer each other’s questions
• Prepare for lecture and be ready to ask • Do the homework as well as you can
questions before reviewing the on-line solutions
– Read the assigned reading before class • Contact me by email, telephone or
– Download, print, and review the lecture office visits to ask questions
presentations before class
• Develop a good working relation with
• Use these as notes so that you can follow the
lecture; write additional notes on these other members of your self-study group
presentations
17 18

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 3

Course Introduction January 22 – 24, 2008

What I will do to help Preliminary Assessment

• Arrive at class a few minutes early to • Designed to help instruction
answer any questions you may have • One set of questions on student
• Give lectures that stress application of background
basics to problem solving • Second set of questions is ungraded
quiz
• Return quizzes and exams promptly so
that you can learn from your errors • Take about 10 minutes for this
assessment
• Be available for questions by email, • Hand yours in when finished
office visits or phone calls – Will call time when most students are done
– Send entire class emails as appropriate
19 20

Dimensions and Units Systems of Units

• Any physical quantity has a unique • Arbitrary units for fundamental
dimension: e.g., mass, length, time, … dimensions, e.g. mass (M), length (L),
• Several units may be available for any time (T), and temperature (Θ).
dimension • Units for other physical quantities from
– Length is measured in meters, feet, miles, the physical relations to quantities with
fathoms, furlongs, yards, light-years, etc. fundamental units
– You cannot measure length in units with – Velocity dimensions are length/time, L/T
the dimension of mass – Acceleration dimensions are length/time2
– Force dimension of (mass)(length)/(time)2
21 22

More Dimensions Still More Dimensions

• Pressure = force per unit area • Another energy term
= [force] / [length]2 – Potential energy = mgh =
= [(mass) (length) / (time)2] / (length)2 (mass)(acceleration)(length) =
= (mass) / [(time)2(length)] or MT-2L-1 (mass)(length)2/(time)2
• Common dimensions for energy terms • Power = (energy)/(time)
are (mass)(length)2/(time)2 or ML2T-2
= (mass) (length)2 /(time)3 or ML2T-3
– Work = force times distance
= (force)(length) • Thermodynamic work is PdV
= (mass)(length)2/(time)2 or ML2T-2 – This is like Fdx where P = F/A and dV =
– Kinetic energy = mV2/2 Adx (A is area)
= (mass)(velocity)2
= (mass)(length)2/(time)2 or ML2T-2 – PdV dimensions are (length)3(force)/(area)
23
which also is (mass)(length)2/(time)2 24

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 4

Course Introduction January 22 – 24, 2008

SI Units Other Units

• Basic definitions for fundamental units • Light intensity and molar units
– Mass: kilogram (kg) = international prototype • Units for velocity and acceleration are
– Time: second (s) = time for 9 192 631 770 m/s and m/s2
periods of radiation from Cs133
– Length: meter (m) = length light travels in • Units for force are kg·m/s2
1/299 792 458 of a second – 1 newton (N) = 1 kg·m/s2
– Temperature: kelvin (K) = 1/273.16 of the • Units for energy are kg(m/s)2 = N·m
triple point of water
– 1 joule (J) = 1 N·m = 1 kg·m2/s2
– Current: ampere (A) defined in terms of
electrostatic force

25 26

Still More Units Some Prefixes

• Power: (energy)/(time) = joules/second
– 1 watt (W) = 1 J/s = 1 N·m/s = 1 kg·m2/s3
pico, p nano, n micro, μ milli, m
• Pressure: (force)/(area) = newtons per
square meter (1 atm = 101,325 Pa) 10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3
– 1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2 =1 kg/(m·s2 )
• Note that Sir Isaac Newton has a capital tera, t giga, g mega, M kilo, k
N; 1 newton of force does not, unless it
is abbreviated as 1 N (true for all units
named after individuals) 1012 109 106 103

27 28

Engineering Units Why Use a Pound Force?

• Second is the basic unit of time • From the definition of a pound force, the
• The foot = 0.3048 m (exactly) is the weight, W = mg, of a pound mass in a
basic unit of length standard gravitational field is 1 lbf
• Pound is confusing because it can be 32.174 ft lb f ⋅ s 2
used to represent two dimensions W = mg = (m lbm ) = m lb f
s2 32.174 lbm ⋅ ft
– Mass: pound-mass (lbm = 0.453592 kg)
– Force: pound force (lbf = 32.174 lbm·ft/s2) • This is convenient, but the same name
• What is SI equivalent for pound force?
for two dimensions is confusing and the
1 lbf = 4.4482 N conversion factor is awkward
29 30

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 5

Course Introduction January 22 – 24, 2008

Two Engineering Unit Systems More Engineering Units

• English engineering units use mass as • foot-pound is work (energy unit)
pound mass and force as pound force • British thermal unit (Btu = 778.16 ft-lbf)
– 1 lbf = 32.174 lbm·ft/s2 • Pressure in lbf/in2 (psi) – 1 atm = 14.696
• British gravitational (BG) system uses psi = (144)(14.696) lbf/ft2 (psf)
slug as the mass unit • Horsepower as power unit
– 1 lbf = 1 slug·ft/s2 – 1 hp·hr = 2,545 Btu = 1.98x106 ft·lbf
• Which mass is larger, slug or lbm? – 1 kW·hr = 3,412 Btu
What is their conversion factor? • The metric unit, calorie = 1/252 Btu
– 1 lbf·s2/ft = 32.174 lbm = 1 slug • The food Calorie is a kilocalorie
31 32

Calculating Units Calculating Units II

• What is kinetic energy of a 100 lbm • What is kinetic energy of a 3 slug mass
mass moving at 10 ft/s moving at 10 ft/s
• mV2/2 = (100 lbm)(10ft/s)2 /2 = • mV2/2 = (3 slugs)(10ft/s)2 /2=15 slug·ft2·s-2
5000 lbm·ft2·s-2 • Unit conversion
• Unit conversion (3 slugs ) ⎛ 10 ft ⎞ lb f ⋅ s
2 2
KE = ⎜ ⎟ = 150 ft ⋅ lb f
(100 lbm ) ⎛ 10 ft ⎞
2
lb f ⋅ s 2
2 ⎝ s ⎠ 1 slug ⋅ ft
KE = ⎜ ⎟ = 165.4 ft ⋅ lb f
2 ⎝ s ⎠ 32 . 174 lbm ⋅ ft • Note algebraic cancellation of units
• Note algebraic cancellation of units – Especially simple if numeric value is one!
33 34

Units quiz Another Quiz

• What is the change in potential energy • Some European engineering
when a mass of 20 slugs is raised a calculations use the kilogram-force,
distance of 15 ft? defined in the same way as the pound
• Do you need more data to answer this force and measure pressure in kgf/cm2
question? • What exactly is the definition of a kgf?
• What is g? Use 5 ft/s2 for this problem • How many newtons are in a kgf?
lb f ⋅ s 2 • How many pascals are in a kgf/cm2?
PE = mgh = (20 slug )
5 ft
(15 ft ) = 1500 ft ⋅ lb f
s2 1 slug ⋅ ft
35 36

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 6

Course Introduction January 22 – 24, 2008

Solutions to Another Quiz A Few Other Units

• One kgf is the force required to • Volume is sometimes measured in liters
accelerate 1 kg at an acceleration of (or litres), L, where 1 L = 1000 cm3 =
standard gravity, g = 9.80665 m/s2 0.001 m3
9.80665 m 1 N ⋅ s 2 • Gallons, gal, is another volume
1 kg f = 1 kg = 9.80665 N measure; 7.4805 gal = 1 ft3
s2 kg ⋅ m
• Speed is sometimes measured in miles
kg f kg f 9.80665 N ⎛ 100 cm ⎞ 2 Pa ⋅ m 2 per hour, mph; 30 mph = 44 ft/s and
1 =1 ⎜ ⎟ = 98066.5 Pa
cm 2 cm 2 kg f ⎝ m ⎠ 1N 1 mph = 0.44704 m/s
kg f • 1 hogshead = 63 gallons
1 ≈ 105 Pa ≈ 1 atm
cm 2 37 38

Working With Units Temperature Units

• Carrying units in the calculation is a • SI unit: absolute temperature in K
good approach for correct results • Degrees Celsius, oC = K – 273.15
• If you do not want to do that, here are • Degrees Fahrenheit, oF = 1.8(oC) + 32
some hints for correct unit results • Rankine, R = oF + 459.67 is absolute
– In the BG system convert all lengths to feet temperature for Fahrenheit scale
time to seconds, and pressures to lbf/ft2
(psf); 1 lbf = 1 slug·ft/s2 • T(R) = 1.8 T(K)
– In the SI system always use m, Pa and N – What is a ΔT of 25oF in Rankine? 25 R
(instead of mm, cm, kPa, kN, etc.; 1 N = 1 – What is 15oC in Rankine?
kg·m/s2) • 15oC = 288.15 K = 59oF = 518.67 R
39 40

Density and Related Properties Density and Related Properties II

• Density, ρ, is mass per unit volume (ρ = • Specific gravity, SG, of a substance:
1/v, where v is specific volume used – ratio of the substance density to the
more commonly in thermodynamics) density of a reference substance at a
specified temperature
– Units for density are (SI) kg/m3, (EE)
• Reference substance is usually water for liquids
lbm/ft3, and (BG) slug/ft3 and air for gases
• Specific weight, γ = ρg, typically • Water reference temperature: 4oC (39.4oF)
tabulated at standard gravity, g = where ρwater = 1000 kg/m3 = 1.94 slugs/ft3

9.80665 m/s2 = 32.174 ft/s2, in N/m3 for • The specific gravity of mercury at 68oF
SI and lbf/ft3 for both EE and BG is 13.56 (relative to water at 39.4oF).
What is its density at this temperature?
41
ρHg = 1.356x104 kg/m3 = 26.3 slugs/ft3 42

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 7

Course Introduction January 22 – 24, 2008

Density and Related Summary States of Matter (Phases)

• Density: ρ = mass per unit volume with • Triple point:
units of kg/m3 or slugs/ft3 unique point for
• Specific weight: γ = ρg with units of each substance
N/m3 or lbf/ft3 (varies with local g) Critical where solid,

Pressure
Liquid
• Specific gravity: SG = ρ/ρref = γ/γref Point liquid and vapor

Solid
– Liquid ρref: water at 4oC with ρ = 1000 kg/m3 coexist
and γ = 9806.65 N/m3 or water at 60oF with • No liquid-gas
ρ = 1.94 slugs/ft3 and γ = 62.4 lbf/ft3 Gas transition above
Triple Point
– Gas ρref: air at 15oC (59oF) with ρ = 1.23 critical point
kg/m3 = 0.00238 slugs/ft3 and γ = 62.4 lbf/ft3
43
Temperature 44

Transitions Between Phases Vapor Pressure

• For phase • Pressure exerted by a liquid
Melting line

transitions in equilibrium with a vapor

pressure and • Value depends on the nature
temperature are of the liquid and temperature
Pressure

Liquid
e

related
lin

• For water the vapor pressure

ng

• Vapor pressure is at 100oC is 101.325 kPa

ili
Bo

the pressure at
Solid

Gas • Vapor pressure is pressure

which liquid-vapor at which liquids change to
Sublimation curve transition occurs
gas at constant temperature
Temperature 45 Figure on page 23 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by 46
Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright ©
2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Volume Change Compressibility

• Changing the pressure on a • Isothermal bulk modulus
fluid can change its volume ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞
ET = − V ⎜ ⎟ = ρ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
– The volume change can be ⎝ ∂V ⎠T ⎝ ∂ρ ⎠T
done in different ways
• In an isothermal process the • Isentropic bulk modulus
temperature is constant – No heat added to fluid
• An isentropic (constant entropy) ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞
process is one in which no heat Es = − V ⎜ ⎟ = ρ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
is added to the fluid and there is ⎝ ∂V ⎠ s ⎝ ∂ρ ⎠ s
no friction; this ideal process is
approached for short times • ET ≈ Es for liquids
Figure on page 20Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by 47 Figure on page 20Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by 48
Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright © Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright ©
2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 8

Course Introduction January 22 – 24, 2008

Ideal Gases Ideal Gases II

• From chemistry: PV = nRT (V is volume) • Isothermal: P = ρRT
– n = m / M is the number of moles ⎛ ∂P ⎞ 1 P
ET = ρ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ρ =ρ = P
• for mass in kg n is in kilogram moles (kmol); for ∂ρ
⎝ ⎠T RT ρ
mass in lbm, n is in pound moles (lbmol)
– R = 8.31447 kJ/kmol·K = 10.7316 psia·ft3 / • Isentropic: P/ρk = C
lbmol·R is universal gas constant ⎛ ∂P ⎞
– R = R/M is engineering gas constant that is Es = ρ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ρCkρk −1 = kCρ k = kP
⎝ ∂ρ ⎠ s
different for each gas
– Real gases like ideal gases at low pressures • k is heat capacity ratio, a
– P = nRT / V = (m/M)RT / V = (m/V)(R/M)T gas property, = 1.4 for air
P = ρRT 49 Figure on page 20Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by 50
Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright ©
2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Introduction to Viscosity
∂u
τ=μ
∂y
τ is shear stress on plate τ is
Velocity gradient,
(opposite sign from shear
du/dy (∂u/∂y)
shear stress on fluid) stress
on fluid

Figure 1.2 (p. 13) Figure 1.3 (p. 14)

(a) Deformation of material placed between two Behavior of a fluid placed between two parallel
parallel plates. (b) Forces acting on upper plate. plates (top one moving, bottom stationary.)
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald
Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & 51 Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & 52
Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Viscosity How does μ

Viscosity II
Newtonian for water Newtonian and
Fluids change with non-Newtonian
have a linear temperature? Variation of shear
variation of stress with rate of
shearing strain for
shearing stress ∂u
with rate of τ=μ several types of
∂y fluids, including
shearing strain
common non- ∂u
– slope is τ=μ
viscosity Newtonian fluids. ∂y
Figure 1.4 (p. Figure 1.5 (p. 16)
15) Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald
Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & 53 Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & 54
Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 9

Course Introduction January 22 – 24, 2008

What is τ for Velocity Profile? Viscosity Dimensions

• What are viscosity dimensions? (τ = μ ∂u/∂y)
• What are dimensions of other variables?
– τ has dimensions of FL-2 = (MLT-2)L-2 = ML-1T-2
– ∂u / ∂y has dimensions of (L/T) / L = T-1
– μ has dimensions of τ / (∂u/∂y) = FL-2 / T-1
– What are μ dimensions in terms of mass?
• Dimensions of μ are FTL-2 = ML-1T-1
– SI units: N·s/m2 = kg/m·s; BG units: lbf·s/ft2 =
Figure E1.5 (p. 19) slug/ft·s; EE units: lbf·s/ft2 = 32.174 lbm/ft·s
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald 55 56
Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Viscosity III Surface Tension

• Forces generated
• Viscosity of
at liquid-gas or
gases increases
liquid-liquid
with temperature
interfaces
• Viscosity of
• Surface tension, σ,
liquids
a fluid property,
decreases with
Figure 1.6 (p. 17) with dimensions
temperature
F/L
Figure 1.7
Forces acting on one-half of a liquid drop.
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald 57 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald 58
Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Surface Tension Effects Surface Tension Effects II

• Vertical force balance: γπR2h = 2πRσcosθ

Figure 1.8 Capillary action in small tubes. (a) Rise – Surface tension depends on fluid and
of column for a liquid that wets the tube. (b) Free- temperature, wetting angle, θ, depends on fluid
body diagram for calculating column height. (c) and surface 2σ cos θ
Depression of column for a nonwetting liquid. h=
γR
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald 59 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald 60
Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 10

Course Introduction January 22 – 24, 2008

Surface Tension Problem Tube Diameter vs. Capillary Rise

• Find the capillary rise for water at 60oF
(γ = 62.4 lbf/ft3, σ = 0.00503 lbf/ft) in a 2σ cos θ
h=
circular tube with a diameter of 0.5 in? γR
– For water in clean glass, θ = 0o
Water at 20oC
0.00503 lb f 2
2 (cos 0)144 in
2σ cos θ ft ft 2
h= = = 0.093 in
γR 62.4 lb f 0.5 0.5 in = 12.7 mm gives h = 0.093 in = 2.36 mm
in
ft 3 2
61 Figure E1.8, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce 62
Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright © 2005
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Typical Units
Quantity SI units EE units BG units
Density kg/m3 lbm/ft3 slug/ft3
Pressure & kPa = 1 psi = 1 lbf/in2 =
shear stress kN/m2 144 psf = 144 lbf/ft2
Velocity m/s ft/s
Viscosity N·s/m2 = lbf·s/ft2 = lbf·s/ft2 =
kg/m·s 32.2 lbm/ft·s slug/ft·s
Specific N/m3 lbf/ft3
weight = ρg Tabulated values at standard gravity
63

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 11