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EMM 2 Actual Cycle and Their Analysis

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13 views11 pages

EMM 2 Actual Cycle and Their Analysis

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CK Vignesh
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ME F317 Engines, Motors and Mobility

BITS Pilani Prof. R. Parameshwaran


Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad

Instructror: Prof. R. Parameshwaran ME F317 Engines, Motors and Mobility 03 September 2024 1 BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Valve Timing Diagram
• Represents the opening and closing points of the intake and exhaust valves relative to the
position of the piston within the cylinder.

• This diagram helps understand how the valves work in coordination with the piston's
movement and crankshaft rotation to optimize the engine's performance.

• Basic components: IVO, IVC, EVO and EVC

• Valve Overalap: The period during which both the intake and exhaust valves are slightly
open is called "overlap."

Instructror: Prof. R. Parameshwaran ME F317 Engines, Motors and Mobility 03 September 2024 2 BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Valve Timing Diagram

Instructror: Prof. R. Parameshwaran ME F317 Engines, Motors and Mobility 03 September 2024 3 BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Valve Timing Diagram for CI Engines
• IVO (Intake Valve Opening): Occurs around 10° to 20° before TDC.

• IVC (Intake Valve Closing): Occurs around 30° to 40° after BDC.

• EVO (Exhaust Valve Opening): Occurs around 40° to 50° before BDC.

• EVC (Exhaust Valve Closing): Occurs around 10° to 15° after TDC.

• How this is different from SI engine valve timing?


– Air-Only Intake
– Combustion Characteristics
– Smaller Valve Overlap

Instructror: Prof. R. Parameshwaran ME F317 Engines, Motors and Mobility 03 September 2024 4 BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Significance of Valve Timing
• Performance: Proper valve timing ensures maximum air-fuel mixture enters the cylinder
and exhaust gases are expelled efficiently, leading to optimal engine performance.

• Fuel Efficiency: Correct valve timing contributes to better combustion, reducing fuel
consumption and emissions.

• Engine Longevity: Properly timed valves prevent engine knocking and reduce mechanical
stress, enhancing the engine's lifespan.

Instructror: Prof. R. Parameshwaran ME F317 Engines, Motors and Mobility 03 September 2024 5 BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Time Loss Factor
• The Time Loss Factor reflects the effect of non-ideal valve timing on the pressure and
volume relationship in an engine cylinder.

• This factor is usually related to the delays in valve events (opening and closing) and can
cause deviations from the ideal cycle.

• These deviations result in less-than-optimal filling of the cylinder with the air-fuel
mixture and incomplete expulsion of exhaust gases.

Instructror: Prof. R. Parameshwaran ME F317 Engines, Motors and Mobility 03 September 2024 6 BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Consequences of Time Loss Factor
• Deviation from Ideal Compression
– Late Intake Valve Closing (IVC)

• Reduced Peak Combustion Pressure:


– Loss of Compression Pressure

• Deviation from Ideal Expansion (Power Stroke)


– Premature Exhaust Valve Opening (EVO)

• Increased Pumping Losses:


– Delayed Exhaust Valve Closing (EVC)

• Shifted Valve Events and Their Impact:


– Non-ideal Valve Overlap

Instructror: Prof. R. Parameshwaran ME F317 Engines, Motors and Mobility 03 September 2024 7 BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Time Loss Factor Contd.

Instructror: Prof. R. Parameshwaran ME F317 Engines, Motors and Mobility 03 September 2024 8 BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Heat Loss Factor
• The heat loss factor in internal combustion (IC)
engines refers to the proportion of heat energy
generated during combustion that is lost to the
engine components and surroundings instead of
being converted into useful work (mechanical
energy).

• Break-up of heat losses:


– Exhaust Heat Loss
– Cooling System Losses
– Radiation and Convection Loss

• Impact on Engine Efficiency:


– Efficiency Loss
– Improving Efficiency
Instructror: Prof. R. Parameshwaran ME F317 Engines, Motors and Mobility 03 September 2024 9 BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Exhaust Blow Down
• The cylinder pressure at the end of expansion
stroke is about 7 bar depending on the
compression ratio employed.

• If the exhaust valve is opened at the bottom dead


centre, the piston has to do work against high
cylinder pressures during the early part of the
exhaust stroke.

• The best compromise is to open the exhaust valve


40◦ to 70◦ before BDC thereby reducing the
cylinder pressure to halfway (say 3.5 bar) before
the exhaust stroke begins.

• It essentially "blows down" the high-pressure


gases from the engine cylinder to the exhaust
system

Instructror: Prof. R. Parameshwaran ME F317 Engines, Motors and Mobility 03 September 2024 10 BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Bi bl i ography

• V. Ganesan, Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 4th, Edition, 2012.
• John B. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill Education, 1988.

Instructror: Prof. R. Parameshwaran ME F317 Engines, Motors and Mobility 03 September 2024 11 BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

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