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Data Analysis &

Findings
PROF. Ts. DR. ZAIDATUN TASIR
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Our Topics!
Data Organization & Data
Analysis 01
Quantitative Data
02 Analysis
Qualitative Data Analysis
03
Reporting the Findings
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Data Organization
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Analysis::

Data Organization
• The process of arranging and structuring data in a
systematic and logical manner to facilitate storage, retrieval,
and analysis.
• It involves categorizing, labelling, and structuring data in a
way that makes it easily understandable and accessible.

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Methods & Techniques

• Categorization: Grouping data into relevant categories or classes based on similarities or
shared characteristics. This helps in organizing data based on common attributes or
criteria.
• Hierarchical structure: Organizing data in a hierarchical manner, where data elements
are arranged in a tree-like structure with parent-child relationships. This allows for
organizing data into levels or layers of increasing specificity.
• Relational databases: Using database management systems to store and organize data
in tables with related data fields and establishing relationships between different tables.
This facilitates efficient querying and retrieval of data based on various criteria.
• Indexing: Creating indexes or pointers that allow for quick and efficient access to specific
data elements based on specific attributes or keys. This enhances data retrieval speed
and performance.
• Data normalization: Applying normalization techniques to eliminate data redundancy and
improve data integrity. This involves breaking down data into smaller, well-structured units
and establishing relationships between them.

Example

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Selecting Data Analysis Technique

• Research Question
• Types of data – Quantitative vs Qualitative
• For Quantitative Data:
– Scale of Measurement
– Numbers of Samples
– Data Distribution – Normal vs Non-normal - Sampling Techniques
– Homogeneous vs non-homogeneous
– Continuous vs discrete data

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Quantitative Data
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Analysis

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THE MAIN TYPES OF

DATA ANALYSIS

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Quantitative Analysis vs Scale of Measurement

Number Meaning Quantitative Data Analysis Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Inequality ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Ordering/Ranking ✅ ✅ ✅
Arithmetic Operations
Addition/Subtraction ✅ ✅
Multiplication/Division ✅
Mode ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Median ✅ ✅ ✅
Descriptive Analysis
Mean ✅ ✅
Standard Deviation ✅ ✅
Crosstabs/Chi Square ✅ ✅
Rank Order Correlation ✅
Statistical Analysis Analysis of Variance (NP) ✅ ✅
Techniques Commonly Correlation *✅ *✅ ✅ ✅
Used
Regression *✅ *✅ ✅ ✅
*specific test
Analysis of Variance ✅ ✅
Factor Analysis ✅ ✅

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Correlation Analysis
Correlation Analysis Scale of Measurement
Pearson product moment Both variables interval
Spearman’s Rank Correlation, Kendall Both variables ordinal
Rank correlation
Phi Contingency Both variables nominal
Point-Biserial 1 variable interval & 1 variable
dichotomous (nominal or ordinal)
Rank-Biserial 1 variable ordinal & 1 variable nominal
Biserial Interval data against ordinal data, but
ordinal data with and underlying continuity
but measured

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Quantitative Analysis vs Research Questions

Research Questions Types of Quantitative
Analysis
What is the level of online critical thinking among first year students in Descriptive Analysis - Mean
university?
What is the relationship between student’s online critical thinking with Inferential Analysis -
performance? Correlation analysis –
Pearson Correlation
Is there any significant difference of student’s performance before and after Inferential Analysis – Paired-
learning through mobile apps? sample t test.
Is there any significant difference of student’s performance between control Inferential Analysis –
with treatment group who went through learning with mobile apps? Independent-sample t test or
ANCOVA
Is there any significant difference of student’s performance among Inferential Analysis-One way
student’s who learn with mobile apps vs conventional learning vs LMS? ANOVA
Is there any significant difference of student’s performance and Inferential Analysis - MANOVA
motivation among student’s who learn with mobile apps vs conventional
learning vs LMS?

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Qualitative Data Analysis
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Reporting The Findings::
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Tips
• Attract readers/examiners attention
• Ease readers/examiners understanding
• Meaningful
• Valid
• Catchy and Unique

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Data
Visualisation

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Data
Visualisation

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Data
Visualisation

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Interactions in group A. The

node size was configured as
degree centrality to reflect
participants’ activity. The edges
were configured so that the
more frequent the interactions
between two participants are,
the thicker the line will be. The
colour intensity reflects role in
moderating interactions

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Figure 5.10: A new framework for Science learning based on Inquiry-Based Science Education (IBSE) and instructional
scaffolding through the use of MyIBSE

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Systematic Steps in
Data Collection…

Thank you

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