cold working

Most sheet metalworking operations are performed as which one of the following

cold working

In a sheet-metal-cutting operation used to produce a flat part with a hole in the

center, the part itself is called a blank, and the scrap piece that was cut out to make
the hole is called a slug

true

As sheet-metal stock hardness increases in a blanking operation, the clearance

between punch and die should be

increased

A circular sheet-metal slug produced in a hole punching operation will have the
same diameter as the

die opening

The cutting force in a sheet-metal blanking operation depends on which

mechanical property of the metal

modulus of elasticity

Which of the following descriptions applies to a V-bending operation as compared

to an edge- bending operation (two best answers)
inexpensive tooling, used for low production
Sheet-metal bending involves which of the following stresses and strains (two
correct answers)

compressive, tensile

Which one of the following is the best definition of bend allowance

length before bending of the straight sheet-metal section to be bent
Springback in a sheet-metal-bending operation is the result of which one of the
following
elastic recovery of the metal

Which of the following are variations of sheet-metal-bending operations (two best

answers)

flanging, hemming

Heat Treatment of Metals

27.1 Which of the following are the usual objectives of heat treatment (three best
answers): (a) increase hardness, (b) increase melting temperature, (c) increase
recrystallization temperature, (d) reduce brittleness, (e) reduce density, and (f)
relieve stresses?

Answer. (a), (d), and (f).

27.2 Of the following quenching media, which one produces the most rapid
cooling rate: (a) air, (b) brine, (c) oil, or (d) pure water?

Answer. (b).

27.3 On which one of the following metals is the treatment called austenitizing be
performed: (a) aluminum alloys, (b) brass, (c) copper alloys, or (d) steel?

Answer. (d).

27.4 The treatment in which the brittleness of martensite is reduced is called

which one of the following: (a) aging, (b) annealing, (c) austenitizing, (d)
normalizing, (e) quenching, or (f) tempering?

Answer. (f).

27.5 The Jominy end-quench test is designed to indicate which one of the
following: (a) cooling rate, (b) ductility, (c) hardenability, (d) hardness, or (e)
strength?
Answer. (c). The reader might be tempted to select (d) because the Jominy test
plots hardness as a function of distance from the quenched surface of the test
specimen. However, the reason for measuring hardness in the Jominy test is to
indicate hardenability.

27.6 In precipitation hardening, the hardening and strengthening of the metal

occurs in which one of the following steps: (a) aging, (b) quenching, or (c) solution
treatment?

Answer. (a).

27.7 Which one of the following surface-hardening treatments is the most

common: (a) boronizing, (b) carbonitriding, (c) carburizing, (d) chromizing, or (e)
nitriding?

Answer. (c).

27.8 Which of the following are selective surface-hardening methods (three correct
answers): (a) austenitizing, (b) electron beam heating, (c) fluidized bed furnaces,
(d) induction heating, (e) laser beam heating, and (f) vacuum furnaces?

Answer. (b), (d), and (e).

SURFACE PROCESSING OPERATIONS

28.1 Which of the following are reasons why workparts must be cleaned in
industry (four best answers): (a) to avoid air pollution, (b) to avoid water pollution,
(c) to enhance appearance, (d) to enhance mechanical properties of the surface, (e)
to improve hygiene conditions for workers, (f) to improve surface finish, (g) to
prepare the surface for subsequent processing, and (h) to remove contaminants that
might chemically attack the surface?

Answer. (c), (e), (g), and (h).

28.2 Which of the following chemicals are associated with alkaline cleaning (two
correct answers): (a) borax, (b) hydrochloric acid, (c) propane, (d) sodium
hydroxide, (e) sulfuric acid, and (f) trichlorethylene?

Answer. (a) and (d).

28.3 In sand blasting, which one of the following blast media is used: (a) Al2O3,
(b) crushed nut shells, (c) nylon beads, (d) SiC, or (e) SiO2?

Answer. (e).

28.4 Which of the following processes generally produces a deeper penetration of

atoms in the impregnated surface: (a) diffusion or (b) ion implantation?

Answer. (a).

28.5 Calorizing is the same as which one of the following surface processes: (a)
aluminizing, (b) doping, (c) hot sand blasting, or (d) siliconizing?

Answer. (a).

28.9 Which one of the following plate metals produces the hardest surface on a
metallic substrate: (a) cadmium, (b) chromium, (c) copper, (d) nickel, or (e) tin?

Answer. (b).

28.10 Which one of the following plating metals is associated with the term
galvanizing: (a) iron, (b) lead, (c) steel, (d) tin, or (e) zinc?

Answer. (e).

28.11 Which of the following processes involves electrochemical reactions (two

correct answers): (a) anodizing, (b) chromate coatings, (c) electroless plating, (d)
electroplating, and (e) phosphate coatings?

Answer. (a) and (d).

28.12 With which one of the following metals is anodizing most commonly
associated (one answer): (a) aluminum, (b) magnesium, (c) steel, (d) titanium, or
(e) zinc?

Answer. (a).
28.13 Sputtering is a form of which one of the following: (a) chemical vapor
deposition, (b) defect in arc welding, (c) diffusion, (d) ion implantation, or (e)
physical vapor deposition?

Answer. (e).

28.14 Which one of the following gases is the most commonly used in sputtering
and ion plating: (a) argon, (b) chlorine, (c) neon, (d) nitrogen, or (e) oxygen?

Answer. (a).

28.15 The principal methods of applying powder coatings are which of the
following (two best answers): (a) brushing, (b) electrostatic spraying, (c) fluidized
bed, (d) immersion, and (e) roller coating?

Answer. (b) and (c).

28.16 Porcelain enamel is applied to a surface in which one of the following forms:
(a) liquid emulsion, (b) liquid solution, (c) molten liquid, or (d) powders?

Answer. (d).

28.17 Hard facing utilizes which one of the following basic processes: (a) arc
welding, (b) brazing, (c) dip coating, (d) electroplating, or (e) mechanical
deformation to work harden the surface?

Answer. (a)

Which of the following properties or characteristics are inconsistent with the

metals (two correct
answers): (a) good thermal conductivity, (b) high strength, (c) high electrical
resistivity, (d) high stiffness, and (e) ionic bonding?

High electrical resistivity, ionic bonding

Which one of the metallic elements is the most abundant on the earth: (a)
aluminum, (b) copper, (c) iron, (d) magnesium, or (e) silicon?
Aluminum

The predominant phase in the iron-carbon alloy system for a composition with
99% Fe at room temperature
is which one of the following: (a) austenite, (b) cementite, (c) delta, (d) ferrite, or
(e) gamma?

Ferrite

A steel with 1.0% carbon is known as which one of the following: (a) eutectoid, (b)
hypoeutectoid,
(c) hypereutectoid, or (d) wrought iron?

Hypereutectoid

The strength and hardness of steel increases as carbon content (a) increases or (b)
decreases?

Increases

Plain carbon steels are designated in the AISI code system by which of the
following: (a) 01XX, (b) 10XX, (c) 11XX, (d) 12XX, or (e) 30XX?

10XX

Which one of the following elements is the most

important alloying ingredient in steel: (a) carbon,
(b) chromium, (c) nickel, (d) molybdenum, or
(e) vanadium?

Carbon

Which one of the following is not a common alloying ingredient in steel: (a)
chromium, (b) manganese,
(c) nickel, (d) vanadium, (e) zinc?

Zinc
Solid solution alloying is the principal strengthening mechanism in high-strength
low-alloy (HSLA) steels: (a) true or (b) false?
True
Solid solution alloying is the principal strengthening mechanism in high-strength
low-alloy (HSLA)
steels.

Which of the following alloying elements are most commonly associated with
stainless steel: (a) chromium, (b) manganese, (c) molybdenum, (d) nickel, and (e)
tungsten?

Chromium and Nickel

Metal casting processes

Which one of the following casting processes is the most widely used: (a)

centrifugal casting, (b) die casting, (c) investment casting, (d) sand casting, or (e)
shell

casting?

Answer. (d).

11.2 In sand casting, the volumetric size of the pattern is (a) bigger than, (b) same
size

as, or (c) smaller than the cast part?

Answer. (a).

11.3 Silica sand has which one of the following compositions: (a) Al2O3, (b) SiO,
(c)

SiO2, or (d) SiSO4?

Answer. (c).

11.4 For which one of the following reasons is a green mold named: (a) green is
the color
of the mold, (b) moisture is contained in the mold, (c) mold is cured, or (d) mold is
dry?

Answer. (b).

11.5 Given that Wm = weight of the molten metal displaced by a core and Wc =
weight

of the core, the buoyancy force is which one of the following: (a) downward force
= Wm

+ Wc, (b) downward force = Wm - Wc, (c) upward force = Wm + Wc, or (d)
upward

force = Wm - Wc?

Answer. (d).

11.6 Which of the following casting processes are expendable mold operations
(four

correct answers): (a) centrifugal casting, (b) die casting, (c) investment casting, (d)
low

pressure casting, (e) sand casting, (f) shell molding, (g) slush casting, and (h)
vacuum

molding?

Answer. (c), (e), (f), and (h).

11.7 Shell molding is best described by which one of the following: (a) casting
operation

in which the molten metal has been poured out after a thin shell has been solidified
in the

mold, (b) casting process in which the mold is a thin shell of sand bonded by a

thermosetting resin, (c) sand-casting operation in which the pattern is a shell rather
than a
solid form, or (d) casting operation used to make artificial sea shells?

Answer. (b).

11.8 Investment casting is also known by which one of the following names: (a)
fastpayback molding, (b) full-mold process, (c) lost-foam process, (d) lost-pattern
process, or

(e) lost-wax process?

Answer. (e).

11.9 In plaster mold casting, the mold is made of which one of the following
materials:

(a) Al2O3, (b) CaSO4-H2O, (c) SiC, or (d) SiO2?

Answer. (b).

11.10 Which of the following qualifies as a precision-casting process (two correct

answers): (a) ingot casting, (b) investment casting, (c) plaster-mold casting, (d)
sand

casting, and (e) shell molding?

Answer. (b) and (c).

11.11 Which of the following casting processes are permanent mold operations
(three

correct answers): (a) centrifugal casting, (b) die casting, (c) expanded polystyrene

process, (d) sand casting, (e) shell molding, (f) slush casting, and (g) vacuum
molding.

Answer. (a), (b), and (f).

11.12 Which of the following metals would typically be used in die casting (three
best

answers): (a) aluminum, (b) cast iron, (c) steel, (d) tin, (e) tungsten, and (f) zinc?
Answer. (a), (d), and (f).

11.13 Which of the following are advantages of die casting over sand casting (four
best

answers): (a) better surface finish, (b) closer tolerances, (c) higher melting
temperature

metals, (d) higher production rates, (e) larger parts can be cast, and (f) mold can be

reused?

Answer. (a), (b), (d), and (f).

11.14 Cupolas are furnaces used to melt which of the following metals (one best

answer): (a) aluminum, (b) cast iron, (c) steel, or (d) zinc?

Answer. (b).

11.15 A misrun is which one of the following defects in casting: (a) globules of
metal

becoming entrapped in the casting, (b) metal is not properly poured into the
downsprue,

(c) metal solidifies before filling the cavity, (d) microporosity, and (e) "pipe"
formation?

Answer. (c).

11.16 Which one of the following casting metals is most important commercially:
(a)

aluminum and its alloys, (b) bronze, (c) cast iron, (d) cast steel, or (e) zinc alloys?

Answer. (c).

GLASSWORKING

Multiple Choice Quiz There are 10 correct answers in the following multiple
choice
questions (some questions have multiple answers that are correct). To attain a
perfect

score on the quiz, all correct answers must be given. Each correct answer is worth
1

point. Each omitted answer or wrong answer reduces the score by 1 point, and each

additional answer beyond the correct number of answers reduces the score by 1
point.

Percentage score on the quiz is based on the total number of correct answers.

12.1 Which one of the following terms refers to the glassy state of a material: (a)

crystalline, (b) devitrified, (c) polycrystalline, (d) vitiated, or (e) vitreous?

Answer. (e).

12.2 Besides helping to preserve the environment, the use of recycled glass as an

ingredient of the starting material in glassmaking serves what other useful purpose
(one

answer): (a) adds coloring variations to the glass for aesthetic value, (b) makes the
glass

easier to melt, (c) makes the glass stronger, or (d) reduces odors in the plant?

Answer. (b).

12.3 The charge in glassworking is which one of the following: (a) the duration of
the

melting cycle, (b) the electric energy required to melt the glass, (c) the name given
to the

melting furnace, or (d) the starting materials in melting?

Answer. (d).
12.4 Typical glass melting temperatures are in which of the following ranges: (a)
400°C

to 500°C, (b) 900°C to 1000°C, (c) 1500°C to 1600°C, or (d) 2000°C to 2200°C?

Answer. (c).

12.5 Casting is a glassworking process used for (a) high production, (b) low
production,

or (c) medium production?

Answer. (b). Casting is used in glassworking for large components like giant
telescope

lenses in small lot sizes. It is a slow process for these large products.

12.6 Which one of the following processes or processing steps is not applicable in

glassworking: (a) annealing, (b) pressing, (c) quenching, (d) sintering, and (e)
spinning?

Answer. (d). Sintering is used to cause bonding of particulate materials such as

metal and

ceramic powders.

12.7 The press-and-blow process is best suited to the production of (narrow-

necked)

beverage bottles, while the blow-and-blow process is more appropriate for

producing

(wide-mouthed) jars: (a) true, or (b) false?

Answer. (b). It's the reverse.

12.8 Which one of the following processes is used to produce glass tubing: (a)
Danner

process, (b) pressing, (c) rolling, or (d) spinning?

Answer. (a).

12.9 If a glass part with a wall thickness of 5 mm (0.20 in) takes 10 minutes to
anneal,

how much time would a glass part of similar geometry but with a wall thickness of
7.5

mm (0.30 in) take to anneal (choose the one closest answer): (a) 10 minutes, (b) 15

minutes, (c) 20 minutes, or (c) 30 minutes?

Answer. (c). The rule is that annealing time varies as the square of the wall
thickness.

That would indicate an annealing time of (0.30/0.20) 2 = 2.25 times 10 minutes or

22.5

minutes. 20 minutes is closest.

12.10 A lehr is which of the following: (a) a lion's den, (b) a melting furnace, (c) a

sintering furnace, (d) an annealing furnace, or (e) none of the above?

Answer. (d).

Powder Metallurgy

1 The particle size that can pass through a screen is obtained by taking the
reciprocal

of the mesh count of the screen: (a) true or (b) false?

Answer. (b). The given description neglects consideration of the screen wire
thickness.

16.2 For a given weight of metallic powders, the total surface area of the powders
is

increased by which of the following (two best answers): (a) larger particle size, (b)
smaller particle size, (c) higher shape factor, and (d) smaller shape factor?

Answer. (b) and (c).

16.3 As particle size increases, interparticle friction (a) decreases, (b) increases, or
(c)

remains the same?

Answer. (a).

16.4 Which of the following powder shapes would tend to have the lowest
interparticle

friction: (a) acicular, (b) cubic, (c) flakey, (d) spherical, and (e) rounded?

Answer. (d).

16.5 Which of the following statements is correct in the context of metallic

powders

(three correct answers): (a) porosity + packing factor = 1.0, (b) packing factor =

1/porosity, (c) packing factor = 1.0 - porosity, (d) packing factor = - porosity, (e)
packing

factor = bulk density/true density?

Answer. (a), (c), and (e).

16.22 Which of the following most closely typifies the sintering temperatures in
PM? (a)

0.5 Tm, (b) 0.8 Tm, (c) Tm, where Tm = melting temperature of the metal?

Answer. (b).

16.6 Repressing refers to a pressworking operation used to compress a sintered part

in a

closed die to achieve closer sizing and better surface finish: (a) true or (b) false?

Answer. (a).
16.7 Impregnation refers to which of the following (two best answers): (a) filling
the

pores of the PM part with a molten metal, (b) putting polymers into the pores of a
PM

part, (c) soaking oil by capillary action into the pores of a PM part, and (d)
something

that should not happen in a factory?

Answer. (b) and (c).

16.8 In cold isostatic pressing, the mold is most typically made of which one of the

following: (a) rubber, (b) sheetmetal, (c) textile, (d) thermosetting polymer, or (e)
tool

steel?

Answer. (a).

16.9 Which of the following processes combines pressing and sintering of the
metal

powders (three best answers): (a) hot isostatic pressing, (b) hot pressing, (c) metal

injection molding, (d) pressing and sintering, and (e) spark sintering?

Answer. (a), (b), and (e).

16.10 Which of the following design features would be difficult or impossible to

achieve

by conventional pressing and sintering (three best answers): (a) outside rounded
corners,

(b) side holes, (c) threaded holes, (d) vertical stepped holes, and (e) vertical wall

thickness of 1/8 inch (3 mm)?

Answer. (a), (b), and (c)

24.1 Which of the following are reasons why workparts must be cleaned in industry (four
best answers): (a) to avoid air pollution, (b) to avoid water pollution, (c) to enhance
appearance, (d) to enhance mechanical properties of the surface, (e) to improve
hygiene conditions for workers, (f) to improve surface finish, (g) to prepare the surface
for subsequent processing, and (h) to remove contaminants that might chemically attack
the surface?

- to enhance appearance
- to improve hygiene conditions for workers
- to prepare the surface for subsequent processing
- to remove contaminants that might chemically attack the surface

24.2 Which of the following chemicals are associated with alkaline cleaning (two correct
answers): (a) borax, (b) hydrochloric acid, (c) propane, (d) sodium hydroxide, (e) sulfuric
acid, and (f) trichlorethylene?

- borax
- sodium hydroxide

24.3 Ultrasonic cleaning combines chemical cleaning and mechanical agitation of the
cleaning fluid to remove surface contaminants: (a) true or (b) false?

True

24.4 In sand blasting, which one of the following blast media is used: (a) Al2O3, (b)
crushed nut shells, (c) nylon beads, (d) SiC, or (e) SiO2?

SiO_2

24.5 Shot peening uses a high-velocity stream of which one of the following media: (a)
Al2O3 grits, (b) sand, (c) SiC grits, or (d) steel pellets?

Steel pellets

24.6 Tumbling is a mass finishing method that uses a rotating barrel that contains a
mixture of parts and media: (a) true of (b) false?

True

24.7 Which of the following processes generally produces a deeper penetration of

atoms in the impregnated surface: (a) diffusion or (b) ion implantation?

diffusion
24.8 Calorizing is the same as which one of the following surface processes: (a)
aluminizing, (b) doping, (c) hot sand blasting, or (d) siliconizing?

aluminizing

24.9 Which one of the following plating metals produces the hardest surface on a
metallic substrate: (a) cadmium, (b) chromium, (c) copper, (d) nickel, or (e) tin?

chromium

24.10 Electroforming is basically the same process as electroplating, but it is used to

create a part formed around a pattern, and the plate thickness is much greater than in
electroplating: (a) true or (b) false?

True

Which of the following are the three basic types of static stresses to which a
material can be subjected: (a) compression, (b) hardness, (c) reduction in
area, (d) shear, (e) tensile, (f) true stress, and (f) yield?

Compression, tensile, shear

Which one of the following is the correct definition of ultimate tensile strength,
as derived from the results of a tensile test on a metal specimen: (a) the
stress encountered when the stress-strain curve transforms from elastic to
plastic behavior, (b) the maximum load divided by the final area of the
specimen, (c) the maximum load divided by the original area of the specimen,
or (d) the stress observed when the specimen finally fails?

The maximum load divided by the original area of the specimen

If engineering stress and true stress were measured simultaneously during a

tensile test, which would have the higher value: (a) engineering stress or (b)
true stress?

True stress

If engineering strain and true strain were measured simultaneously during a

tensile test, which would have the higher value: (a) engineering strain or (b)
true strain?
Engineering strain
The plastic region of the stress-strain curve for a metal is characterized by a
proportional relationship between stress and strain: (a) true or (b) false?

False
It is the elastic region that is characterized by a proportional relationship
between stress and strain. The plastic region is characterized by a power
function - the flow curve

Hooke's Law defines which one of the following regions of the stress strain
relationship for engineering materials: (a) elastic region, (b) plastic region, or
(c) neither?

elastic region

The modulus of elasticity is also known as which one of the following: (a)
elastic limit, (b) strain hardening exponent, (c) strength coefficient, or (d)
Young's modulus?

Young's modulus

Which one of the following materials has the highest modulus of elasticity: (a)
aluminum, (b) diamond, (c) steel, (d) titanium, or (e) tungsten?

Diamond

The flow curve describes the property of metals known as which one of the
following: (a) ductility, (b) engineering strain, (c) fracture stress, (d) strain
hardening, or (e) tensile strength?

Strain hardening

Which one of the following types of stress strain relationship best describes
the behavior of brittle materials such as ceramics and thermosetting plastics:
(a) elastic and perfectly plastic, (b) elastic and strain hardening, (c) perfectly
elastic, or (d) none of the above?

Perfectly elastic

[8:05 am, 22/05/2022] MoO0: 3.1 Which of the following are the three basic types
of static stresses to which a material
can be subjected (three correct answers): (a) compression, (b) hardness, (c)
reduction in

area, (d) shear, (e) tensile, (f) true stress, and (f) yield?

Answer. (a), (d), and (e

3.2 Which one of the following is the correct definition of ultimate tensile strength,
as

derived from the results of a tensile test on a metal specimen: (a) the stress
encountered

when the stress-strain curve transforms from elastic to plastic behavior, (b) the
maximum

load divided by the final area of the specimen, (c) the maximum load divided by
the

original area of the specimen, or (d) the stress observed when the specimen finally
fails?

Answer. (c).

3.3 If stress values were measured during a tensile test, which of the following
would

have the higher value: (a) engineering stress or (b) true stress?

Answer. (b).

3.4 If strain measurements were made during a tensile test, which of the following
would

have the higher value: (a) engineering strain, or (b) true strain?

Answer. (a).

3.5 The plastic region of the stress-strain curve for a metal is characterized by a

proportional relationship between stress and strain: (a) true or (b) false?
Answer. (b). It is the elastic region that is characterized by a proportional
relationship

between stress and strain. The plastic region is characterized by a power function -
the

flow curve.

3.6 Which one of the following types of stress strain relationship best describes the

behavior of brittle materials such as ceramics and thermosetting plastics: (a) elastic
and

perfectly plastic, (b) elastic and strain hardening, (c) perfectly elastic, or (d) none
of the

above?

Answer. (c).

3.7 Which one of the following types of stress strain relationship best describes the

behavior of most metals at room temperature: (a) elastic and perfectly plastic, (b)
elastic

and strain hardening, (c) perfectly elastic, or (d) none of the above?

Answer. (b).

3.8 Which one of the following types of stress strain relationship best describes the

behavior of metals at temperatures above their respective recrystallization points:

(a)

elastic and perfectly plastic, (b) elastic and strain hardening, (c) perfectly elastic, or
(d)

none of the above?

Answer. (a).

3.9 Which one of the following materials has the highest modulus of elasticity: (a)
aluminum, (b) diamond, (c) steel, (d) titanium, or (e) tungsten?

Answer. (b).

3.10 The shear strength of a metal is usually (a) greater than or (b) less than its
tensile

strength?

Answer. (b).

3.11 Most hardness tests involve pressing a hard object into the surface of a test

specimen and measuring the indentation (or its effect) that results: (a) true or (b)
false?

Answer. (a).

3.12 Which one of the following materials has the highest hardness: (a) alumina
ceramic,

(b) gray cast iron, (c) hardened tool steel, (d) high carbon steel, or (e) polystyrene?

Answer. (a).

3.13 Viscosity can be defined as the ease with which a fluid flows: (a) true or (b)
false?

Answer. (b). Viscosity is the resistance to flow

[8:08 am, 22/05/2022] MoO0: 4.1 Which one of the following metals has the
lowest density: (a) aluminum, (b) copper,

(c) magnesium, or (d) tin?

Answer. (c).

4.2 The thermal expansion properties of polymers are generally (a) greater than,
(b) less

than, or (c) the same as those of metals?

Answer. (a).
4.3 In the heating of most metal alloys, melting begins at a certain temperature and

concludes at a higher temperature. In these cases, which of the following

temperatures

marks the beginning of melting: (a) liquidus or (b) solidus?

Answer. (b).

4.4 Which one of the following materials has the highest specific heat: (a)
aluminum, (b)

concrete, (c) polyethylene, or (d) water?

Answer. (d).

4.5 Copper is generally considered easy to weld because of its high thermal
conductivity:

(a) true or (b) false?

Answer. (b). The high thermal conductivity of copper makes it difficult to weld
because

the heat flows away from the joint rather than being concentrated to permit melting
of the

metal.

4.6 The mass diffusion rate dm/dt across a boundary between two different metals
is a

function of which of the following variables (four best answers): (a) concentration

gradient dc/dx, (b) contact area, (c) density, (d) melting point, (e) thermal
expansion, (f)

temperature, and (g) time?

Answer. (a), (b), (f), and (g). This is perhaps a tricky question. Choices (a) and (b)
are
included in Eq. (4.5). Temperature (f) has a strong influence on the diffusion
coefficient.

Time (g) figures into the process because it affects the concentration gradient; as
time

elapses, the concentration gradient is reduced so that the rate of diffusion is

reduced

4.7 Which of the following pure metals is the best conductor of electricity: (a)
aluminum,

(b) copper, (c) gold, or (d) silver?

Answer. (d).

4.8 A superconductor is characterized by which of the following (one best answer):

(a)

high conductivity, (b) resistivity properties between those of conductors and

semiconductors, (c) very low resistivity, or (d) zero resistivity?

Answer. (d).

4.9 In an electrolytic cell, the anode is the electrode that is (a) positive or (b)
negative.

Answer. (a).

7.1 Which one of the following is the most common element in the earth's crust:
(a)

aluminum, (b) calcium, (c) iron, (d) oxygen, or (e) silicon?

Answer. (d).

7.2 Glass products are based primarily on which one of the following minerals: (a)

alumina, (b) corundum, (c) feldspar, (d) kaolinite, or (e) silica?

Answer. (e).

7.3 Which of the following contains significant amounts of aluminum oxide (three

correct answers): (a) alumina, (b) bauxite, (c) corundum, (d) feldspar, (e) kaolinite,
(f)

quartz, (g) sandstone, and (h) silica?

Answer. (a), (b), and (c).

7.4 Which of the following ceramics are commonly used as abrasives in grinding
wheels

(two best answers): (a) aluminum oxide, (b) calcium oxide, (c) carbon monoxide,
(d)

silicon carbide, and (e) silicon dioxide?

Answer. (a) and (d).

7.5 Which one of the following is generally the most porous of the clay-based
pottery

ware: (a) china, (b) earthenware, (c) porcelain, or (d) stoneware?

Answer. (b).

7.6 Which one of the following is fired at the highest temperatures: (a) china, (b)

earthenware, (c) porcelain, or (d) stoneware?

Answer. (c).

7.7 Which one of the following comes closest to expressing the chemical
composition of

clay: (a) Al2O3, (b) Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4, (c) 3AL2O3-2SiO2, (d) MgO, or (e) SiO2?

Answer. (b).

7.8 Glass ceramics are polycrystalline ceramic structures that have been
transformed into
the glassy state: (a) true or (b) false?

Answer. (b). Glass ceramics are glasses that have been transformed into a mostly

crystalline form through heat treatment.

7.9 Which one of the following materials is closest to diamond in hardness: (a)
aluminum

oxide, (b) carbon dioxide, (c) cubic boron nitride, (d) silicon dioxide, or (e)
tungsten

carbide?

Answer. (c).

7.10 Which of the following best characterizes the structure of glass-ceramics: (a)
95%

polycrystalline, (b) 95% vitreous, or (b) 50% polycrystalline?

Answer. (a).

7.11 Properties and characteristics of the glass-ceramics include which of the

following

(two best answers): (a) efficiency in processing, (b) electrical conductor, (c) high
thermal

expansion, and (d) strong, relative to other glasses?

Answer. (a) and (d).

7.12 Diamond is the hardest material known: (a) true or (b) false? Answer. (a).
7.13

Synthetic diamonds date to (a) ancient times, (b) 1800s, (c) 1950s, or (d) 1980.

Answer. (c).

Hager ..