LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 21.

lim (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − cot 𝑥)

𝑥→0

EXERCISE 13.1 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥

22. lim (𝑥−/2)
Evaluate the following limits in Exercises 1 to 22 𝑥→/2

1. lim (𝑥 + 3) 23. Find lim 𝑓(𝑥) and lim 𝑓(𝑥) , where

𝑥→3 𝑥→0 𝑥→1

22 2𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 ≤ 0
2. lim (𝑥 − ) 𝑓(𝑥) = { }
𝑥→ 7 3(𝑥 + 1), 𝑥 > 0

3. lim (𝑟 2 )
𝑟→1 24. Find lim 𝑓(𝑥) , where
𝑥→1
4𝑥+3 𝑥2 − 1 , 𝑥 ≤ 1
4. lim ( ) 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2 }
𝑥→4 𝑥−2 −𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 > 1

𝑥 10 +𝑥 5 +1 |𝑥|
5. lim ( 𝑥−1
) 25. Evaluate lim 𝑓(𝑥) ,where 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥
, 𝑥≠0
}
𝑥→−1
𝑥→0 0, 𝑥=0
(𝑥+1)5 −1
6. lim ( ) 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥 , 𝑥≠0
26. Find lim 𝑓(𝑥) , where 𝑓(𝑥) = { |𝑥| }
𝑥→0 0, 𝑥=0
3𝑥 2 −𝑥−10
7. lim ( 𝑥 2 −4 )
𝑥→2
27. Find lim 𝑓(𝑥) , where 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| − 5
𝑥→5
𝑥 4 −81
8. lim ( )
𝑥→3 2𝑥 2 −5𝑥−3 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥, 𝑥 < 1
𝑎𝑥+𝑏 28. Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) = { 4, 𝑥 = 1} and if
9. lim ( 𝑐𝑥+1 ) 𝑏 − 𝑎𝑥, 𝑥 > 1
𝑥→0
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(1) what are possible values of a
𝑥→1
𝑧 1/3 −1 and b ?
10. lim (𝑧1/6 −1)
𝑧→2
29. Let a1 ,a2 , ….. an be fixed real numbers and
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
11. lim (𝑐𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑎) define a function f(x) = (x–a1)(x–a2)…….(x –
𝑥→1
an). What is lim 𝑓(𝑥)? For some a ≠a1 , a2 ,
𝑥→𝑎1
1 1
+ ….. an , compute lim 𝑓(𝑥)
12. lim (𝑥+2) 𝑥 2 𝑥→𝑎
𝑥→−2
|𝑥| + 1, 𝑥 < 0
13.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥
lim ( 𝑏𝑥 ) 30. If 𝑓(𝑥) = { 0, 𝑥 = 0}. For what value(s)
𝑥→0 |𝑥| − 1, 𝑥 > 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥
of a does lim 𝑓(𝑥) exist ?
𝑥→𝑎
14. lim (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 )
𝑥→0
𝑓(𝑥)−2
sin(−𝑥)
31. If the function f(x) satisfies lim = .
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 −1
15. lim ( )
𝑥→ (−𝑥) Evaluate lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→1
cos 𝑥
16. lim ( −𝑥 ) 𝑚𝑥 2 + 𝑛, 𝑥<0
𝑥→0
32. If 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑚, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1}. For what
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥−1
17. lim ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−1 ) 𝑛𝑥 3 + 𝑚, 𝑥>1
𝑥→0
integers m and n does both lim 𝑓(𝑥) and
𝑥→0
18.
𝑎𝑥+𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
lim ( 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) lim 𝑓(𝑥) exist ?
𝑥→1
𝑥→0
EXERCISE 13.2
19. lim (𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)
𝑥→0
1. Find the derivative of x2 – 2 at x = 10.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑥
20. lim (𝑎𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥) 2. Find the derivative of 99x at x = l00.
𝑥→0
3. Find the derivative of x at x = 1. 𝑎 𝑏
10. 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 11. 4 √𝑥 − 2

4. Find the derivative of the following functions 12. (ax + b)n 13. (ax + b)n (cx + d)n
from first principle.
(i) x3 − 27 (ii) (x – 1)(x – 2) 14. sin (x + a) 15. cosec x cot x
(iii) 1/x2 (iv) (x +1)/(x – 1) 16. cos x /(1+ sin x) 17. (sinx+cosx)/(sinx–cosx)

5. For the function f(x) =

𝑥 100
+
𝑥 99
+ 18. (secx–1)/(secx+1)
100 99
⋯…..+
𝑥2
+ 𝑥 + 1 .Prove that f ′(1)=100 f ’(0) 19. sin n x 20. (a+bsins)/(c+dcosx)
2
sin (𝑥+𝑎)
21. 22. x4(5sinx – 3cosx)
n n–1 2 n–2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
6. Find the derivative of x + ax +a x
+,……… + an – 1 x + an for some fixed real 23. (x2 +1)cosx 24. (ax2 + sinx)(p + qcosx)
number a.
25. ( x + cosx(x – tan x)
7. For some constants a and b, find the 
𝑥 2 cos ( )
4𝑥+5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
derivative of 26. 3𝑥+7𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 27. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
4

(i) (x − a)(x – b) (ii) (ax2 + b)2

𝑥
(iii) (x – a) / (x – b) 28. 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 29. (x – secx)(x – tanx)

𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎 𝑛 𝑥
8. Find the derivative of for some constant 30. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥
𝑥−𝑎
a. NCERT EXAMPLES
9. Find the derivative of 1. Find the limits :
(i) 2x – 3/4 (ii) (5x3 + 3x – 1) (x – 1)
(iii) x (5 + 3x) (iv) x5 (3 – 6x – 9)
–3
(i) lim (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 1) (ii) lim [𝑥(𝑥 + 1)]
𝑥→1 𝑥→3
2 𝑥2
(v) x – 4 (3 – 4x– 5) (vi) −
𝑥+1 3𝑥−1
(iii) lim (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 … . . + 𝑥 10 )
𝑥→1
10. Find the derivative of cos x from first principle.
2. Find the limits :
11. Find the derivative of the following functions: 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 3 −4𝑥 2 +4𝑥
(i) lim (𝑥+100) (ii) lim ( )
(i) sin cos x (ii) sec x 𝑥→0 𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −4
(iii) 5sec x + 4cos x (iv) cosec x
(v) 3cot x + 5cosec x 𝑥 2 −4 𝑥 3 −2𝑥 2
(iii) lim ( 3 −4𝑥 2 +4𝑥) (iv) lim ( 2 −5𝑥+6)
𝑥 𝑥
(vi) 5sin x – 6cos x + 7 (vii) 2 tan – 7 sec x 𝑥→2 𝑥→0

𝑥−1 1
Miscellaneous Exercise (v) lim [𝑥 2 −𝑥 − 𝑥 3 −3𝑥2 +2𝑥]
𝑥→1

1. Find the derivative of the following functions 3. Evaluate

from first principle:
(i) −x (ii) (– x) −1 𝑥 15 −1 √1+𝑥 − 1
(i) lim (𝑥 10 −1) (ii) lim ( )
(iii) sin (x + 1) (iv) cos (x – π/8 ) 𝑥→1 𝑥→0 𝑥

Find the derivative of the following functions (it is 4. Evaluate :

to be understood that a, b, c, d, p, q, r and s are
𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
fixed non-zero constants and m and n are (i) lim ( ) (ii) lim ( )
𝑥→0 sin 2𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
integers):
𝑟
2. (x + a) 3. (px + q) ( + 𝑠) 5. Find the derivative at x = 2 of the function f(x)
𝑥
𝑎𝑥+𝑏 = 3x
4. ( ax + b)(cx + d)2 5. 𝑐𝑥+𝑑
1+1/𝑥 1
6. Find the derivative of the function f(x) = 2x2 +
6. 1−1/𝑥
7. 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
3x – 5 at x = –1. Also prove that f ′(0) + 3f ′( –
1) = 0
𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑝𝑥 2 +𝑞𝑥+𝑟
8. 𝑝𝑥 2 +𝑞𝑥+𝑟 9. 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 7. Find the derivative of sin x at x = 0.
8. Find the derivative of f(x) = 3 at x= 0 & at x = 3 i) lim
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥
ii) lim
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑥→0 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥
9. Find the derivative of f(x) = 10 by first principle 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑎𝑥 cos 2𝑥−1
iii) lim iv) lim
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑏𝑥 𝑥→0 cos 𝑥−1
10. Find the derivative of f(x) = x2 by first principle
6. Evaluate :
tan 𝑥−sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥−sin 𝑥
11. Find the derivative of the constant function f i) lim 𝑥3
ii) lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
(x) = a for a fixed real number a by first
principle tan 2𝑥−sin2 𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥√cos 2𝑥
iii) lim 𝑥3
iv) lim 𝑥2
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
12. Find the derivative of f(x) = 1/x by first
principle 7. Evaluate :
𝑒 2+𝑥 −𝑒 2 𝑒 sin 𝑥 −1
i) lim ii) lim
13. Compute the derivative of 600x99 – 55x54 + 1 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−1 𝑥(𝑒 𝑥 −1)

14. Find the derivative of f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + iii) lim iv) lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
…… + x50 at x = 1.
log (1+2𝑥) log (1+𝑥 3 )
15. Find the derivative of f(x) = (x+1)/x vi) lim 𝑥
vii) lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

16. Compute the derivative of sin x by first 8. Evaluate :

principle 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −1 3𝑥 − 2𝑥
i) lim ii) lim
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
17. Compute the derivative of tan x by first
log (𝑎+𝑥)−log (𝑎−𝑥)
principle iii) lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥

18. Compute the derivative of sin2x log (5+𝑥)−log (5−𝑥)

iv) lim 𝑥
𝑥→0
Miscellaneous Examples
19. Find the derivative of f(x) from the first
principle, where f is given by 9. Evaluate :
2𝑥+3 1 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 5
(i) f (x) = (ii) f (x) = 𝑥 + i) lim
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
ii) lim
𝑥−2 𝑥
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→5 𝑥−5

20. Find the derivative of f(x) from the first sin(𝜋−𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥+3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
principle, iii) lim iv) lim𝜋 3
𝑥→𝜋 𝜋(𝜋−𝑥) 𝑥→
𝜋
( −𝑥)
(i) f (x) = sinx + cosx (ii) f (x) = x sinx 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2 2
√3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
v) lim vi) lim
𝑥→𝜋/4 𝑥−𝜋/4 𝑥→𝜋/6 𝑥− 𝜋/6
21. Compute derivative of
(i) f(x) = sin 2x (ii) g(x) = cot x 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
vii) lim viii) lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 √𝑥−√𝑎
22. Find the derivative of
(i)
𝑥 5 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
(ii)
𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 10. Find the derivatives of the following
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 functions from first principle :
EXTRA QUESTIONS a) x sinx b) √x
𝑥 9 −𝑎9 𝑥+1
1. If lim = 9 , find all possible value of a c) √𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 d) 𝑥−1
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

𝑥 𝑛 −2𝑛
2. If lim = 80 and n  N , find n.
𝑥→2 𝑥−2

𝑥 4 −1 𝑥 3 −𝑘 3
3. Find the value of k , if lim = lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥 2 −𝑘 2

√2+𝑥− √2 √1+𝑥−1
4. Evaluate : i) lim 𝑥
ii) lim 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

5. Evaluate :