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PROJECT REPORT on SMART HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM

Technical Report · November 2024

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21349.00485

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 PROJECT REPORT
on
SMART HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM

Department of Information and Communication Technology

Comilla University, Bangladesh
Submitted by Group A
ID NAME
12109007 Proma Barua
12109028 Tanvir Islam
12109030 Mahir Nasir Palak
12109036 Bristi Barman
12009039 Karishima Mahajabin
Submitted to
Alimul Rajee
Lecturer
Department of Information and Communication Technology
Comilla University, Comilla

Date of Submission: September,2024

1
 Abstract
The overall design of a wireless, low-cost home automation system (HAS) is shown in
this project.The autonomous management of electrical equipment in your house is
known as home automation. Since these gadgets are online, they can be managed from
a distance. Beyond just being convenient, home automation seeks to make houses
smarter, more effective, and safer.Our task is to create a home automation system that
utilizes an environmental monitoring system that can be accessed using a mobile
device. The system will operate all appliances without the need for internal Wi-Fi
technology. The system makes use of an embedded web server built around an Arduino
Mega 2560 microcontroller that can be controlled remotely over Bluetooth in order to
access and manipulate electronic applications. Furthermore, the suggested system
doesn't need In addition to offering a unique communication protocol to monitor and
control the home environment beyond simple switching, a dedicated server PC is
comparable to other systems that are now available.

Keywords: Home Automation, Arduino, Home Appliances, Bluetooth, Security

System.

2
 Contents Pages
1. Introduction 04-12
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Scope
1.3 Overview and Benefits
1.4 Socio Economic Impact

2. Literature Review 13-22

3. Methodology 23-48
3.1 Procedure
3.2 Components
4. Expected Outcome 49-55

5. Conclusion 56-58

6. Apendix 59-62
6.1 Code
7. Reference 63-66

3
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

4
The idea of the smart house is new and draws on the expertise of many scientific and
engineering fields. For over ten years, much research has been conducted to improve the
power efficiency of power management systems at the consumer level. A home that
combines technology and services through home networking to increase energy efficiency
and improve quality of life is referred to as a "smart home" [1].

Although the term "smart house" is not new to the scientific community, it is still very
much outside of the public's imagination. This is due to the fact that, while there have
been recent efforts to design an overall overview of potential remote access methods for
managing devices, or even to simulate a smart home and design the main server, the design
and implementation of off-the-shelf smart home remote control applications has only
involved computer applications and, in certain cases, the development of mobile and web
applications.

One application of home automation concepts that makes use of a particular combination
of technologies is "smart house" technology. This is a home with extremely sophisticated
automated systems for appliances, security, lighting, and temperature management, among
many other things. The wiring of the house transmits coded signals to outlets and switches
that are set up to control electronics and appliances across the whole space. Smart homes
are perceived as "intelligent" due to their computer systems' ability to monitor numerous
facets of daily life. In addition, a smart home can include a remote interface for controlling
and monitoring home appliances or the automation system itself through a smart phone or
web browser. This interface can be accessed via a landline, wireless transmission, the
internet, or an Android application.

Numerous aspects of human life, particularly health and healthcare, are facing significant
problems due to the aging population and rising life expectancy. As per the United Nations
online database [2], the present proportion of the old population stands at 7.6%, and it is
expected to increase to 16.2% by 2050. The benefits of home automation for security and
safety grow. All of the home automation equipment were physically connected by an
embedded board, which also enabled remote system access by integrating with a web
server running on a personal computer (PC) [3].This study introduces many micro
controller systems-controlled smart homes.

5
Five components make up the designed system, which is linked to Arduino and MicroC
software.A lengthy system review is the first subsystem in SHS.The security system,
which comprises a burglar alarm system that alerts authorities to a break-in and a fire alarm
system that announces the start of a fire and attempts to put it out remotely, makes up the
second subsystem. The third subsystem is the energy-saving lighting control system,
which also controls the outside and interior ceiling lights.The remote control system for
house control is the fourth subsystem. The air conditioner's temperature sensor system is
the fifth subsystem.

Two interfaces—computer and remote control unit—have been used in the design and
implementation of SHS. The primary controller unit for every system in the house is a
computer device that comes with microcontroller software. It gets data from the sensors
in the house, processes it, refreshes the data for each system, and sends a controlling signal
to the output devices that switch on and off. The microcontroller provides the capability
to keep an eye on critical system functions. Users can also select the most appropriate
system based on need and control the various system capabilities. Certain SHS
applications can also be controlled via remote control interface.

One application of home automation concepts that makes use of a particular combination
of technologies is "smart house" technology. This is a home with extremely sophisticated
automated systems for appliances, security, lighting, and temperature management,
among many other things. The capacity to remotely or automatically operate household
appliances is provided by home automation. A home appliance is a tool or device intended
to carry out a certain task; in particular, it is an electrical device intended for domestic
usage, like a refrigerator.

Devices and appliances are terms that are interchangeable. Today's reality is
automation, whereby objects are managed remotely or in close proximity, typically for
basic functions like turning on and off certain devices and beyond. While automation
reduces human judgment to the absolute minimum, it does not eradicate it entirely.
Today, it may be possible to remotely control household appliances from anywhere in
the globe at any time via the internet. Imagine a system in which the user may monitor

6
the state of the gadgets from his desk at work and choose to take charge by setting his
TV to his preferred channel, turning on the air conditioning system, for example, and
turning on or off some of the lights. The user would only discover a really cozy,
enjoyable house upon returning home on foot. the most modern technological
advancements that allow Bluetooth use. An internet-based home automation system for
remote appliance control is created with this in mind.

Security systems are essential in today's world for safeguarding investments and lives.
This is accomplished by combining a number of subsystems, including surveillance,
intruder control, access control, fire detection, etc., into the security system under a
single control unit. A smart home is one that has electronic appliances, heating, and
lighting that can be managed from afar using a smartphone or the internet. Whether
you're inside or outside your house, an internet-based home automation system lets you
manage your electrical equipment. The capacity to remotely or automatically operate
household appliances is provided by home automation. An apparatus or gadget
intended to carry out a certain task, particularly one that involves electricity, is called a
household appliance like a refrigerator, for use in the home. Devices and appliances are
terms that are interchangeable.

Today's reality is automation, whereby objects are managed remotely or in close

proximity, typically for basic functions like turning on and off certain devices and
beyond. While automation reduces human judgment to the absolute minimum, it does
not eradicate it entirely. Today, it may be possible to remotely control household
appliances from anywhere in the globe at any time via the internet. Imagine a system
in which the user may monitor the state of the gadgets from his desk at work and choose
to take charge by setting his TV to his preferred channel, turning on the air conditioning
system, for example, and turning on or off some of the lights. If the user were to walk
home, all they would discover an extremely cozy and enjoyable home.

Recent technological advancements that allow for the use of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi have
made it possible for many devices to connect to one another. The Arduino board and
computer can function as a standalone device and save money by not requiring cable
connections when using a WIFI shield to operate as a Micro web server. A wireless

7
router or hotspot connection is required for the Wi-Fi shield to function as a gateway
for the Arduino to connect to the internet. An internet-based home automation system
for remote appliance control is created with this in mind.

Whether a user is within or outside the home, automation of home electronics device
control is the main goal of a home automation system. With home automation, one can
set up automatic controls for various household appliances. A home appliance is a tool
or device intended to carry out a certain task; in particular, it is an electrical device
intended for domestic usage, like a refrigerator.Centralized control over lighting,
temperature, appliances, and other systems is the core function of home automation,
which enhances comfort, convenience, efficiency, and security. The use of home
automation can replace institutional care for the aged and crippled. These days, home
or building automation makes living incredibly easy with its energy-saving idea. All
electrical and electronic appliances in homes are automatically controlled, and wireless
communication allows for remote control as well. This system allows for centralized
control of all the equipment used in home systems, including kitchen appliances,
audio/video systems, security systems, lighting, air conditioning, and heating.

The demand for sophisticated, widely used mobile applications in people's daily lives
is rising as mobile devices continue to gain popularity and capability. The most
transparent and interoperable method of granting remote service access or facilitating
inter-application communication is through the use of web services. Busy families and
those with physical restrictions constitute an appealing market for home automation
and networking.

IoTs are defined as the intelligently linked gadgets that are placed online to enable new
forms of communication between people and themselves. Examples of these things
include smart phones, internet televisions, sensors, and actuators . In order to provide
intelligence, comfort, and an enhanced quality of life, smart homes can be developed
using new ideas and a large development area made possible by IoT technology. The
field of smart homes is very promising and offers several advantages, including
improved comfort, safety, and security as well as more economical use of energy and
other resources, which can result in large savings. This area of research application is

8
crucial and will only grow in the future since it provides effective tools for meeting the
unique needs of the disabled and aged , for environmental monitoring, and for control.

Due to the sharp rise in smartphone adoption, smartphones have progressively evolved
into all-purpose portable devices that people use on a daily basis. This study presents a
low-cost wireless smart house system that may be used to monitor and control the
interior environment.

Any Android-compatible device can use an Android-based app to access and operate
appliances and other devices remotely. The app is built on an embedded micro-web
server with genuine IP connectivity. The mini web server on the Arduino Ethernet
eliminates the need for a PC, and user identification is required to access the smart
home system. Additionally, voice activation for program switching has been included
to help users, particularly the elderly and the people with disabilities.This is how the
rest of the paper is structured. Lastly, the conclusion is given along with a few more
future projects.

1.1 Objectives
Through the provision of convenience, energy efficiency, enhanced security,
streamlined duties, and remote monitoring capabilities, home automation seeks to
improve our quality of life. Home automation solutions are becoming more widely
available and reasonably priced as technology develops, which makes them a useful
addition to contemporary homes.
Enhancing comfort and quality of life at home is the primary goal of the functions.
The goals of a smart home automation system are several.
• Optimize inhabitant productivity
• Minimize operating costs
• Improve comfort
• Simplify use the technologies
• Ensure security
• Enhance accessibility

9
1.2 Scope
The goal is to create a working prototype for wireless remote control of a network of
household appliances. With features like voice command control, switch mode control,
and the ability to see device status directly on the application, the software is made to
work on Android devices. Given its extensive variety of applications, the scope of this
prototype is as follows.
This system, which manages the operation of electrical equipment, can be installed in
malls, small companies, and houses.
for distant appliance access over the intranet or internet. Both intranetwork and internet
access are available for controlling the appliances in the aforementioned environment.

the creation of an environment that is technology friendly. The technology is used by

the system to make HAS. We may use our everyday electronics to see things from a
different angle.

1.3 Overview and Benefits

An established wireless remote switching system for home appliances has the following
advantages:

No disputes with the law

It is quite challenging to access or navigate properties with hard lines.

Decreased problems with wiring

The likelihood of the wire being stolen rises in light of the rising price of copper. When
home appliances are controlled by a wireless remote, there is no cable left for burglars
to take.

Increased range
Since the system takes control of Wi-Fi, this was widely regarded as a decent range.
That is within 150 feet. Although it can be extended up to 300 feet outside, an interior
range is taken into consideration because this is a HAS application.

10
Safety
The solution provides optimum security since the connection of the HAS control is
made over a secure network.

Dependable and wide-ranging

The developed prototype can be expanded to a bigger scale. Its broad nature also
includes the ability to add or delete appliances under control based on application.

1.4 Socio Economic Impact

Home automation systems have the potential to have a large and diverse socioeconomic
impact on many facets of the economy and society. Here are some important things to
remember.

: ⦁ Enhanced Efficiency and Time Savings:

By streamlining several domestic chores, home automation systems help people

save time and effort. This improved productivity can have a beneficial effect on
people's overall productivity and help to improve work-life balance.

• Environmental Impact and Energy Efficiency:

Through occupancy and environmental condition-based lighting, heating, and
cooling management, home automation systems can improve energy use. This
may lead to lower carbon emissions and energy savings.
• The Generation of Jobs and Technological Joblessness:
Particularly in technology-related industries, the design, production, installation,
and upkeep of home automation systems can lead to the creation of new
employment possibilities.
• Savings on expenses and affordability:
The cost of home automation systems may go down over time as technology
develops and becomes more widely used, opening them out to a wider spectrum
of users.
• Concerns about Enhanced Security and Privacy:
By including features like smart locks, security cameras, and alarm systems, home
automation systems can improve security and make living spaces safer.

11
In summary, home automation systems have a complex socioeconomic influence that
includes both positive and bad elements. To maximize the total benefits for society,
technology improvements must be balanced with concerns for employment, accessibility,
privacy, and environmental sustainability.

12
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

13
Although the term "smart home" is not new to the scientific community, people's
perceptions and expectations of it are still very distant. Converging electrical technology
are driving growth in the home automation industry. Numerous smart systems with
Bluetooth, internet, short message service (SMS) based[4], etc. control have been
proposed. Good Bluetooth capabilities and the built-in adapters found in the majority of
modern laptops, and mobile phones will help to lower the system's overall cost.

In the design and construction of a voice-activated wireless automation system based on

microcontrollers are shown. Via a microphone, the user issues voice commands, which
are then translated and wirelessly transmitted to the primary control receiver unit via an
RF link. An additional voice-activated smart home automation system is presented in
Reference [5]. This system makes use of Microsoft Speech Recognition engine and
Microsoft Visual Basic software to provide graphical user interface (GUI) on a PC. After
that, the signal is sent over an RF link to the microcontroller that is interfaced with the
household appliances. Once more, a PC is utilized, which results in higher expenses and
power usage.

A growing number of Smart houses with unique technology have been developed over
time. Numerous solutions utilizing Arduino and Bluetooth technology have been
presented . Bluetooth technology was employed for local interface and distant monitoring
via the internet utilizing RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol) and web-based GUI
(Graphical User Interface) in a networked monitoring system for home automation. With
a few small adjustments, the suggested system might be used for a variety of home
automation applications.

Using Bluetooth Low Energy in Smart Home Energy Management highlighted the effect
of high-power rated loads during peak hours and standby appliances on energy usage fees
incurred by customers. The strategy proved effective in lowering peak load demand and
electricity costs while improving user comfort, according to the data. It was suggested to
implement smart home automation using open-source Visual Basic software with Arduino
as the master controller in conjunction with light and temperature sensors . With a Visual
Basic software, it could use voice commands to operate household appliances. Using the
Matlab GUI, the security system kept the house safe from invaders. The addition of
schedulers and wireless connectivity could improve the system. An automation system for

14
home security and electricity control was suggested in a different study that made use of
Wi-Fi technology.

A web server with IP connectivity and an Android app for device remote control were
integrated into the Smart Home Automation and Security System employing Arduino and
Wi-Fi [6]. The Arduino was fitted with an LDR and an LM35 temperature sensor to enable
automated management of fans and lighting. The installation of a dedicated server PC was
not necessary. The system offered voice activation for switching operations, password
change functionality, device control and monitoring, scheduling and automated home
environment control, and a remote link to the home web server.

A theoretical model was provided to explore the variables impacting users' acceptance of
smart houses. The research was centered on on elements such as perceived risks,
enjoyment, attentiveness, and trust. The Structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least
Squares (SEM-PLS) technique was employed in the study to determine the empirical
strength of the correlations.

The REST API (Representational State Transfer Application Program Interface), Web
Socket, Android app, and wireless network were the foundations for the construction of
the modular home automation system, which was intended to automate a home through
smaller components [7]. The router, system controller, fan controller, and lamp controller
were all different pieces of hardware. The absence of network security and the need for
separate controllers resulted in an overall cost rise. Additionally, Raspberry Pis were used
to implement smart homes, as seen in [8].

The Raspberry Pi's expensive price is one of its drawbacks. The system might be
developed to include machine-driven fireplace exit systems, smart security systems, and
internet-based control over various household gadgets. A Mosquitto-based home
automation system using an ESP8266 Node MCU is built on MQTT (Message Queuing
Telemetry Transport) The GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) network was
used in the system's architecture. With 3G for the network, it only used about 0.05% of
the battery every hour communication. The system lacks a customized graphical user
interface (GUI) for cloud computing and remote access for data aggregation and
visualization. Additionally, a different ESP8266-based system that tracked temperature,
humidity, and air quality in three food stores at three different remote sites was shown [9].

15
Based on data it sensed, it could autonomously operate the air cooler and air puller.
Internet-based remote control of Arduino and Embedded C programming devices for IoT-
based smart environmental monitoring was made possible in [10]. The controller was
interfaced with the sensors for temperature, humidity, light level, vibration, and air quality,
and the ESP8266 Node MCU was used for Wi-Fi networking. It could be used to use
indications to anticipate the arrival of adverse weather. An Internet of Things (IoT)-based
smart security system [11] might notify the owner by employing the Internet in an urgent
situation. The TI-CC3200 Launchpad board with WiFi was the microcontroller that was
utilized. The addition of a camera and a smartphone app for controlling household
appliances would alter the system. Recent research demonstrated the use of web services,
the Arduino board, and the cloud to create a real-time home automation system [12].

Home automation using a Raspberry Pi is superior than competing systems in a number of

ways. For instance, the call fee is a major drawback when using DTMF (dual tone multi-
frequency) for home automation , but this is not the case with their suggested approach.
Additionally, because this solution only makes use of the web server service that Gmail
currently provides, it eliminates the need for memory space and the architecture of the web
server in web server-based home automation. LEDs were employed to show which way
was switched. The system is adaptable, effective, and engaging. Based on the ZigBee
protocol, Shih-Pang Tseng et al. presented the Smart House Monitor & Manager (SHMM),
wherein a ZigBee wireless network connects all sensors and actuators. They created a
straightforward smart socket that can

ZigBee remote control. The PC host serves as a data collector, and all motion-sensing
data is sent to a virtual machine (VM) in the cloud. The user can monitor or control the
house's energy-saving measures online with a PC or Android phone. An Ethernet shield
will be used to transmit commands from the user to the Arduino microcontroller. Both
wired X10 and wireless ZigBee technologies were combined in our home network [6].
This system used a heuristic for resource-constrained scheduling in conjunction with
smart task scheduling (RCPSP). Within the confines of the house, the mobile device
can connect wirelessly or via a USB cord to the central controller. The web server
program for Arduino allows for HTTP protocol communication with Android app with
a web interface. The system is very adaptable, extensible, and scalable.

16
The home network that keeps an eye on the sensors and appliances and sends data to a
cloud-based data server that handles the data and offers services to users by sending
data and getting commands via mobile applications . The suggested system is very
flexible and configurable, consuming very little power in an economical manner. An
Arduino Ethernet-based micro web-server and a smart home app allow for the control
and monitoring of an Android application from a remote location . The primary
controller is directly interfaced with the actuators/relays and sensors. Energy
management systems, including security, fire and intrusion detection, lighting, heating,
and air conditioning, with email and siren alerts, are all included in the proposed design.
Raspberry Pi embedded system to facilitate as a conduit for communication between
mobile devices and home automation systems that use Konnex-Bus (KNX) [13]. Rather
than employing distinct profiles, store the data from all actors and sensors inside a smart
home. guarantees a possible decrease in energy consumption when compared to a
typical desktop PC. Telephone lines employ dual tone multifrequency (DTMF)
technology .
The IO interface device, PC, and DTMF receiver/ring detector are the three parts of the
system. When the phone rings, the PC hears it, verifies the user's identity, and uses the
keypad tones to operate the devices as needed. We consider a stepper motor control
example. The benefits of this system are international standards and security. This is a
result of the DTMF tones being the same throughout the globe. However, it has the
flaw that the keypad's key count restricts the quantity of appliances that can be used.
The PIC16F887 microcontroller is designed to operate home appliances using GSM
technology. [14]. Although SMS costs money, it offers excellent security, coverage,
and availability. The home equipment can be controlled by sending AT commands via
the GSM network. The system is devoid of any seven National Seminar on Recent
Trends in Data Mining (RTDM 2016) International Journal of Computer Applications
(0975 – 8887) 8 status information about the devices, which it is expected of the user
to monitor. The Arduino board is the controller that uses GSM technology to operate
the appliances. It makes use of specific peripheral relays and drivers in order to
accomplish this interacting. Based on user commands, the smartphone application
creates SMS messages that are sent to the GSM modem connected to the Arduino and
control household appliances [15]. The SMS system's dependability and expense are
its downsides. Device-specific customizations cannot be made to an interface.

17
Mobile phone-based Bluetooth home automation system: Relays are used to connect
the home appliances to the Arduino BT board at the input and output ports of a
Bluetooth-based home automation system. The Arduino BT board uses Bluetooth to
establish a connection, and its programming is built on the high-level interactive C
language of microcontrollers. The appliances are password-protected, allowing access
to only authorized users. For wireless communication, a Bluetooth connection is made
between the phone and Arduino BT board. This solution uses a portable Python script
that can be installed on any Symbian OS environment. A single circuit is created and
put into use to collect feedback from the phone and display the device's status.

Cell phone-based Zigbee home automation system: Zigbee is used in the design and
implementation of the system to monitor and manage the household appliances.
Network coordinators record and store device performance. This is accomplished by
using the Wi-Fi network, which makes use of a current wireless ADSL router with four
switch ports. Preconfigured security Wi-Fi parameters and the network SSID are used.
The message is initially processed by the virtual house algorithm for security purposes.
Once it is deemed secure, it is re-encrypted and sent to the home's actual network
device. The Zigbee controller transmitted messages to the end across the Zigbee
network. the security and safety of every message that the virtual home algorithm
receives. In order to lower the system's cost and the Zigbee communication is beneficial
despite its obtrusive installation.

Cell phone-based GSM home automation system: The mobile phone and GSM
technologies have made GSM-based home automation a research magnet. The home
automation solutions that we primarily explored for GSM communication were SMS-
based home automation, GPRS-based home automation, and dual tone multifrequency
(DTMF)-based home automation. The logical diagram for A. Alheraish's work is
depicted in the image. It demonstrates how GSM and SIM (subscriber identification
module) are used for communication between home sensors and devices and the home
network. The transducer used in the system translates machine operation into electrical
signals that are sent to the microcontroller. The system's sensors translate physical
attributes like humidity, temperature, and sound into other quantities like voltage. All
signals are analyzed by the microcontroller and transform them into a command that

18
the GSM module can comprehend. Depending on the instruction that the GSM module
receives, choose the best communication method from SMS, GPRS, and DTFC.

Cell phone-based Wi-Fi home automation system: Three elements make up a Wi-Fi
based home automation system: the software package, the hardware interface module,
and the server. The system model layout is depicted in the picture. Servers and
hardware interface modules connect with one another via Wi-Fi technology. The web-
based application on the server is accessed through the same technology. Since the
server is online, users who are located further away can use a compatible web browser
to access server-based applications over the internet. The microcontroller (Arduino)
firmware and server application software comprise the software of the newest home
automation system. The microcontroller itself is bundled with the Arduino software,
which was created in C using the IDE. It is the responsibility of Arduino software to
collect events from linked sensors,Actuators are then given action, and the server is
preprogrammed. Reporting and documenting the history in the server database is
another task. The suggested home automation system's server application software
package is a web-based asp.net application. If the server has a real IP address on the
internet, any internet browser that supports asp.net technology can be used to access
the server application software. The server application software is responsible for
maintaining the setup and configuration of the entire home automation system. We opt
to utilize XML files to store the system log, while the server uses a database to keep
track of the components of the home automation system.

Mobile-based home automation based on A's work. more difficult for the elderly or
physically disabled to operate. Using RF technology, home automation through remote
implementation provides a simpler option. This is achieved by combining an RF remote
with a microcontroller on the transmitter side, which transmits ON/OFF signals to the
receiver at the location of connected devices. Using wireless technology, the loads can
be turned ON or OFF globally by manipulating the designated remote switch on the
transmitter.

Using Android ADK for home automation: An association is made between the
Android device and the ADK, and the devices in the house are connected to the ADK.

19
The house gadgets are connected to the board's input/output ports (EMBEDDED
SYSTEM), and the ADK will now be in charge of their current state. The ATmega2560
is the foundation of the Arduino ADK microcontroller board. Based on the MAX3421e
IC, it offers a USB host connection to connect to Android-based phones. The following
are the two key components of Android Open Accessory Protocol 2.0 (AOAP): It
supports the component acting as one or more Human Interface Devices (HID) for the
Android device and has audio output from the Android device to the component gadget.
This work relies on the FOSS (Free Open Source Software) Android and Arduino
platforms. When safety systems are equipped with motion sensors, they will
immediately identify any unwanted activity and notify the user via their phone or
security system.

7Cloud-based home automation system: This type of home automation uses a system
that is designed and implemented to gather data from home appliances, send it to a
cloud-based data server, and store it on a distributed file system on Hadoop. The
process uses MapReduce, and it is used to implement tasks that require remote user
monitoring. Home automation systems nowadays are progressively becoming more
resilient by incorporating the features that meet people's growing demands. The design
and development of a cloud-based home automation system is presented in this study.
Three key components make up the current system: the first is the cloud server, which
manages and maintains client and user data and information; the condition of the
apparatus The second component that implements the necessary connection to the
actuators and sensing devices that provide the physical service is the hardware interface
module. The final component is Home Server, which provides the user interface and
builds the hardware device. This paper focuses on developing cloud-based web services
that require data availability, storage, and security. The current system offers a safe
home automation system for the whole family and is economical, dependable, and
comfortable. The system consists of different client modules for different platforms.

Server in the cloud The goal of the cloud server, a central server, is to provide services
to the other submodules. The brain and breathing apparatus of the data is the central
server. The home system, web configuration tool, and mobile are the three submodules
to which it implements three linkages. The mobile device receives the server's current
state after it has evaluated the data it received from the home, and vice versa. A database
20
is managed by the server, and changes made at the home end update the database's
status.

Hardware Circuit Microcontroller Embedded Program, and Web browser for desktop
or mobile devices. Using a smartphone and wireless sensors, raspberry pie home
automation Using a Raspberry Pi, a home automation system was created by analyzing
email subjects and algorithms. The Raspberry Pi promises to be a productive platform
for implementing strong and affordable smart home automation.

There are various reasons why home automation using a Raspberry Pi is superior to
other home automation techniques. For instance, when employing home automation
with DTMF (dual tone multi-frequency), the call tariff is a major drawback, but this is
not the issue with their suggested approach. Because this method just makes use of the
well-established web server service provided by G-mail, it disregards the requirements
for memory space and web server design when it comes to home automation via web
servers. LEDs were employed to indicate the alternating in motion.

This system is interactive, versatile, and efficient. Giving the Raspberry Pi Orders The
user's input commands are received by the script running on the server side of our
laptop or on a web server, which then passes them to the Raspberry Pi client in the
proper manner. We'll be utilizing the input commands in this to switch on and off a
light. The Raspberry Pi receives data and information when we instruct it to turn on a
light through a server side application, and its GPIO pin activates a relay. To determine
if the light is ON or OFF, the system can communicate the most recent updates to the
server.

By using a PIR motion sensor, we can send data signals to the Raspberry Pi. All we
need to do is execute a script that reads the sensor using a GPIO pin and sends the data
to the IoTF platform, which is part of the total system. The IoTFconsole can then be
used to view this. IoT-based wireless home automation system This technology
operates automatically via the internet and may be controlled by PCs or smartphones
from anywhere in the world for basic home control.In the world, a smart home is
another term for an automated home. Its goal is to conserve both human and electrical

21
energy. The suggested system is a distributed home automation system made up of
sensors and a server, or Wi-Fi module. The server manages and keeps an eye on the
different sensors, and it is simple to set up to handle extra modules for hardware
interface (sensors). The web server is the Arduino board, which has a built-in WiFi
module. The Automation System can be accessed remotely from any PC or mobile
device with an internet browser that is compatible by utilizing server real IP (internet
IP) or from any local PC using server IP. The network architecture that links the server
and the sensors is chosen to be Wi-Fi based. Wi-Fi is selected to enhance system
mobility and scalability, as well as to improve system security (via the use of secure
Wi-Fi connections).

22
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

23
3.1 Procedure
The entire system operates in two stages. Initially, portable Android devices are used
to control the system through the installation of Bluetooth technology. Finally, employ
an auto mode that can sense its surroundings and operate itself. The anticipated design
for the first two objectives is depicted in the accompanying image.

Figure 01: Basic design of this system.

A temperature sensor measures the temperature; other types of sensors are required to
determine the physical state. A micro-controller is used to obtain this information [16].
This LDR feature makes it possible to automatically turn on and off light control by
figuring out how bright the day is. The micro-controller uses a relay switch to transmit
control signals to the electronic device that performs the on/off switching [17]. It is
capable of acting as an input device as well as an output device. An output device to read
the value of the physical condition and an input device to operate household appliances.

Using Android, an application is created for the system. The micro web server is hosted
by the Arduino micro-controller, which also initiates the necessary action [18]. The
primary controller is directly interfaced with the actuators/relays and sensors.

24
Figure 02: Flow chart for working procedure of the design.

25
3.2 Components
Integrating multiple components to automate and control various areas of your house is
the process of building a home automation system with Arduino. These are some typical
parts that a simple home automation system might have.:

• 8051 Microcontroller

• Bluetooth Module

• Relay

• Resistors

• Capacitors

• Transistors

• Cables and Connectors

• Diodes

• PCB and Breadboards

• LED

• Transformer/Adapter

• Push Buttons

• Switch

• IC

• IC Sockets

• Lamps

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 8051 Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a tiny, inexpensive microcomputer that is intended to carry out
particular functions of embedded systems, such as displaying information from
microwaves and receiving distant signals.

The CPU, memory (RAM, ROM, EPROM), serial ports, peripherals (timers, counters),
and other components make up a generic microcontroller.

Intel created the 8051 microcontroller in 1981. This microcontroller has eight bits. Two
16-bit timers, four kilobytes of RAM and one hundred and eighty pins of DIP (dual
inline package) storage are included in its construction. It has four 8-bit parallel ports
that can be programmed and addressed according to the needs. The microcontroller has
an inbuilt on-chip crystal oscillator with a 12 MHz crystal frequency.

The system bus links the CPU and all of the support devices in the following diagram.
Eight-bit data buses, sixteen-bit address buses, and bus control signals make up the
system bus. The system bus serves as an interface between the CPU, program memory,
ports, data memory, interrupt control, serial interface, and timers, among other devices.

Figure 03: 8051 microcontroller.

27
The pin diagram of 8051 microcontroller looks as follows −

Figure 04: Pin diagram of 8051 microcontroller.

HC-05 Bluetooth Module

HC-05 is a Bluetooth module which is designed for wireless communication. This
module can be used in a master or slave configuration.HC-05 Bluetooth Module Pin
Diagram

Figure 05: HC-05 Bluetooth Module.

28
All serial-enabled devices can use Bluetooth serial modules to interact with one
another.

It has 6 pins,

1. Key/EN: It's employed to activate the AT commands mode on the Bluetooth module.
When the Key/EN pin is in the high state, the module operates in command mode. If
not, it is in data mode by default. The HC-05's default baud rates in data mode are 9600
and 38400bps, respectively, in command mode.It's employed to activate the AT
commands mode on the Bluetooth module. When the Key/EN pin is in the high state,
the module operates in command mode. If not, it is in data mode by default. The HC-
05's default baud rates in data mode are 9600 and 38400bps, respectively, in command
mode.

1.The module HC-05 features two modes.,

a. Data mode: data transfer between devices.

b. Command mode: It makes use of AT commands to modify the HC-05's

settings. The module serial (USART) port is utilized to transmit these commands.

2. VCC: Attach 3.3 V or 5 V to this pin..

3. GND: Module's ground pin.

4. TXD: Send serial data (data received wirelessly by a Bluetooth module and serially
sent out on the TXD pin)

5. RXD: Serially receive data (the Bluetooth module will transfer the data wirelessly).

6. State: It indicates whether or not the module is connected.

HC-05 module Information

• The red LED on the HC-05 shows the connection state, whether Bluetooth is active or
not. This red LED continually and periodically blinks before being connected to the
HC-05 module. Its blinking slows down to two seconds when it connects to any other
Bluetooth devices.

• On 3.3V, this module operates. Since the module contains a 5 to 3.3 V regulator on
board, we may also attach a 5V supply voltage.
29
• There is no need to change the transmit level of the HC-05 Bluetooth module
because it has a 3.3V level for RX/TX and the microcontroller can detect that level.
However, the transmit voltage level must be changed from the microcontroller to
the HC-05 module's RX.

• Within a range of 10 meters, the HC-05 module's data transfer rate can fluctuate up to
1Mbps.

The HC-05 Bluetooth Module's specifications

• Version 2.0 of Bluetooth together with EDR (Enhanced Data Rate)

• Frequency: ISM band 2.4 GHz

• GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying) modulation

• Class 2 transmit power (up to 4 dBm)

• Sensitivity: typically -80 dBm

• Length: around 10 meters (33 feet) in open space

• Supported profiles: include HID (Human Interface Device), SPP (Serial Port Profile),
and others.

• DC operating voltage range: 3.3V to 5V

• Operating current: under 50 milliamperes

• Standby current: under 2.5 milliamperes

• Less than 1mA is the sleep current.

• User-Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter Interface (UART)

• Baud rates: 230400, 460800, 9600, 19200, 38400, 57600, 115200, 1200, 2400

• From -20°C to 75°C (-4°F to 167°F), the operating temperature

Registers
The CPU uses registers to temporarily store information, such as addresses referring to
data that has to be fetched or data that needs to be processed. Eight bits, from the MSB
(most significant bit) D7 to the LSB (least significant bit) D0, make up the single data
type in the 8051. Any data type bigger than 8 bits with an 8-bit data type must be
divided into 8-bit chunks before processing.

30
The 8051's most often utilized registers are PC (program counter), R0-R7, A
(accumulator), B, and DPTR (data pointer). All of these registers—aside from DPTR
and PC—have eight bits..

8051 Storage Registers

Here, we'll talk about the many kinds of storage registers. −

• Accumulator
• R register
• B register
• Data Pointer (DPTR)
• Program Counter (PC)
• Stack Pointer (SP)

Accumulator
All arithmetic and logic operations employ register A, the accumulator. Every outcome
of every calculation—addition, multiplication, shift, etc.—must be kept in the main
memory in the event that the accumulator is absent. Because the vast main memory
uses slower (but less expensive) technology than registers, access to main memory is
slower than access to a register like the accumulator..

The "R" Registers

The eight registers that make up the "R" registers are R0, R1, R2, and R7. In numerous
activities, these registers serve as auxiliary or temporary store registers. Think about
the sum of 10 and 20 as an example. Put one variable, 10, in an accumulator and
another, 20, in register R4, for example. Run the following command to complete the
addition operation: ADD A,R4.
The value 30 will be in the accumulator following the execution of this instruction. As
a result, "R" registers are crucial auxiliary or assistance registers. These "R" registers
are what make the Accumulator so valuable on its own. Values are intended to be
briefly stored in the "R" registers.

Let's look at another illustration. The numbers in R1 and R2 will be added together, and
then deduct the R3 and R4 values from the outcome.
MOV A,R3 ;Transfer R3's value to the accumulator.
ADD A,R4 ;Add R4's value.

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MOV R5,A ;Temporarily store the resultant value in R5.
MOV A,R1 ;Transfer R1's value to the accumulator.
ADD A,R2 ;Add R2's value.
SUBB A,R5 ;Subtract R5's value (which now includes R3 and R4).

You can see that the total of R3 and R4 was momentarily held in R5 by us. This method
of calculating (R1 + R2) – (R3 + R4) is obviously not the most effective one, but it
does show how to use the "R" registers to temporarily store values..

Figure 06: The “R” Register.

The "B" Register

The "B" register can store an 8-bit (1-byte) value, which makes it very comparable to
the Accumulator. Only two 8051 instructions—MUL AB and DIV AB—use the "B"
register. You can utilize these two instructions and save the other value in "B" to
quickly and conveniently multiply or divide A by another number. The "B" register is
frequently used as an additional temporary storage register in addition to employing
MUL and DIV instructions; it functions similarly to a ninth R register.
The Data Pointer
Only one 16-bit (2-byte) register on the 8051 is accessible to the user: the Data Pointer
(DPTR). One-byte value registers include the Accumulator, R0–R7 registers, and B
register. The purpose of DPTR is to point to data. The 8051 uses it to access external

32
memory at the address that DPTR indicates. Since DPTR is the only 16-bit register
available, 2-byte values are frequently stored in it.

The Program Counter

The next instruction to be executed by the 8051 can be determined in memory using
the Program Counter (PC), a 2-byte address. The 8051 initializes at 0000h, and the PC
is increased each time an instruction is carried out. Not every PC increment is one. A
PC will increment by two or three when an instruction calls for two or three bytes.

Operations such as branch, jump, and interrupt load an address other than the following
sequential location into the Program Counter. All values in the register will be lost if a
power-on reset is activated. It indicates that when the PC is reset, its value is 0, which
compels the CPU to retrieve the first opcode from ROM location 0000. Because the
CPU expects to find the first instruction at ROM position 0000, we must place the first
byte of the upcode there.
The Stack Pointer (SP)

Like all registers other than DPTR and PC, the Stack Pointer has the capacity to store
an 8-bit (1-byte) value. The place from where the subsequent value is to be removed
off the stack is indicated by the Stack Pointer. A value is incremented when it is pushed
onto the stack, and it is subsequently stored at the corresponding memory location. The
value of SP is decremented after a value is popped off the stack and returned from the
memory address indicated by SP.

It matters what sequence things are done in. When the 8051 is initialized, SP will be
initialized to 07h. Should a value be simultaneously put onto the stack, it will be saved
at internal RAM location 08h since the 8051 will first increase the SP value (from 07h
to 08h) before storing the pushed value at that memory address (08h). The 8051
modifies SP directly with six instructions: RET, RETI, LCALL, PUSH, POP, and
ACALL.

ROM Space in 8051

Certain 8051 family members, such as 8751 and AT8951, have only 4K bytes of on-
chip ROM; others, like AT89C52, have 8K ROM; yet others, like Dallas
Semiconductor, have 32K and 64K bytes of on-chip ROM. It is important to keep in
mind that, because the 8051 program counter is a 16-bit register (0000 to FFFF
address), no member of the 8051 family can read more than 64K bytes of opcode.

33
The address of the program ROM in the 8051's first position is 0000H, while the
location of the ROM in the last location varies based on the chip's size. AT8951 is one
of the 8051 family's members. Its on-chip ROM contains $k bytes, with memory
addresses ranging from 0000 (first position) to 0FFFH (final location).

Figure 07: The Stack Pointer (SP).

.

Capacitors
Potential energy in an electric field is stored by passive electrical components called
capacitors. They consist of two conducting plates divided by a dielectric, which is an
insulating substance. The capacitor may store energy because an electric field forms
across the dielectric when a voltage is applied across the plates. The surface area,
spacing, and characteristics of the dielectric material all affect a capacitor's capacity to
store charge, which is expressed in farads (F). Electronic circuits frequently employ
capacitors for a variety of functions, including as energy storage, signal coupling,
buffering, and filtering.

34
Types of Capacitors

This is an extremely important part of electronic equipment. Their production takes

place every day in millions of pieces. The market offers a plethora of varieties.
Although each type of capacitor has pros and cons of its own, it is still vital for users
to have some understanding of these devices in order to select the best one for any
particular application.

Electrolytic Capacitors

This kind of capacitor, which is primarily polarized, is commonly utilized in palaces

where a large capacitance is necessary. Typically, we use single-electrode thin-film
metallic capacitors in certain locations. On the other hand, semi-liquid electrolytic
capacitors, which function as a second electrode and are available in the form of jelly
or paste, are a very good alternative in other situations.

When it is utilized in a circuit or anywhere else, one has to be concerned with its polarity
because it is made up of a thin layer of oxide material that is generated
electrochemically in less than ten microns with the thickness of a film. In order to
prevent irreversible damage to the capacitor caused by its opposite polarity damaging
the insulation oxide layer, the positive and negative terminals must be connected to the
appropriate power supply terminal and negative and positive, respectively. These are
available above 1 microfarad and operate on a DC power supply. For an example of a
basic electrolytic capacitor, see the following figure.

35
 Figure 08: Simple Electrolytic type.

Silver Mica Capacitor

When size is not a concern, this form of capacitor—which is not commonly used—yet
provides a high degree of stability, minimal loss, and high precision. They come in a
restricted number of levels, such 1000 pF and so on, but are usually utilized in radio
frequency applications. When compared to other sorts, their cost is rather high. In the
illustration below, a few basic silver mica capacitors are displayed.

Figure 09: Simple Mica type.

36
Polystyrene Film Capacitor

When compared to other capacitor kinds, this one is incredibly inexpensive, but when
necessary, it provides tight tolerance. Their tolerance ranges from 5% to 10%, making
them appropriate for a wide range of uses. They can be obtained as electronic
components made by Leader. The figure below shows a few basic polystyrene film
capacitors.

Figure 10: Simple Polystyrene film type.

Glass Capacitor

Glass serves as the dielectric material in glass capacitors. Although they have a high
current carry capability, low loss, and great operating performance, they are rather
expensive when compared to other types. To understand a basic glass capacitor, look
at the following figure.

Figure 11: Simple Glass type.

37
 Transistors
Transistors, which act as switches or amplifiers for electrical signals, are essential parts
of contemporary electronics. They are essential components found in many different
electronic gadgets, such as computers, cellphones, televisions, and more.
A transistor is a type of semiconductor that can switch or magnify electrical power and
electronic signals. The emitter, base, and collector are the three layers of semiconductor
material that make up a conventional semiconductor. The amount of current or voltage
applied to the base terminal of a transistor determines its behavior.

There are two main types of transistors :

Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs):

The emitter, base, and collector are the three semiconductor layers found in BJTs.
Depending on how the layers are arranged, they can be either NPN or PNP.When a tiny
current is delivered to the base of an NPN transistor, electrons go through it from the
emitter to the collector. Hole current that is positively charged flows through a PNP
transistor.Current can be amplified by BJTs. Between the collector and emitter, a
considerably larger current can be controlled by a modest current at the base.frequently
utilized in analog circuits, including switches and amplifiers.
Field-Effect Transistors (FETs):
The source, gate, and drain terminals make up a FET. Typically, semiconductors like
silicon are used to make them. FETs use an electric field generated by the gate terminal
to modulate the conductivity of a channel between the source and drain terminals, thus
controlling the flow of current between them. FETs come in various varieties, such as

38
 Junction FETs (JFETs), Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs), and Metal-Oxide-
Semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs).

Figure 12: Transistor.

Cables and Connectors
A conductor or collection of conductors used to transfer power or telecommunication
signals from one location to another is referred to as a cable in electronic or electrical
systems. Either flexible glass or plastic fibers or a metal, like copper or aluminum, are used
to transport power or electrical communications. There are many different types of
electronics wiring, and cables are frequently built into equipment or made with a specific
end use in mind.
When wire lines need to be linked or detached, connectors are utilized. Connectors are
utilized in many electronic devices, much like cables. This is due to the great degree of
flexibility they provide. For instance, the connectors utilized allow printed circuit boards to
be rapidly and simply constructed and integrated into any system or device.

39
 Figure 13: Cables and Connectors.

Diodes
Diodes are semiconductor devices that only permit one direction of current flow while
obstructing the flow of current in the other direction. They are essential parts of
electronics, performing a variety of tasks in circuits from signal modulation to
rectification. Here's more details on diodes:
Types of Diodes:
1. Rectifier Diodes:
• Allowing current to flow in only one direction will convert alternating current (AC)
to direct current (DC).
• frequently utilized in circuits for rectifiers and power supplies.
2. Zener Diodes:
• Function in the area of reverse breakdown while keeping the voltage across their
terminals almost constant.
• Utilized in circuits as voltage references and regulators.
3. Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs):
• release light as electricity passes through them.
• found in a range of indications, displays, and lighting applications.
4. Schottky Diodes:
• possess a higher switching speed and a lower forward voltage drop than conventional
diodes.
• used in power converters and high-frequency circuits.
5. Varactor Diodes (Varicaps):

40
• Possess a capacitance that changes in response to voltage applied.
• Utilized in frequency multipliers, phase-locked loops, and voltage-controlled
oscillators.
6. Photodiodes:
• Produce a current when in contact with light.
• Found in photovoltaic cells, optical communication systems, and light sensors.
7. PIN Diodes:
• Possess an intrinsic layer (I-region) that, when reverse-biased, offers high resistance
between the P-type and N-type layers.
• Utilized in photodetectors, attenuators, and RF switches.

Figure 14: Diode.

PCB and Breadboards
While both breadboards and PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards) are crucial instruments for
electronics prototyping and circuit design, they have diverse uses and unique qualities.
Printed Circuit Board (PCB):
1. Structure: Thin layers of conductive copper traces are bonded onto stiff boards,
known as PCBs, which are constructed of insulating materials like fiberglass or epoxy.
These traces link the several board-mounted electrical components.
2. Manufacturing: Drilling, soldering, and etching are the steps involved in the process
of making PCBs. Usually, photolithography or chemical etching are used to generate
the copper traces.
3. Permanent: Robust and permanent connections are made when components are
soldered onto a printed circuit board (PCB). Because of this, PCBs may be produced in
large quantities for electronic equipment.

41
4. Professional Appearance: For devices where aesthetics and space are crucial factors,
PCBs' professional and small layout is perfect.
5. Customization: PCBs can have their layouts and electrical performance enhanced
by designing them specifically for a given application.
6. High Frequency and Precision: PCBs are appropriate for applications needing exact
control over signal integrity and high-frequency circuits.
7. Durability: PCBs are robust and resistant to a variety of environmental conditions,
including changes in temperature, humidity, and mechanical stress.

Breadboards:
1. Structure: Plastic boards containing a network of connected metal clips or sockets
are called breadboards. They make it possible to quickly and temporarily assemble
electronic circuits without the need for solder.
2. Ease of Use: Jumper wires make it simple to attach components to the holes on the
breadboard. Because of this, breadboards are perfect for quick experimentation and
prototyping.
3.Reusable: Breadboards are flexible for iterative design and testing since its
components are easily removable and reconfigured.
4. No Soldering Required: Since they don't require soldering, breadboards are a great
option for novices or for testing out circuit designs before committing to a permanent
layout on a PCB.
5. Restrictions on Frequency and Precision: The presence of parasitic capacitance and
inductance in breadboards makes them unsuitable for high-frequency circuits or
applications that necessitate exact signal integrity.
6. Not Suitable for Production: Because of their flimsy and unreliable connections,
breadboards are great for experimentation but not for large production.
7. Bulkier: Compared to PCBs, breadboards have a bigger footprint, which makes them
less appropriate for situations where space is limited.
In summary, breadboards are best suited for quick prototyping and transient
experimentation where flexibility and ease of use are critical, but PCBs are perfect for
long-term, mass-produced electrical devices needing accuracy and durability. In the
process of designing electronics, both are crucial.

42
 Figure 15: PCB and Breadboards.
LED
The acronym LED represents "Light Emitting Diode." It is a semiconductor device that,
when current passes through it, emits light. LEDs are widely utilized because of their
energy economy, durability, and versatility in a variety of applications. Here's more
details on LEDs:
Structure:
1. Semiconductor Materials: Gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium nitride (GaN), or
indium gallium nitride (InGaN) are common semiconductor materials used in the
production of LEDs.
2. P-N Junction: Similar to other diodes, LEDs have a p-n junction where, when
forward biased, electrons and holes recombine to create photons, or light.
3. Active Layer: The area of an LED that is active and produces light. Typically, this
area is a semiconductor heterostructure that has been precisely designed to emit a
certain wavelength of light.
Types of LEDs:
Standard LEDs: Give forth a single color of light, like white, blue, green, or red. They
are frequently found in signage, displays, and indicator lights.
High-Power LEDs: These LEDs have a high light output and are utilized in street
lighting, architectural lighting, and automobile lighting.
RGB LEDs: Come in a single box containing several LED chips that are each of the
three colors red, green, and blue. RGB LEDs are employed in color-changing lighting
systems and displays because they can produce a wide spectrum of colors by varying
the intensity of each color.

43
UV LEDs: These light-emitting devices have uses in forensic analysis, curing,
sterilizing, and detecting counterfeit goods.
IR LEDs: These light-emitting diodes are utilized in optical communication,
surveillance systems, and remote controls.

Figure 16: LED.

TRANSFORMER/ADAPTER
In the context of electronics, a transformer or adapter is a device that changes the
voltage or current level of electrical energy. They are crucial parts of many power
distribution systems and electrical gadgets. Here is additional information regarding
adapters and transformers.:
Transformer:
The electromagnetic induction concept underlies the operation of a transformer. It is
composed of two or more insulated wire coils coiled around a ferromagnetic core. The
primary and secondary coils are the two sets of coils found in transformers. A voltage
is produced in the secondary coil when an alternating current (AC) passes through the
primary coil, altering the magnetic field in the core. The voltage transformation ratio is
determined by dividing the number of turns in the main coil by the number of turns in
the secondary coil. Step-down transformers lower voltage, whereas step-up
transformers raise it.Electrical isolation between the input and output circuits is
provided by transformers, which is essential for security and avoiding ground

44
loops.There are several uses for transformers, such as electricity distribution In
electronic circuits, isolation, impedance matching, and voltage regulation.

Adapter (Power Adapter or AC/DC Adapter)

A specific kind of transformer called an adapter is made to change alternating current
(AC) from wall outlets into direct current (DC), which is needed to power electronics.
Generally, adapters convert the high-voltage AC from the mains to a lower-voltage DC
that can be used to power routers, laptops, and cellphones. Rectifier circuits, which
convert AC to DC, and voltage control circuits, which maintain a steady output voltage
despite variations in input voltage or load, are frequently found in adapters. Various
connections or plugs are included with adapters to accommodate the diverse input
requirements of various devices. Certain adapters can power devices from batteries or
other DC power sources since they are made to be portable.

Key Considerations:
1. Voltage Compatibility: An adapter or transformer must be used in accordance with
the voltage and current specifications of the device it is powering.
2. Safety: To avoid electrical hazards including short circuits, overloading, and electric
shock, transformers and adapters should adhere to safety standards and regulations.
3. Efficiency: Heat generation and energy waste can be decreased by using transformers
and adapters with high efficiency.
4. Size and Form Factor: Depending on the application, size and form factor
considerations could be crucial, particularly for installations with limited space or
portable devices.

45
 Figure 17: TRANSFORMER/ADAPTER

Push Button
Electrical actuators known as push button switches, or pushbutton switches, are
connected to electrical circuits and function as electrical actuators by closing or opening
such circuits when pressed. They can operate a large variety of technological devices.

Figure 18: Push Button.

Switch
An electrical switch is a part of a circuit that is used to stop or reroute electric current
flow. By manually creating or severing electrical connections, it enables the control of
electrical systems or equipment. Different types and configurations of switches are
available to meet different needs and applications.

46
 Figure 19: Switch.

INTEGATED CIRCUIT
Thousands or millions of small resistors, capacitors, diodes, and transistors are built on
a semiconductor wafer to create an integrated circuit (IC), also known as a chip,
microchip, or microelectronic circuit. An integrated circuit (IC) can be used as a
computer memory, microcontroller, microprocessor, timer, counter, amplifier,
oscillator, or logic gate.
The basic component of every contemporary electronic gadget is an integrated circuit
(IC). As the name implies, it's an integrated system made up of several tiny, networked
semiconductor material components implanted in a thin substrate (often silicon crystal).

Figure 20: Integrated Circuits.

47
 LAMPS
In the context of lighting, lamps are defined as apparatuses that emit electromagnetic
radiation in order to produce visible light. They are available in a variety of shapes
and technologies, each with unique qualities, uses, and effectiveness. These are a few
typical kinds of lighting:
1. Incandescent Lamps
2.Fluorescent Lamps
3.LED Lamps
4.Halogen Lamps

Figure 21: Lamps.

48
 CHAPTER 4
EXPECTED OUTCOME

49
There are several approaches of discussing the system's predicted result [19]. Commands
are given using the voice activation function; if no command is received, a prompted
message is presented. Additionally, we can add a reminder to the app that will let us know
when to turn on particular household appliances and even set a timer for them.

Figure 22: Block diagram of Home-automation system.

Figure 23: Output of the system.

50
 Figure 24: Screenshot of the app.

Figure 25: web control system.

The system that has been constructed incorporates a temperature and humidity sensor
(DHT22), a gas sensor (MQ6), an LDR, and a P.I.R. Additionally, when an Internet
connection is available, a mobile app based on Android serves as the user interface.
Relays are used to connect the ESP-32's digital output ports to the home appliances,
such as the fan and lamp. Figure 5. Android application (a); Firebase data update (b).
There are two ways in which a user can operate the lights: either by means of an

51
Android app on their smartphone, or automatically by means of feedback data obtained
from the P.I.R. and LDR sensors. The firebase data is updated in real-time based on
sensor data and user input. For example, when a user activates Light2 through an
Android app, the firebase data updates to "1" as illustrated in Figure 5 .The system is
made more secure by the door lock control feature. The architecture states that the
ESP32 gathers sensor data, uses WiFi to send the data to Firebase, and simultaneously
shows the data on the mobile app. NodeMCU ESP32 is a better option when compared
to previous work that was based on either Arduino, Bluetooth, LAN, or Wi-Fi and was
noted in the literature survey. Several key advantages are its integrated Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth 4.2 and traditional support, several operating modes, low power
consumption, etc. The suggested system may be modified in the future using IoET
concepts [20]. The accuracy and performance of the system will both improve with this
strategy.

The suggested Solar House monitoring system design is put into practice for energy-
efficient house control that nevertheless maintains the bare minimum of comfortable
living conditions. The data collected by the sensors positioned throughout the house
and inside should always be available and transferred to the cloud server every few
minutes for processing, archiving, and display. To make sure the data is plotted
throughout the necessary time period and transferred to the IoT EmonCMS cloud
server, a test was conducted. The temperature, humidity, and illumination values that
are logged by the EmonCMS input nodes are displayed in the results given.

Furthermore, as illustrated in Fig. 15, these values are tracked and presented over time
via a data-viewing dashboard in the EmonCMS. Moreover, the data shown to the user
on a Blynk application created specifically for this use case is depicted in Fig. 16. Fig.
13. Monitoring Circuit Implementation Figure 14. Data uploaded, logged in to the
EmonCMS Figure 15. A sample of temperature, humidity, and light intensity values
over a 3-hour period are shown on the right and left scales, respectively. Figure 16. The
Blynk app is used to display temperature and humidity information. Every recorded
measurement was cross-checked, benchmarked, and confirmed against data obtained
simultaneously in the laboratory using other traditional, calibrated meters. The
automated solar panel washing apparatus was constructed and configured for testing,
as Fig. 17 illustrates. motor without brushes Fig. 17: Leadscrew Rail Control Box Cover
52
concealing the PV panel behind. A prototype was built by ASPCS. Clean up A 24V
DC brushless motor moves the brush and cover combined with a leadscrew. The micro-
inverter output of the PV panel can be used directly to supply power to the control
system. An LDR is incorporated into the system's architecture to measure light
intensity. In this manner, the PV panel would be cleaned and appropriately uncovered
and covered by the cover with the brush at its edge moving "in" each morning and "out"
each evening. Additionally, the IoT-based control system was put into practice and
tested. Every now and again, one of the EmonCMS nodes provides a one-digit
command value to the NodeMCU controller. Considering the The NodeMCU instructs
the motor controller to open or close the panel cover based on the acquired value (0 or
1). Actually, a value of zero indicates that the panel cover has to be closed, but a value
of unity indicates the contrary. It is advised that copies of uploaded data be saved to
local memory storage in the future because the IoT system requires internet
connectivity constantly in order to access and see data (e.g. SD Card). This makes it
possible to physically access data in an emergency or other situation where it is needed.
In addition, one can consider giving the house the ability to learn from and evolve with
the occupants in order to make it more smarter. This can be accomplished by using
sophisticated artificial intellect that is able to adapt to the conduct of specific family
members. Advanced security measures, monitoring the health of the elderly, fall
detection, head counting, face ID, and more may all be done with it. When it comes to
artificial intelligence, the possibilities are endless.
Consequently, building an automated smart home that can expand, change, and advance
would be the next stage. Recurrent neural networks, or RNNs, are the tool of choice for
doing that. They are made possible by the growing interest in the Long Short-Term
Memory (LSTM) variation, which offers solutions to a variety of machine learning
issues involving the processing of sequential data and image processing that can
accurately identify objects in 3D scenes.

This study proposes a smart home system that has been thoroughly built and tested to
show its viability and efficacy. Figure 2 displays screenshots from the built smart home
app, which is explained in Section 3.2. As previously noted, access to the smart home
system requires authentication. The warning indicating that an invalid password was
input is seen in Figure 9.a. The response from the smart home micro web-server served
as the basis for this message. The app will then present the smart home controls page
53
with a notification indicating the success of login if the necessary authentication is
supplied, as seen in Figure 9.b. When using the voice activation feature, a message
asking the user to speak is displayed if no command is recorded once more Refer to
Figure 9.c. (a) (b) (c) Figure 9. Proposed smart home app screenshots: (a) when an
incorrect password is supplied; (b) upon successful login (c) if a voice instruction is not
recorded. Forty January 2014 issue of International Journal of Computer Networks &
Communications (IJCNC), Vol. 6, No. 1. The user interface of the smart home system
updates to reflect the current status when appliances are switched on, and the system
was completely functional for switching apps. Additionally, the smart home system
was tested for fire and intrusion detection, and it successfully identified both
occurrences, sending the user an email and activating the siren. Figure 10 displays the
email that was sent and received by the user on the after a fire was discovered in the
kitchen mobile device as well as on the desktop computer with Microsoft Outlook set
up for email. (a) and (b) Figure 10. email created alert notification received on the
desktop computer and Android mobile device, respectively. Every characteristic
pertaining to the research described in Section 2 is present in the proposed system.
However, it also contains security features including alarm notification for intrusion
and fire detection, as well as user authentication for smart home system access. Because
the voice activation feature of the system doesn't require a separate PC or voice
processing module, it's inexpensive and easy to use.
A P.I.R., an Android-based mobile device, a temperature and humidity sensor
(DHT22), a gas sensor (MQ6), and an LDR are all integrated into the implemented
system app as the user interface when there is an Internet connection accessible. Relays
are used to connect the ESP-32's digital output ports to the home appliances, such as
the fan and lamp. Figure 5. Android application (a); Firebase data update (b). There are
two ways in which a user can operate the lights: either by means of an Android app on
their smartphone, or automatically by means of feedback data obtained from the P.I.R.
and LDR sensors. The firebase data is updated in real-time based on sensor data and
user input. For example, when a user activates Light2 through an Android app, the
firebase data updates to "1" as illustrated in Figure 5. The system is made more secure
by the door lock control feature. The ESP32 gathers sensor data in line with the
architecture, transfers the data simultaneously displays the data on the mobile app after
connecting over Wi-Fi to Firebase. NodeMCU ESP32 is a better option when compared
to previous work that was based on either Arduino, Bluetooth, LAN, or Wi-Fi and was
54
noted in the literature survey. Several key advantages are its integrated Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth 4.2 and traditional support, several operating modes, low power
consumption, etc. The suggested system may be modified in the future using IoET
concepts. The accuracy and performance of the system will both improve with this
strategy.

55
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

56
A comparison of home automation systems is provided, based on a survey study.
Performance factors of microcontrollers, user interfaces, and communication interfaces
are compared. Numerous do-it-yourself (DIY) platforms, such as the Raspberry Pi,
Arduino, and other microcontrollers, are available that enable the quick and simple
creation of Home Automation systems at cheap cost and great performance. Various
home automation systems, such as web-based, email-based, Bluetooth-based, mobile-
based, SMS-based, ZigBee-based, dual tone multi-frequency-based, cloud-based, and
Internet-based, are detailed in this review. Future home automation will be quicker and
more intelligent. It would be expanded to include large-scale settings including
workplaces, factories, and colleges. This study examines a web-based smart home
system that, after user verification, can be remotely operated suggested and put into
action. Using a RESTful web service, the Android-based smart home app connects to
the mini web server via the internet. Installing the smart home software and managing
and keeping an eye on the smart home environment may be done on any Android-
enabled smartphone. A low-cost smart home system that uses a microcontroller for all
processing has been developed; it does not require a PC. Additionally, the system
makes advantage of Google's speech recognition engine, doing away with the
requirement for an additional voice recognition module. Future plans call for adding
SMS and call alerts as well as minimizing the amount of wiring that needs to be
changed in order to install the suggested system in homes that already exist. This will
be accomplished by setting up a wireless network inside the house that will be used to
monitor and operate the smart home environment.
The Arduino UNO is used to centrally regulate and efficiently monitor parameters in
this home automation system. This home automation solution is both economical and
effective. It simultaneously displays and monitors temperature in real time. It has the
ability to detect human presence within the house and adjust the appliances
accordingly. It can cut electricity expenditures by turning off linked equipment while
not in use, hence reducing needless electricity use.
The literature on smart house activities has been reviewed in this article, with an
emphasis on elucidating the goals of a smart home, which include enhanced energy
management and home automation as well as lower environmental emissions.
Manufacturers who are drawn to SHEMSs include Apple, Hohm, and GE. These
companies are thinking about creating hardware, software, and communication systems

57
specifically for EMS devices. Scholars have examined SHEMSs with a variety of goals
in mind, including minimizing power bills, optimizing user comfort, minimizing utility
peak demand, and lowering carbon emissions. Numerous EMS applications for end-
user appliance scheduling, control, automation, and communication have been covered
in this article. To sum up, this research has elucidated the function of SHEMSs in an
energy-efficient future environment.
The concepts and advantages that come with the adoption of the internet of things (IoT)
are probably going to completely change how people react to their surroundings.
Thanks to these advancements, people can now control every aspect of a house from a
single system. Having a single system control every aspect of the house raises security
concerns, but these worries are unfounded. The features can be customized by the
technology, and if there is an incursion in one part of the system, the homeowner is
likely to notice the change. Furthermore, the Internet of Things idea is good for the
environment since it encourages communal resource management. For instance, when
a lightbulb burns out due to There is no longer any blackness, indicating that waste has
decreased. Even more so, when the refrigerator alerts the homeowner to an impending
product's expiration, it suggests that wise use of our food supplies is still possible. As
a result, it's past time for more people to embrace the innovative concepts of the internet
of things.
An analysis of numerous home automation systems reveals that different types of
technology are employed in the implementation of these systems. This study presents
and compares all the suggested systems, highlighting their advantages and
disadvantages. Various home automation systems, such as those that are web-based,
Bluetooth-based, mobile-based, SMS-based, ZigBee-based, Arduino microcontroller-
based, Android app-based, IOT-based, and cloud-based, were explained in this review.
The day when every home is a smart home is not too far off, thanks to home automation
systems' performance, simplicity, affordability, and dependability.
The ESP32 node MCU and WiFi as a transmission mechanism were used in the
development of the implemented system. The design criteria of the system have been
selected to ensure cheap cost, ease of use, and remote control functionality. Everyone
can benefit from this, but those with disabilities and the elderly in particular. The
outcome demonstrates how effectively this system operates and accomplishes its goal.
More people can access the program by modifying the system to support Windows
phone and iPhone users. In addition, the suggested system has been expanded, and its
58
efficacy for smart city applications will be confirmed. Nonetheless, the suggested
system can integrate with contemporary hardware and transmit data between devices,
which is the main requirement for the smart application for city.
From the explanation above, it is clear that home automation is a unique type of
technology that allows you to operate your appliances at home without having to put in
extra work. Additionally, we covered methodology, potential applications, and how
home automation works in this article. We also discussed how new technology that
eliminates human labor in the future can be included and is currently under
investigation.We have developed a gadget that is small in size, inexpensive, has a
higher capacity, has a longer lifespan, and can receive signals from farther away.This
research paper aims to develop a technology that enhances human lifestyle while
conserving electricity.
Modern mobile home innovation organizations must become unavoidable in this era of
computers. It's a cutting-edge mobile innovation organization that offers us a level
above the current norm [20]. In a setup where the space is fully programmed, we would
be totally reliant. Two distinct client functions are required; the cases will be manually
handled and are, therefore, naturally distinct. Security can be guaranteed by a biometric
system or a secret key, and sensing capabilities enable a home's ability to defend itself.
As a result, there won't be any energy disappointment regarding the framework's
potential worth of labor in any situation, including a crisis. Cost effectiveness is
achieved by utilization from claiming low control, but that is merely the top of the
iceberg. It is simple to comprehend and acknowledges the economy from asserting
Bangladesh's claim. Finally, a completed framework for a mechanized engineering
organization that promotes renewable vitality will be raised, serving to distract regular
people and urban users from the new era of hope.

59
CHAPTER 6
APENDIX

60
6.1 Code

#include<SoftwareSerial.h>
int in1 = 9;
int sensor = 8;
int led = 13;
unsigned long t1=0,t2=0;
int state = 1;
int TX=10;
int RX=11;
char data='L',mode='A';
SoftwareSerial bluetooth(TX,RX);
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
bluetooth.begin(9600);
pinMode(in1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(sensor, INPUT);
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(in1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(led,HIGH);
}
void loop()
{
if(bluetooth.available())
{
data=bluetooth.read();
if(data=='M' || data=='A')
{
mode=data;
}
}
if(mode=='A')
{
if(digitalRead(sensor)==HIGH)
{
state=1;
digitalWrite(led,LOW);
t1=millis();
}
else
{
t2=millis();

61
 digitalWrite(led,HIGH);
if((t2-t1)>10000)
{
state=0;
}
}
if(state==0)
{
digitalWrite(in1,HIGH);
}
else if(state==1)
{
digitalWrite(in1,LOW);
}

}
else if(mode=='M')
{
data = bluetooth.read();
if(data == 'L')
{
digitalWrite(in1,LOW);
}
else if(data == 'l')
{
digitalWrite(in1,HIGH);
}
}
}

62
 CHAPTER 7
REFERENCE

63
References
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