32

Alternating-Current Circuits

32.1
32.2
32.3
32.4
32.5 RLC
32.6
32.7 RLC
32.8

1
32.1
AC Sources

Δv = ΔVmax sin ωt

ΔVmax: (voltage amplitude)

2π
: ω = 2πf =
T

2
32.2
Resistors in an AC Circuit

● .

Δv − iR R = 0
Δv ΔVmax
∴ iR = = sin ωt = I max sin ωt
R R

ΔVmax
; I max ≡
R
; ΔvR = iR R = I max R sin ωt

3
➢

iR vR sinωt ,
(in phase)
.

. (phasor) ,
.

.
.

4
➢ ( - - root-mean-square, rms)

P = iR2 R = I max
2
R sin 2 ωt

(sin 2 ωt ) avg = 1
2

2 I max 2 2
P= I 1
2 max R =( ) R = I rms R
2

I max
I rms = = 0.707 I max
2

ΔVmax
ΔVrms = = 0.707 ΔVmax
2

5
32.1 rms ?
200 sin ωt (V) . 47.0Ω
rms .

I max ΔVmax
I rms = =
2 2R

200 V
I rms = = 3.01 A
2 (47.0 Ω )

6
32.3
Inductors in an AC Circuit

● .

diL
Δv − L =0
dt

diL
Δv = L = ΔVmax sin ωt
dt

ΔVmax
∴ diL = sin ωtdt
L
ΔVmax ΔVmax
∴ iL = ∫ sin ωtdt = − cos ωt
L ωL

ΔVmax ⎛ π⎞
∴ iL = sin ⎜ ωt − ⎟
ωL ⎝ 2⎠
7
➢

90° .

ΔVmax ΔVmax
I max = ≡
ωL XL

- (inductive reactance) XL

X L ≡ ωL ( : Ω)

diL
ΔvL = L = ΔVmax sin ωt = I max X L sin ωt
dt

8
 32.2
L = 25.0 mH rms 150 V .
60.0 Hz rms .

X L = ω L = 2π fL
= 2π (60.0 Hz )(25.0 × 10−3 H ) = 9.42 Ω

ΔVrms
I rms =
XL
150 V
= = 15.9 A
9.42 Ω

9
32.4
Capacitors in an AC Circuit

● .

q
Δv − = 0
C
q = CΔv = CΔVmax sin ωt

dq π
∴ iC = = ωCΔVmax cos ωt = ωCΔVmax sin(ωt + )
dt 2
π
= I max sin(ωt + )
2

⎛ π⎞
iC = ωC ΔVmax sin ⎜ ωt + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
10
➢

90°
.

ΔVmax ΔVmax
I max = ωCΔVmax = ≡
(1 / ωC ) XC

- (capacitive reactance) XC

1
XC ≡ ( : Ω)
ωC

ΔvC = ΔVmax sin ωt = I max X C sin ωt

11
12
 32.3
8.00- µF 150V 60.0-Hz
. rms .
1 1 1
XC = = =
ωC 2π fC 2π (60.0 Hz )(8.00 × 10−6 F )
= 332 Ω

ΔVrms
I rms =
XC
150 V
= = 0.452 A
332 Ω

13
32.5 RLC
The RLC Series Circuit

Δv = ΔVmax sin ωt

i = I max sin(ωt − φ )
φ ;
(phase angle)

ΔvR = I max R sin ωt = ΔVR sin ωt

⎛ π⎞
ΔvL = I max X L sin ⎜ ωt + ⎟ = ΔVL cos ωt
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ π⎞
ΔvC = I max X C sin ⎜ ωt − ⎟ = −ΔVC cos ωt
⎝ 2⎠

14
➢

ΔVmax = ΔVR2 + (ΔVL − ΔVC ) 2

= ( I max R ) 2 + ( I max X L − I max X C ) 2

∴ΔVmax = I max R 2 + ( X L − X C ) 2

ΔVmax ΔVmax
∴ I max = =
2
R + (X L − XC ) 2 Z

Z≡ R 2 + ( X L − X C )2 ◀ (impedance) Z ( : Ω)

15
➢

−1⎛ ΔVL − ΔVC ⎞ −1 ⎛ I max X L − I max X C ⎞

φ = tan ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = tan ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ΔVR ⎠ ⎝ I max R ⎠

⎛ X L − XC ⎞
−1
∴φ = tan ⎜ ⎟
⎝ R ⎠

16
 32.4 RLC
RLC R=425Ω, L=1.25H, C=3.50 , f = 60.0Hz, Vmax=150V .
(A) .
(B) .
(C) .

ω = 2πf = 2π (60.0Η z ) = 377 s −1

ΔVmax
−1 I max =
X L = ωL = (377 s )(1.25Η ) = 471Ω Z
1 1 150V
XC = = = = 0.292 Α
ωC (377 s −1 )(3.50 × 10 −6 F ) 513Ω
= 758Ω
⎛ X L − XC ⎞
−1
φ = tan ⎜ ⎟
⎝ R ⎠
Z= R 2 + ( X L − X C )2
−1 ⎛ 471Ω − 758Ω ⎞
= tan ⎜ ⎟
= (425Ω) 2 + (471Ω − 758Ω) 2 ⎝ 425Ω ⎠
= 513Ω = −34.0°

17
(D) .

ΔVR = I max R = (0.292 Α)(425Ω) = 124V

ΔVL = I max X L = (0.292 Α)(471Ω) = 138V

ΔVC = I max X C = (0.292 Α)(758Ω) = 221V

(E) L , 30°
. , .

1 ⎡ 1 ⎞
X L = X C + R tan φ L= ⎢ (377 s −1 )(3.50 × 10 − 6 F ) ⎟⎟
(377 s −1 ) ⎣ ⎠
1 + ( 425Ω) tan( −30.0°)]
ωL = + R tan φ
ωC
1⎛ 1 ⎞ L = 1.36Η
L= ⎜ + R tan φ ⎟
ω ⎝ ωC ⎠
( ) ?
?

ΔVR + ΔVL + ΔVC = 483V > 150V

18
32.6
Power in an AC Circuit

p = iΔv = ⎡⎣ I max sin (ωt − φ )⎤⎦ [ΔVmax sin ωt ]

p = I max sin ωt sin (ω
sint −
(ωφt )− φ ) = sin ωt cos φ − cos ωt sin φ
2
p = I max ΔVmax sin ωt cos φ − I max ΔVmax sin ωt cos ωt sin φ

( ωt )
sin 2
avg
= 1/2
1
sin ωt cos ωt = sin 2ωt
2
(sin 2ωt )avg = 0
1
Pavg = I max ΔVmax cos φ
2
Pavg = I rms ΔVrms cos φ cos ϕ :
19
 I max R R
ΔVR = ΔVmax cos φ = I max R ⇒ cos φ = =
ΔVmax Z

Pavg = I rms ΔVrms cos φ

⎛R⎞ ⎛ ΔVrms ⎞
= I rms ΔVrms ⎜ ⎟ = I rms ⎜ ⎟R
⎝Z⎠ ⎝ Z ⎠

2
Pavg = I rms R

20
32.5 RLC
32.4 RLC ?

ΔVmax 150V
ΔVrms = = = 106V
2 2
I max 0.292 Α
I rms = = = 0.206 Α
2 2

Pavg = I rms ΔVrms cos φ

= (0.206 Α)(106V ) cos(−34.0°)
= 18 .1W
18.2W

21
32.7 RLC
Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit

● rms , RLC
(resonance)
ΔVrms ΔVrms
I rms = =
Z R 2 + ( X L − X C )2

! rms , XL – XC = 0
(resonance frequency).

1 1
X L − X C = ωL − =0 ∴ω0 =
ωC LC

22
– rms

R=0 , .
.

▪ RLC

2 2
2 ( ΔV rms ) ( ΔVrms ) R
P avg = I rms R = 2
R= 2
Z R + ( X L − X C )2
22
⎛ 1 ⎞ L
( X L − X C ) 2 = ⎜ ωL − 2 2 2
⎟ = 2 (ω − ω0 )
⎝ ωC ⎠ ω
( ΔVrms ) 2 Rω 2
∴ P avg = 2 2
R ω + L2 (ω 2 − ω02 ) 2

! ω = ω0
(△Vrms)2/R

23
➢ (quality factor: )Q:

ω0 ω0 L R
Q= = ( Δω = )
Δω R L

! , TV
.

24
 32.6 RLC
R = 150 Ω, L = 20.0 mH, ΔVrms = 20.0 V, ω = 5 000 s–1. RLC
. .
1 1
ω0 = ⇒C =
LC ω0 2 L

1
C= = 2.00 µ F
−1 2
(5.00 × 10 3
s ) (20.0 × 10 −3
H)

25
32.8
The Transformer and Power Transmission

● .
(AC transformer)
dΦ B
Δv1 = − N1
dt
dΦ B
Δv2 = − N 2
dt

N2
∴ Δv2 = Δv1
N1

I1Δv1 = I 2 Δv2

2
⎛ N1 ⎞
Req =⎜
⎜N ⎟ ⎟ RL
⎝ 2⎠
26
 32.7
1.0km 20MW .
22kV 230kV .
(A) 2.0 10 /kWh .
, ?

Pavg 20 × 10 6 W
I rms = = 3
= 87 Α
ΔVrms 230 × 10 V
2
P avg = I rms R = (87 Α) 2 ( 2.0Ω) = 15kW
TET = P avg Δt = (15kW )(24h) = 360kWh
=(360kWh)(10 /kWh) = 36

(B) 22kV .

Pavg 20 × 10 6 W
I rms = = 3
= 910 Α
ΔVrms 22 × 10 V
2
P avg = I rms R = (910 Α) 2 ( 2.0Ω) = 1.7 × 103 kW

TET = P avg Δt = (1.7 × 103 kW )( 24h)

= 4.1× 10 4 kWh
=(41,000kWh)(10 /kWh) = 4100 27
• :

Δv = ΔVmax sin ωt

• (X) : [ : Ω]

ΔVmax
Imax =
X

• —
ω = 2πf,
( )f
• —
• :
• — 90° . • — 90° .

• RLC
• RLC (Z):

Z= R 2 + (XL − XC)2

• (ϕ):
−1
XL − XC
ϕ = tan
R

• (ω0)
1
ω0 =
LC
• RLC :

2
Pavg = Irms R = IrmsΔVrms cos ϕ

• , cos ϕ
R
cos ϕ =
Z
•

N2
V2 = V1
N1
 1
v(t) = 160 sin(120πt)

50.0Ω
25.0μ

ω 120πs−1
(a) f = = = 60Hz
2π 2π
Vmax 160V
(b) Imax = = = 3.20A → i(t) = Imax sin ωt = (3.20A)sin(120πt)
R 50.0Ω
1 1 Vmax
(c) XC = = = 106Ω → Imax = = 1.51A
ωC (120πs ) ⋅ (25 × 10 F)
−1 −6 XC
→ i(t) = Imax sin(ωt + π/2) = (1.51A)sin(120πt + π/2)

−1 −3
Vmax
(d) XL = ωL = (120πs ) ⋅ (100 × 10 H) = 37.7Ω → Imax = = 4.24A
XL

→ i(t) = Imax sin(ωt − π/2) = (4.24A)sin(120πt − π/2)

32
 2

(a) Z = R 2 + (XL − XC )2

( 120π ⋅ (4 × 10 ) )
2
1
= 52 + 120π ⋅ 0.025 − −4
= 5.7Ω

−1
XL − XC
(b) ϕ = tan = 29∘
R
Vmax
(c) I = sin(ωt − ϕ) = (29.7A)sin(120π t − 29∘)
Z
2
2
Imax R
(d) Pavg = Irms R = = 2210W
2
33
 3
R = 100Ω, L = 2.00H, C = 5.00μF RLC

Δω

1 1
(a) f0 = = = 50Hz
2π LC (2π) ⋅ (2.00H) ⋅ (5.0 × 10−6F)
2
Vrms
(b) Pavg |ω=ω = = 50W
0 R
ω0 ω0L
(c) Q = = = 6.3
Δω R
R
(d) Δω = = 50rad/s
L

34