ELECTRICAL

TRANSFORMERS

Prepared & Presented by:

Engr. Junry V. Vistal
Learning Objectives
❖ Definition and Types of Transformers ❖ Power Loss and Efficiency
❖ Construction and Working Principle ❖ Transformer Banking
❖ The EMF Equation ❖ Open-Delta Transformers
❖ Ideal and Practical Transformer ❖ Scott-T Transformers
❖ Transformer Tests ❖ Auto-Transformers
❖ Voltage Regulation ❖ Parallel Operations
What is a Transformer?
➢ A transformer is an passive electrical
device that transfers electrical energy
from one circuit to another through
the process of electromagnetic
induction. (Electrical4U)

➢ A transformer is a device used to

increase or decrease voltage between
circuits.
Why are transformers so important?
Brief History
1. Early Concepts (1820s-1870s)
The groundwork for transformers was laid in the early
19th century with the discovery of electromagnetic
induction by Michael Faraday in the 1820s. Faraday's
work provided the theoretical basis for transforming
electrical energy. However, it wasn't until the 1870s that
engineers started experimenting with the practical
application of transformers.
Brief History
2. Invention of the Transformer (1880s)
The invention of the transformer is
credited to three individuals who worked
independently. In 1885, Hungarian engineers
Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy, and Miksa
Déri developed the first transformer while
working for the Ganz Company in Budapest.
Brief History
3. Introduction of AC Power (Late 19th Century)
The development of transformers coincided
with the rise of alternating current (AC) power
systems, championed by inventors like Nikola
Tesla and George Westinghouse. Transformers
played a crucial role in the transmission of AC
power over long distances.
Brief History
4. Smart Transformers and Digitalization (20th Century)
In recent years, there has been a push
towards developing smart transformers
equipped with digital monitoring and control
systems. These advancements allow for better
management of power grids, predictive
maintenance, and improved overall
performance.
Basic Construction
1. Magnetic Core - provides a path for
the magnetic flux, usually a ferromagnetic
material such as laminated silicon steel

2. Windings – consist of primary and

secondary winding, the primary being
the winding connected to the source and
secondary to the load
Parts of a Power Transformer
Types of Transformers
According to Voltage Transformation

1. STEP-UP Transformer
- the secondary side has more
windings than the primary side

2. STEP-DOWN Transformer
- the primary side has more
windings than the secondary side
Types of Transformers
According to Size & Purpose 2. Distribution Transformers
1. Power Transformers - steps down the voltage level from
- transformers used in distribution lines to customers
large power distribution
and transmission lines
Types of Transformers
According to Size & Purpose
3. Instrument Transformers
- used for metering (energy billing and
transactions and protection control)
Working Principle
Transformer works on Faraday's
law of mutual induction. Faraday's
law of electromagnetic induction states
that, when a change takes place in the
magnetic flux which is linked with a
circuit, an electromotive force will be
induce in the circuit.
Food for thoughts!

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A TRANSFORMER IS

CONNECTED TO A DC SOURCE?

✓ No secondary voltage

✓ Overheating of the windings,

resulting to damage of the
transformer
EMF Equation
Sample Problem 1
❖ The net cross section of a transformer is 20 square inches.
The maximum flux density is 11 kilogausses. The frequency
is 60 Hz. If there are 1000 turns in the primary, determine the
primary induced emf.

A. 3780 V C. 3590 V
B. 3945 V D. 3850 V

Answer: A
Sample Problem 2
❖ The maximum flux density in the core of a 3000/240 V, 50-Hz
single-phase transformer is 1.25 tesla. If the voltage induced
per turn is 8 volts, determine the cross sectional area of the
core in cm^2.

A. 292 C. 288
B. 375 D. 362

Answer: C
Sample Problem 3
❖ Calculate the total magnetic flux in a 60-cycle transformer
in which the induced emf per turn is equal to 2 V.

A. 7.30 mWb C. 7.10 mWb

B. 7.02 mWb D. 7.50 mWb

Answer: D
Sample Problem 4
❖ The maximum flux density in the core of a 250/3000-volts, 50-Hz
single-phase transformer is 1.2 T. If the emf per turn is 8 volts,
determine:

(i) primary and secondary turns

(ii) area of the core

Answer: (i) N1 = 32, N2 = 375 (ii) 0.03 m^2

Sample Problem 5
❖ The core of a 100-kVA, 11000/550 V, 50-Hz, 1-ph, core-type
transformer has a cross-section of 20 cm x 20 cm. Find the emf
per turn if the maximum core density is not to exceed 1.3 Tesla.
Assume a stacking factor of 0.9.

Answer: 10.4 V
Ideal Transformer
A transformer is ideal if: Transformation Ratios:
✓ No power loss
✓ No magnetic flux leakage
✓ Infinite permeability of the core

Note: = a = turns ratio

= 1/a = trans ratio

Sample Problem 6
❖ The low side of a welding transformer has 2 turns and delivers
300 A. If the high voltage side has 30 turns, how much current
flows through it?

A. 10 A C. 20 A
B. 12 A D. 15 A

Answer:
Sample Problem 7
❖ A single-phase transformer is rated 4160 V primary and 250 V
secondary. It has 1500 turns in the primary and a voltage
regulation of 8 %. What should be the number of turns in the
secondary winding?

A. 88 turns C. 90 turns
B. 92 turns D. 86 turns

Answer:
Sample Problem 8
❖ A 25 kVA, single-phase transformer has 250 turns on the primary
and 40 turns on the secondary winding. The primary is connected
to 1500 volt, 50 Hz mains. Calculate:

(i) secondary emf

(ii) primary and secondary currents on full-load

Answer: (i) 240 V (ii) I1 = 16.67 A, I2 = 104.2 A

Practical Transformer (No-Load)
0 0
𝐼0 = no load current
𝐼𝑤 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝐼0
𝐼𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝐼0
𝑅0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑋𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Practical Transformer (No-Load)
Sample Problem 9
❖ A 2,200/200-V transformer draws a no-load current of 0.6 A and
absorbs 400 watts. Find the iron loss (working component) and
magnetizing currents of the no-load current.

Answer: Iw = 0.182 A, Im = 0.572 A

Sample Problem 10
❖ A 2,200/250-V transformer takes 0.5 A at a pf of 0.3 on open
circuit. Find the working and magnetizing components of the
no-load primary current.

Answer: Iw = 0.15 A, Im = 0.476 A

Practical Transformer (On-Load)
A practical transformer has:

✓ Finite resistance in the

windings
✓ Leakage flux
✓ Finite permeability of
the core

V1 ≠ E1 & V2 ≠ E2
Shifting Parameters

Secondary to Primary:
Shifting Parameters

Primary To Secondary:
Sample Problem 11
❖ A 30-kVA, 2400/120-V, 50-Hz transformer has a high voltage
winding resistance of 0.1 ohm and a leakage reactance of 0.22
ohm. The low voltage winding resistance is 0.035 ohm and the
leakage reactance is 0.012 ohm. Find the equivalent winding
resistance, reactance and impedance referred to the (i) high
voltage side and (ii) the low voltage side

Answer: (i) Req1 = 14.1 Ω, Xeq1 = 5.02 Ω, Zeq1 = 15 Ω

(ii) Req2 = 0.035 Ω, Xeq2 = 0.013 Ω, Zeq2 = 0.0375 Ω
Sample Problem 12
❖ A 10-kVA, 2400/240-V, single-phase transformer, has the
following resistances and reactances. Find the primary voltage
required to produce 240 V at the secondary terminals at full-
load, when the power factor is 0.8 lagging.
r1 = 3 Ω, x1 = 15 Ω r2 = 0.03 Ω, x2 = 0.15 Ω

A. 2450 V C. 2496 V
B. 2572 V D. 2632 V

Answer: C
Sample Problem 13
❖ A 10-kVA, 2000/400 V, single-phase distribution transformer
has a primary and secondary winding impedances of (5+j10)
and (0.2+j0.45) Ω, respectively. Calculate the voltage across
the secondary terminals at full-load, 80 % power factor lagging,
when the primary is supplied with 2,000 volts?

A. 400 V C. 385 V
B. 394 V D. 379 V

Answer: D
 Power Loss in Transformer
Due to winding resistances
Due to alternating
magnetizic force

Deterioration of
insulations such as oil

Heat generated due to circulating currents

Minimizing Eddy Currents
Laminated cores are used.
Sample Problem 14
❖ When 120 V, 60-Hz is applied to the primary winding of a
transformer, the core loss is 240 W. When 50 V, 25 Hz is
applied the core loss is 50 W. Determine the core loss when
230 V, 60-Hz is applied to the primary winding.

A. 703.5 W C. 863.6 W
B. 942.6 W D. 874.7 W

Answer: C
Sample Problem 15
❖ The eddy current and hysteresis losses of a 4,400-V, 60-Hz,
single-phase distribution transformer are 280 and 560 watts,
respectively. Determine the core loss when the transformer is
connected across a 4,600-volt, 50-Hz source.

A. 977 W C. 994 W
B. 983 W D. 967 W

Answer: A
 Tests on Transformers
1. Open-Circuit (OC) Test
- The voltmeter, ammeter and
wattmeter are all connected on the
low-voltage side of the transformer,
which is supplied at rated voltage
(V1). The secondary winding side is
left open, so which a small amount of
current(I0) is flowing in primary
winding. Here, I0 is called as no - load
current.

- The reading of the wattmeter gives

the iron or core loss.
 Tests on Transformers
2. Short-Circuit (SC) Test
- The secondary winding (low voltage
side) is shorted by a thick conductor
and on primary side (high voltage
side) Ammeter(A), Voltmeter(V) and
wattmeter(W) are connected.

- The reading of the wattmeter gives

the copper loss.

- This test can also be used to

determine the impedance of the
transformer.
Voltage Regulation
Voltage regulation of the transformer is defined as the percentage change
in the transformer’s secondary voltage from no load to full load.
Sample Problem 16
❖ A single-phase transformer rated 75 kVA, 8000 volts primary 240
volts secondary is given the short circuit test. With the secondary
terminals short-circuited, 440 volts (60 Hz) is impressed on the
primary, which then draws rated current and 1125 watts. Solve
for the percentage impedance of the transformer.

A. 5.29 % C. 5.50 %
B. 4.93 % D. 5.13 %

Answer: C
Sample Problem 17
❖ A short circuit test was performed upon a 10-kVA, 2300/230
volt transformer with the following results: Esc = 137 volts,
Psc = 192 W, Isc = 4.34 A. Calculate the primary terms the
reactance of the transformer.

A. 31.56 ohms C. 10.19 ohms

B. 29.88 ohms D. 12.45 ohms

Answer: B
Sample Problem 18
❖ The following data were obtained when a short circuit test was
performed upon a 100 kVA, 2400/240 volts distribution transformer:
Esc = 72 volts, Isc = 41.6 A, Psc = 1,180 W. All instruments are on
the high side during the short circuit test. Calculate the equivalent
resistance and reactance of the transformer.

A. 0.682 Ω, 1.59 Ω C. 0.752 Ω, 1.73 Ω

B. 0.682 Ω, 1.73 Ω D. 0.752 Ω, 1.59 Ω

Answer: A
Sample Problem 19
❖ The following data were obtained when a short circuit test was
performed upon a 100 kVA, 2400/240 volts distribution transformer:
Esc = 72 volts, Isc = 41.6 A, Psc = 1,180 W. All instruments are on
the high side during the short circuit test. Calculate the percent
regulation at a power factor of 0.75 lagging.

A. 2.54 % C. 2.62 %
B. 2.86 % D. 2.71 %

Answer: D
Sample Problem 20
❖ A 200-kVA transformer with impedance of 5 % and the power
factor of the load is 85 %. The primary voltage is 6,000 volts
while the copper loss is 5 kW. Find the percent regulation.

A. 5.03 % C. 4.43 %
B. 5.21 % D. 4.03 %

Answer: C
Transformer Efficiency
NOTE:

Iron loss = constant at

any loading

Copper loss = varying

with loads

Copper loss at x-loading:

Maximum Efficiency:
𝑷𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 = 𝑷𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑷𝑪𝑼 = 𝒙𝟐 𝑷𝒄𝒖 𝑭𝑳
Sample Problem 21
❖ A 50-kVA, 2300/230 V, 60-cycle transformer is tested in the
laboratory so that its characteristics maybe determined. The
standard test requires an open-circuit test and short-circuit test.
OC test: I = 6.5 A E = 230 V P = 187 W
SC test: I = 21.7 A E = 115 V P = 570 W
Determine the efficiency of the transformer at half-load, unity pf.

A. 97.55 % C. 98.45 %
B. 98.69 % D. 97.80 %

Answer: B
Sample Problem 22
❖ The full-load copper loss of a 75 kVA, single-phase transformer is
thrice the iron losses. At half-load unity pf, the efficiency is 97 %.
Determine the full-load efficiency at 0.8 pf lagging.

A. 95.77 % C. 94.78 %
B. 98.45 % D. 97.86 %

Answer: A
Sample Problem 23
❖ Given that full load copper losses are exactly twice the iron
losses in a 50-kVA transformer, and that the quarter load
efficiency at unity pf is 96.5 %. Calculate the full load
efficiency at unity power factor.

A. 97.48 % C. 97.64 %
B. 98.12 % D. 96.25 %

Answer: C
Sample Problem 24
❖ A 15-kVA, 2300/230-V transformer is under test. With the low side
supplied with rated voltage and the high side open circuited, input
power through a wattmeter reads 245 W. With the high side supplied
with 65 V while the low side short circuited, input power at rated
current reads 350 W. Determine the maximum efficiency that can be
expected from this transformer at unity pf.

A. 97.29 % C. 97.83 %
B. 96.25 % D. 98.21 %

Answer: B
Sample Problem 25
❖ A 10-kVA, 2300/230 V transformer has an equivalent
resistance referred to the secondary winding of 0.05 ohm.
The core loss of this transformer is 75 W. At what kVA load
will this transformer operate at maximum efficiency?

A. 8.17 kVA C. 9.32 kVA

B. 9.08 kVA D. 8.90 kVA

Answer: D
Sample Problem 26
❖ The core loss of a 5-kVA single-phase transformer with normal
voltage applied to the primary is 75 watts. The maximum efficiency
occurs at 60 % of full load kVA. What is the full load efficiency of the
transformer at 0.80 power factor?

A. 95.16 % C. 89.52 %
B. 93.38 % D. 91.36 %

Answer: B
All-Day Efficiency
Sample Problem 27
❖ The full load copper loss and iron loss of a 75 kVA transformer are
each equal to 1 kW. During a given day, the transformer is loaded
as follows: full load at unity pf for 8 hours, one-half load at unity pf
for 8 hrs and no-load the rest of the day. Calculate the all-day
efficiency.

A. 96.36 % C. 96.47 %
B. 97.23 % D. 98.32 %

Answer: A
Sample Problem 28
❖ A 25-kVA distribution transformer operates at 20 % overload, 0.3 pf
lagging for 1 hr; at full load, 0.9 lagging pf for 3 hrs; 50 % load at
unity pf for 8 hrs and 10 % load at 0.8 leading pf for the rest of the
day. If the core loss is 150 watts and full load copper loss is 500 W,
what is the all-day efficiency of the transformer?

A. 94.23 % C. 97.14 %
B. 92.86 % D. 96.68 %

Answer: D
Parallel Operation of Transformers
Conditions for Parallel Operation
of Transformers

1. Same voltage and turns ratio

2. Same polarity.
3. Same phase sequence.
4. Same frequency
Sample Problem 29
❖ Two transformers are connected in parallel to supply a common load
of 175 kVA. Transformer A is rated 100 kVA with equivalent
impedance of 9.6 ohms while transformer B is rated 75 kVA with
equivalent impedance of 12.5 ohms. Find the kVA load of each
transformer.

A. 78, 97 C. 80, 95
B. 76, 99 D. 75, 100

Answer: B
Sample Problem 30
❖ A 500-kVA, single-phase transformer “A” with percentage
impedance of 0.01+j0.05 is connected in parallel with a 250-kVA
transformer “B” with a percentage impedance of 0.015+j0.04. If the
transformers are serving a single-phase load rated 800-kVA, 80 %
lagging pf, determine the operating pf of each transformer.

A. A = 0.762, B = 0.803 C. A = 0.762, B = 0.856

B. A = 0.772, B = 0.856 D. A = 0.772, B = 0.803

Answer: C
Three-Phase Transformers (Banking)
1. Delta-delta
Three-Phase Transformers (Banking)
2. Wye-wye
Three-Phase Transformers (Banking)
3. Delta-Wye
Three-Phase Transformers (Banking)
4. Wye-Delta
Sample Problem 31
❖ A balanced 3-phase transformer bank has delta-connected primary
and wye-connected secondary windings. The primary to secondary
winding voltage ratio is 2400/277. Solve for the primary line current
if the low side (secondary) load draws a line current of 1000 A.

A. 200 A C. 150 A
B. 115 A D. 175 A

Answer: A
Sample Problem 32
❖ A three-phase, 150 kVA, 4160-V, 0.8 lagging pf load is to be
supplied by three single-phase transformers having a turns ratio of 2.
Calculate the current that flows in the primary windings if the
transformers are connected delta-delta.

A. 10.41 A C. 20.82 A
B. 6.01 A D. 12.02 A

Answer: B
Sample Problem 33
❖ What should be the turns ratio of a three-phase transformer to
transform 10,000 kVA from 230 kV to 4160 V if the transformer is to
be connected delta-wye?

A. 94 C. 96
B. 98 D. 97

Answer: C
Sample Problem 34
❖ A bank of three 50:1 single-phase transformers connected wye-delta
is used to step down the HV transmission line rated 13,800 kV.
Determine the magnitude of the stepdown voltage

A. 126 kV C. 138.55 kV
B. 6.90 kV D. 159.35 kV

Answer: D
Sample Problem 35
❖ The potential transformer of a line has a ratio of 132,000/66. These
are connected wye-delta. The voltmeter reads 64 volts. What is the
voltage of the line?

A. 221.7 kV C. 135.2 kV
B. 112.5 kV D. 132 kV

Answer: A
Open-Delta (V-V) Bank Transformers
Sample Problem 36
❖ A V or open-delta connected transformer bank, composed of two
identical units serves a balanced 3-phase load of 16 kVA at 230
volts. Solve for the minimum size in kVA of the transformers needed.

A. 8 kVA C. 16 kVA
B. 9.24 kVA D. 8.25 kVA

Answer: B
Sample Problem 37
❖ Two single-phase distribution transformers are banked in V (open-
delta). If each transformer is rated 37.5 kVA, solve for the maximum
3-phase load that the bank can carry without overloading,
considering that the load has a power factor of 0.85 lagging.

A. 52.5 kW C. 53.6 kW
B. 49.5 kW D. 55.2 kW

Answer: D
Sample Problem 38
❖ Two single-phase distribution transformers, connected in open-delta
will supply power to a 200 hp, 3-phase induction motor, operating at
0.70 power factor and 0.90 efficiency. Solve for the minimum size in
kVA of each transformer needed to supply the power without being
overloaded?

A. 136.73 kVA C. 130.38 kVA

B. 124.45 kVA D. 129.48 kVA

Answer: A
Sample Problem 39
❖ Three single-phase transformers each rated 75 kVA are banked in
delta and supplying a 3-ph load drawing 160 kVA at 0.8 lagging pf.
If one transformer is removed for repairs, solve for the amount of
overloading of the remaining units.

A. 30 kVA C. 20 kVA
B. 10 kVA D. 25 kVA

Answer: A
Auto-Transformer

Stepdown Autotransformer Step-up Autotransformer

Sample Problem 41
❖ A 20-kVA, 500-V load is to be supplied by an ideal step-up
transformer from a 400-V source. Find the current in the common
winding.

A. 30 A C. 50 A
B. 40 A D. 10 A

Answer: D
Sample Problem 42
❖ The two windings of a 10-kVA, 2300/230 volt, distribution transformer
is connected in series to form an autotransformer giving a small
reduction to potential difference from a 2300 volt line. Determine its
new kVA rating as an ideal autotransformer.

A. 10 kVA C. 110 kVA

B. 100 kVA D. 230 kVA

Answer: B