12

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
Misamis Street, Bago-Bantay, Quezon City

UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS

(USLeM)

INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSIONS

Week 2 (Quarter 4)

Writer/Layout Artist Language Editor

Ryan Jay C. Verbo Aljon I. Fernando
Content Validators
Virgilio D. Alcayde
John Keeneth M. Ferrera

MANAGEMENT TEAM
Dr. Malcolm S. Garma
Regional Director
Dr. Genia V. Santos Ms. Charito A. Villanueva
Chief, CLMD EPS, CLMD-ALS

Mr. Dennis M. Mendoza Ms. Nancy C. Mabunga

EPS, CLMD – LRMS Librarian II, CLMD-LRMS

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 UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
Grades 12 – INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS & IMMERSIONS
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LESSON: USING STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES TO ANALYZE DATA

EXPECTATION
This supplementary learning material will help you to:
 identify the different statistical techniques to analyze data (either quantitative or
qualitative); and
 use statistical techniques to analyze either a qualitative data or quantitative data.

PRETEST
DIRECTIONS: Read and analyze each question carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.

1. Which of the following statistical tools is commonly used as correlational test that
requires interval or ratio data for calculation?
a. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
b. Chi Square
c. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (r)
d. T-Test of Independent Samples
2. What do you call a statistical tool that involves the use of two different groups
particularly the experimental and control group on some independent variable?
a. Chi Square for Independent Samples
b. T-Test for Dependent Samples
c. T-Test for Independent Samples
d. Z-test
3. Which of the following below compares a sample to a defined population and is
typically used for dealing with problems relating to large samples (n > 30)?
a. Analysis of Variance
b. T-Test for Dependent Samples
c. T-Test for Independent Samples
d. Z-test
4. What statistical tool can be used to determine differences between mean scores of
three or more groups?
a. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
b. Chi Square
c. T-Test for Dependent Samples
d. T-Test of Independent Samples
5. Which of the following is the statistical test for bivariate analysis of nominal data and
determines whether a relationship exists between or among variables that caused by
chance?
a. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
b. Chi Square
c. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (r)
d. T-Test of Independent Samples

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LOOKING BACK – Presents and interprets Quantitative and Qualitative data in Tabular
or graphical forms.

Directions: Using the data on the table generated from project TARDI, present a graphical
and textual presentation of the a) Percentage of the Actual Attendance; b) Percentage of
Late/Tardiness; and c) Percentage of Absences of the Grade 11 students on January 24,
2020. Use the space provided below the table for your answers.

% of LATE % of ABSENT
GRADE 11
1st % Actual 3rd base of the based on the
January 24, Enrollment Late Absent
Period Attendance Period 3rd Actual Enrollment
2020
Attendance data
11 STEM - 1 30 19 63 24 5 21 6 20
11 STEM - 2 30 25 83 26 1 4 4 13
11 ABM 1 24 17 71 23 6 26 1 4
11 ABM 2 24 21 88 24 3 13 0 0
11 GAS 1 50 36 72 36 0 0 14 28
11 GAS 2 50 26 52 41 15 37 9 18
11 HE 1 40 21 53 31 10 32 9 23
11 HE 2 43 34 79 34 0 0 9 21
11 HE 3 47 41 87 41 0 0 6 13
11 HE 4 44 31 70 31 0 0 13 30
11 ARTS &
DESIGN 45 37 82 37 0 0 8 18
TOTAL 427 308 72.13 348 40 11.49 79 18.50

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BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Data analysis is how researchers go from a mass of data to meaningful insights.
There are many different data analysis methods, depending on the type of research. Here
are a few methods you can use to analyze quantitative and qualitative data.

STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES TO ANALYZE DATA

Qualitative Data Analysis Techniques

Content analysis: It is used to analyze documented information in the form of texts, media,
or even physical items. Content analysis is usually used to analyze responses from
interviewees.

Narrative analysis: This method is used to analyze content from various sources, such as
interviews of respondents, observations from the field, or surveys. It focuses on using the
stories and experiences shared by people to answer the research questions.

Discourse analysis: Like narrative analysis, discourse analysis is used to analyze

interactions with people. However, it focuses on analyzing the social context in which the
communication between the researcher and the respondent occurred.

Grounded theory: This refers to using qualitative data to explain why a certain
phenomenon happened. It does this by studying a variety of similar cases in different
settings and using the data to derive causal explanations.

Quantitative Data Analysis Techniques

Descriptive Statistical Techniques

Mean: numerical average of a set of values.

Median: midpoint of a set of numerical values.

Mode: most common value among a set of values.

Percentage: used to express how a value or group of respondents within

the data relates to a larger group of respondents.

Frequency: the number of times a value is found.

Range: the highest and lowest value in a set of values.

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Inferential Statistical Techniques

To determine the SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES between the Means of

Variables:

T-test for Independent Samples – this involves the use of two different
groups particularly the experimental and control group on some independent
variable.
T-test for Dependent Samples – this is used for matched samples (where
two samples are not independent of one another as they are matched) and for
pre-test/post-test comparisons where the tests are taken by the same group.

Z-Test - this compares a sample to a defined population and is typically used

for dealing with problems relating to large samples (n > 30).

F-Test (ANOVA) – this test is also called analysis of variance (ANOVA). This
is used to determine differences between mean scores of three or more
groups.

To determine the SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP between Variables:

Pearson Product Moment Correlation ( r ) – the most common “correlation

coefficient”. This requires interval or ratio data for calculation.

Spearman Rho Correlation – tells the magnitude and direction of the

association between two variables that are on interval or ratio scale. This is
different from Pearson r since it converts the data into ranks before doing a
computation.

Chi-square - is the statistical test for bivariate analysis of nominal variables,

specifically, to test the null hypothesis.

ACTIVITIES

Activity No. 1: “Guess Who?”

Directions: Fill out the following “word shapes” by referring to the clues and identify the
statistical technique hinted at.

1. It is used to analyze documented information in the form of texts, media, or even

physical items.

n s

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2. It is used to express how a value or group of respondents within the data relates to a
larger group of respondents.

r e
3. It is a table where the number of times a value is found.

4. It focuses on analyzing the social context in which the communication between the researcher
and the respondent occurred.

o n

5. It tells the magnitude and direction of the association between two variables that are on
interval or ratio scale.

r
Activity No. 2: “Try Me!”
DIRECTIONS: Read the problem below and use statistical technique as indicated to analyze
the given data.

1. An Action research was conducted on the effect of TADLUNGON approach on the

mastery of ten (10) grade 8 students in the basic operations of Integers. Before the
research project was implemented the Pre-test was administered and after 6 months
the same instrument was used to get the Post test results. Compute the T-test value
using the following results below.

Student Pre-Test Posttest

1 30 35
2 10 10
3 10 15
4 20 25
5 40 45
6 15 20
7 18 30
8 20 20
9 14 20
10 18 22

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Activity No. 3: “Let’s Try This!”
Directions: Read the transcript and create a code for each response. Then, analyze the data
and write your interpretation on the space provided below.

Interviewer: What challenges do you encountered in the implementation of the K to 12 program?

Interviewee 1: We have to prepare for three or more science subjects as compared to the old curriculum, we
only prepare one subject. And if you are Physics major, you only teach Physics, if you are a Biology major, you
only perform Biology but with the K to 12 curriculum, we have to prepare for all those science areas, Biology,
Physics, Chemistry, and not all were trained for that.

Interviewee 2: Specific difficulties, siguro first one is teacher preparation, the teacher feels like there are,
though they can prepare for the subject, but they do not have enough attended trainings kasi most of us came
from universities.

Interviewee 3: The difficulty is at of course when I came here to the senior high, I had to adjust to the curriculum
of the DepEd. In the university, you can teach any way you like and you can do any format that you likein your
teaching, you make your own exam, etc. But here in the senior high since you’re already under DepEd you have
to follow certain standards, like following the curriculum guide, how to make assessments and so on.

Interviewee 2: Ito yung sa ating mga teachers because they came from university, yon yung nakita naming
problema dun. Well, they must adapt what DepEd wanted them to possess, even their training most especially
requirement- nabigla sila yon yung mga requirements na teacher.

Interviewee 1: Well, the fact that you have to teach 3 in 1 challenges your physical and mental efforts…so you
have to learn or relearn three things.

Interviewer: Paano kayo nakaka-survive sa bawat araw ng inyong pagtuturo sa dami ng trabaho na
binabanggit ninyo?

Interview 1: Magsisimula ka ng 7:30 matatapos ka ng 12, mag-uumpisa ka nanaman ng 1 matatapos ka ng 5.

Sa kanila yan (teachers) daming paperworks na. Then syempre they have lesson plans and someactivities that
hinder also academic tulad nyan. (referring to students practicing for the intramurals). Pero di mo naman
pwedeng alisin yan kasi requirement yan.

Interview 3: To integrate lessons in real-life context is primarily a job of the teacher. It challenges them to think
and carry out effective measures to make learning meaningful and useful on a day to day basis.

Source: Learning Action Cell as a School-based Continuing Professional Development Program by: Ryan Jay C. Verbo

Possible Codes: _________________________________________________________________

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Interpretation:
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REMEMBER
Statistical Techniques in Analyzing Data for Qualitative and Quantitative data;
I. Qualitative data
7 a. Content Analysis
b. Narrative Analysis
c. Discourse Analysis
d. Grounded Theory
II. Quantitative data
a. Descriptive Statistics
- Mean - Percentage
- Median - Frequency
- Mode - Range
b. Inferential Statistics
Significant difference Significant relationship
o T-test for Independent samples - Pearson “r” Correlation
o T-test for dependent samples - Chi Square
o Z-Test - Spearman Rho
o Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING:

DIRECTIONS: Read the problem below. Identify and use appropriate statistical technique to
analyze the given data on the table below.

Problem: The following data shows the scores of five (5) students in two subjects, namely
General Mathematics and General Physics. Mr. RJ wanted to determine if there is a
significant relationship between the academic performances of the students in these two
subjects.

Student Scores in General Scores in General Physics

Mathematics
A 3 5
B 9 8
C 10 10
D 12 9
E 7 8

Guide Questions:
1. What statistical technique is appropriate to determine the significant relationship
between the performance of the students towards the two subjects?
____________________________________
2. Show your solutions: (Use additional paper if needed)

3. Interpretation:
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POST TEST

DIRECTIONS: Read and analyze each statement carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.
1. What appropriate statistical technique is being used to analyze interactions with
people that focuses on the social context in which the communication between the
researcher and the respondent occurred?
a. Discourse analysis
b. F-Test (Analysis of Variance)
c. Grounded theory
d. Narrative analysis
2. What statistical tool can be used if a teacher would like to determine the central score
of the results in a summative test?
a. Mode
b. Mean
c. Median
d. Frequency
3. What method is used to analyze content from various sources, such as interviews of
respondents, observations from the field, or surveys that focuses on using the stories
and experiences shared by people to answer the research questions?
a. Discourse analysis
b. F-Test (Analysis of Variance)
c. Grounded theory
d. Narrative analysis
4. Which of the following statistical technique is appropriate in a matched sample and
for pre-test/post-test comparisons where the tests are taken by the same group?
a. Chi Square for Independent Samples
b. T-Test for Dependent Samples
c. T-Test for Independent Samples
d. Z-test
5. What do you call a statistical tool that is used in determining the difference between
the highest and lowest value in a set of values?
a. Frequency
b. Mean
c. Mode
d. Range

REFERENCES

1. Bhatia, M. (2018). “Your Guide to Qualitative and Quantitative Data Analysis

Methods”.Retrieved from: https://humansofdata.atlan.com/2018/09/qualitative-
quantitative-data-analysis-methods/
2. Bermudo, P.J. et al. (2014). Research Writing Made Simple: A Modular Approach
for Collegiate and Graduate Students. Muralla St., Intramuros Manila, Mindshapers
Co., Inc.
3. Bueno, D. (2016). Introduction To Statatistics: Concepts and Applications in
Research. Cavite St, Paltok West Avenue, Quezon City, Great Books Trading.

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ANSWER KEYS:

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