United International School Grade 10

American Division-English Department 2024/2025

2nd Quarter
Weekly sheet (2,3)
♥ Topics:
o Conventions:
 Clauses (Independent-Dependent-Adjective- Adverb- Noun)
 Parallel Structure
o Writing
 Argumentative Essay
o 2nd Reading Selection: ”Revenge of The Geeks”
 Skills:
 Use context to identify the meaning of a word
 Identify sentences with parallel structure
 Choose the word whose connotation and denotation best match the
sentence
 Classify logical fallacies

 Conventions:
1st. What is a Clause?

A clause is a group of words that contains:

 A subject: Who or what the sentence is about.

 A predicate: What the subject is doing (a verb and any other details).

Example:

 She runs.
 Here, "She" is the subject, and "runs" is the predicate.

Two Main Types of Clauses

1. Independent Clauses

 Definition: A clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence because it

expresses a complete thought.

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter
 Key Features:
o Has a subject and a verb.
o Makes sense on its own.
 Examples:
o I went to the park.
o The cat is sleeping.

2. Dependent Clauses (Subordinate Clauses)

 Definition: A clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because

it does not express a complete thought.
 Key Features:
o Always depends on an independent clause to make sense.
o Begins with a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun.
 Examples:
o Because it was raining (incomplete on its own).
o Although she tried her best (incomplete on its own).

When combined with an independent clause, dependent clauses create complex

sentences.

 Example: Because it was raining, we stayed inside.

Types of Dependent Clauses

1. Adjective Clauses

 Function: Acts like an adjective, describing or modifying a noun or

pronoun.
 Starts With: Relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that) or relative
adverbs (where, when, why).
 Examples:
o The boy who won the race is my friend.
o The house where she was born is now a museum.

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter
2. Adverb Clauses

 Function: Acts like an adverb, modifying a verb, adjective, or another

adverb by providing details such as time, cause, condition, or manner.
 Starts With: Subordinating conjunctions (because, if, when, although,
since, while, as).
 Examples:
o She stayed home because it was raining.
o If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

3. Noun Clauses

 Function: Acts like a noun, serving as the subject, object, or complement in

a sentence.
 Starts With: Words like what, that, who, whom, whether, why, how, if.
 Examples:
o What he said was surprising. (Subject of the sentence)
o I know that she is coming. (Object of the verb "know")
o The problem is how we will solve it. (Complement of the subject
"problem")

2nd. What is Parallel Structure?

Parallel structure (also called parallelism) means using the same grammatical form or pattern for
elements of a sentence that are related or have equal importance. It improves clarity and rhythm
in writing.

Why is Parallel Structure Important?

1. Makes writing clearer: Readers can follow ideas more easily.

o Example: I like swimming, biking, and running. (Clear and balanced)
2. Adds rhythm and flow: Helps sentences sound more polished and professional.
o Example: She is smart, kind, and hardworking.
3. Avoids confusion: Prevents awkward or inconsistent phrasing.
o Incorrect: He likes to swim, running, and to hike.

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter
o Correct: He likes swimming, running, and hiking.

o Key Areas Where Parallel Structure is Used

1. Lists or Series
When listing items, ensure all items are in the same grammatical form.
o Incorrect: She enjoys reading, to dance, and swimming.
o Correct: She enjoys reading, dancing, and swimming.
2. Coordinating Conjunctions (and, or, but, nor, yet, for, so)
Items connected by conjunctions should be parallel.
o Incorrect: I want to eat quickly and leaving soon.
o Correct: I want to eat quickly and leave soon.
3. Paired Conjunctions (either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also)
Ensure the parts after each conjunction are parallel.
o Incorrect: He is either going to the park or stay home.
o Correct: He is either going to the park or staying home.
4. Comparisons (than, as)
Items being compared should follow the same grammatical structure.
o Incorrect: Running is more enjoyable than to walk.
o Correct: Running is more enjoyable than walking.

How to Identify and Correct Parallel Structure Issues

1. Spot Inconsistencies: Look for mixed forms (e.g., verbs, nouns, adjectives) in lists or
phrases.
o Problem: She likes singing, to dance, and painting.
o Fix: She likes singing, dancing, and painting.
2. Match Grammatical Forms: Rewrite sentences to make the elements consistent.
o Problem: He wanted to study law, become a lawyer, and helping others.
o Fix: He wanted to study law, become a lawyer, and help others.
3. Check Conjunctions and Comparisons: Ensure parts joined by conjunctions are
balanced.
o Problem: She is both talented and works hard.
o Fix: She is both talented and hardworking.

Examples of Parallel Structure

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter
1. In Lists:
o Incorrect: The job requires creativity, dedication, and working hard.
o Correct: The job requires creativity, dedication, and hard work.
2. With Coordinating Conjunctions:
o Incorrect: We sang songs and dancing.
o Correct: We sang songs and danced.
3. With Paired Conjunctions:
o Incorrect: Not only was the movie boring, but also it was too long.
o Correct: Not only was the movie boring, but it was also too long.
4. In Comparisons:
o Incorrect: It is easier to text than calling.
o Correct: It is easier to text than to call.

Quick Tips for Using Parallel Structure

1. Identify the parts of the sentence that are related.

2. Check that all items use the same grammatical form (e.g., verbs, nouns, or phrases).
3. Use similar patterns after conjunctions or in lists.

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter

3rd.Writing

What is an Argumentative Essay?

An argumentative essay is a piece of writing where you present a clear argument, support it with
evidence, and address opposing views. Its purpose is to persuade the reader to accept your
perspective or consider it as valid.

Structure of an Argumentative Essay

1. Introduction

 Purpose: Grab the reader’s attention and introduce the topic and argument.
 Key Components:
1. Hook: Start with an attention-grabbing sentence (e.g., a fact, statistic, or
question).
 Example: “Over 70% of teenagers spend more than four hours daily on
social media.”
2. Background Information: Briefly explain the topic and its importance.
 Example: “The rise of social media has sparked debates about its impact
on mental health.”
3. Thesis Statement: Present your main argument clearly.
 Example: “Although social media can promote connection, it negatively
affects teenagers' mental health by increasing anxiety, reducing self-
esteem, and fostering unhealthy comparisons.”

2. Body Paragraphs

Each body paragraph should focus on one main point supporting your argument.

 Paragraph 1: Topic Sentence

o State the main idea of the paragraph clearly.
 Example: “Social media increases anxiety levels among teenagers.”
 Evidence: Use facts, examples, statistics, or quotes to support your argument.

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter
o Example: “A 2022 study by the American Psychological Association found that
teens who spend over three hours daily on social media are 35% more likely to
experience anxiety.”
 Analysis: Explain how the evidence supports your point.
o Example: “This shows that excessive social media usage creates pressure to meet
unrealistic expectations, leading to heightened anxiety.”
 Transition Sentence: Connect the paragraph to the next one.
o Example: “Along with anxiety, social media also reduces self-esteem.”

Annotated Text Example for a Body Paragraph:

 Topic Sentence: Social media increases anxiety levels among teenagers.

 Evidence: “A 2022 study by the American Psychological Association found that teens
who spend over three hours daily on social media are 35% more likely to experience
anxiety.”
 Analysis: “This demonstrates that prolonged exposure to online pressures can lead to
mental health struggles.”
 Transition Sentence: “Next, we’ll explore how social media impacts self-esteem.”

3. Addressing Opposing Views (Counterarguments)

 Purpose: Show that you’ve considered other perspectives and refute them logically.
o Counterargument: Some argue that social media improves connection and self-
expression.
o Refutation: While this is true for some, studies show that many teens experience
loneliness and cyberbullying instead.
 Structure:

1. State the opposing view.

2. Refute it with evidence and reasoning.
3. Reaffirm your argument.

4. Conclusion

 Purpose: Reinforce your argument and leave a lasting impression on the reader.
 Key Components:
1. Restate the Thesis: Reword your main argument.
 Example: “While social media can provide benefits, its negative effects on
teenagers’ mental health outweigh them.”
2. Summarize Key Points: Briefly review your strongest arguments.
 Example: “It fosters anxiety, lowers self-esteem, and creates harmful
comparisons.”

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter
3. Call to Action: Suggest what the reader or society should do next.
 Example: “Parents and educators must guide teenagers in balancing social
media usage with offline activities to protect their mental health.”

Prompts:

Should Social Media Be Restricted for Teenagers?

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter
 Argument: Discuss whether the government or parents should impose
stricter limits on teenagers' access to social media, focusing on mental
health, education, and privacy concerns.

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter
Is Homework Beneficial for High School Students?

 Argument: Debate whether homework enhances learning

and responsibility or creates unnecessary stress, considering
academic performance, time management, and personal
development.

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter
o 2nd Reading Selection: ”Revenge of The Geeks”
a) Use context to identify the meaning of a word

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter

B) Identify sentences with parallel structure

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter

C) Classify logical fallacies

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter
Part 1: Using Context to Identify Word Meaning
**Directions**: Read the sentence and use context clues to determine the
meaning of the underlined word.
1. The athlete’s performance was *exceptional*, exceeding everyone’s
expectations.
What does 'exceptional' mean in this sentence?
A) Average B) Outstanding C) Poor D) Unusual
2. The politician's speech was full of *ambiguities*, making it hard to understand
his true intentions.
What does 'ambiguities' mean in this sentence?
A) Clarities B) Confusions C) Lies D) Decisions
3. Despite the long journey, her *resilience* helped her overcome the challenges.
What does 'resilience' mean in this sentence?
A) Weakness B) Perseverance C) Laziness D) Strength
Part 2: Identifying Parallel Structure
**Directions**: Select the sentence that uses parallel structure correctly.
1. Which sentence uses parallel structure?
A) She enjoys cooking, to dance, and reading.
B) She enjoys cooking, dancing, and reading.
C) She enjoys cooking, to dance, and to read.
D) She enjoys cooking, dancing, and to read.
2. Which sentence uses parallel structure?
A) The project required researching, planning, and to present.
B) The project required researching, to plan, and presenting.
C) The project required researching, planning, and presenting.
D) The project required to research, planning, and presenting.
3. Which sentence uses parallel structure?

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter
A) He likes to swim, biking, and to hike.
B) He likes swimming, biking, and hiking.
C) He likes to swim, biking, and hiking.
D) He likes swimming, to bike, and hiking.
Part 3: Connotation and Denotation
**Directions**: Choose the word that best fits the tone and meaning of the
sentence.
1. The abandoned house looked ______ in the moonlight, sending shivers down
our spines.
A) Comforting B) Eerie C) Bright D) Friendly
2. His tone was ______ during the debate, showing no sign of bias or emotion.
A) Neutral B) Passionate C) Hostile D) Biased
3. The garden was ______ with vibrant flowers and lush greenery.
A) Overrun B) Blooming C) Empty D) Dying
Part 4: Logical Fallacies
**Directions**: Identify the logical fallacy in each statement.
1. If we allow students to redo assignments, next they'll want to skip all their
tests.
A) Slippery Slope B) Straw Man C) Hasty Generalization D) Ad Hominem
2. You can't trust his opinion on education because he never went to college.
A) Straw Man B) Ad Hominem C) False Cause D) Circular Reasoning
3. Everyone is buying this phone, so it must be the best choice.
A) Bandwagon B) Slippery Slope C) Appeal to Authority D) False Dilemma

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter
Weekly Assignment 2
Part 1: Clauses
**Directions**: Identify whether the underlined portion is an Independent Clause, Dependent Clause,
Adjective Clause, or Adverb Clause.

1. Although she was tired, she finished her homework.

A) Independent Clause B) Dependent Clause C) Adjective Clause D) Adverb Clause
2. The book that you gave me is on the desk.
A) Independent Clause B) Dependent Clause C) Adjective Clause D) Adverb Clause
3. He runs every morning because he wants to stay fit.
A) Independent Clause B) Dependent Clause C) Adjective Clause D) Adverb Clause
4. She enjoys painting landscapes.
A) Independent Clause B) Dependent Clause C) Adjective Clause D) Adverb Clause
5. While the storm raged outside, we stayed indoors.
A) Independent Clause B) Dependent Clause C) Adjective Clause D) Adverb Clause
6. The movie, which we watched last night, was thrilling.
A) Independent Clause B) Dependent Clause C) Adjective Clause D) Adverb Clause
7. She left early to avoid traffic.
A) Independent Clause B) Dependent Clause C) Adjective Clause D) Adverb Clause
8. I will call you after I finish my project.
A) Independent Clause B) Dependent Clause C) Adjective Clause D) Adverb Clause
9. The cat sleeps under the bed.
A) Independent Clause B) Dependent Clause C) Adjective Clause D) Adverb Clause
10. Because it was raining, we decided to cancel the picnic.
A) Independent Clause B) Dependent Clause C) Adjective Clause D) Adverb Clause

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter

Part 1: Vocabulary in Context

Directions: Choose the word that best fits the sentence from the given options.

1. The road had excellent ______, which allowed the tires to grip well even in rainy
weather.
A) Regression
B) Traction
C) Retort
D) Protracted
2. His sharp ______ caught everyone off guard during the heated debate.
A) Retort
B) Systematic
C) Infamous
D) Dispassionate
3. The project experienced a brief ______ in progress due to unforeseen challenges.
A) Disposition
B) Retort
C) Regression
D) Traction
4. A calm and ______ tone is often necessary in tense negotiations.
A) Protracted
B) Dispassionate
C) Infamous
D) Systematic
5. The athlete's natural ______ to competition made her a great leader for the team.
A) Disposition
B) Regression
C) Traction
D) Protracted

Part 2: Synonyms and Antonyms

Directions: Match each word with its synonym or antonym. Write S for synonym and A for
antonym.

Word Synonym/Antonym (circle one) Answer

Protracted Prolonged / Shortened ___________
Infamous Famous / Honorable ___________
Disposition Personality / Mood ___________
Systematic Random / Methodical ___________

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United International School Grade 10
American Division-English Department 2024/2025
2nd Quarter
Word Synonym/Antonym (circle one) Answer
Regression Progress / Decline ___________

Part 3: Word Definitions

Directions: Match the word to its definition. Write the letter of the correct definition next to the
word.

Word Definition Answer

Traction A. A sharp or witty reply
Retort B. A step backward in progress
Regression C. The grip of a surface on another
Dispassionate D. Lacking emotion or bias
Infamous E. Known for something bad

Part 4: Sentence Completion

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate word from the list:
traction, retort, regression, regress, disposition, systematic, protracted, infamous, dispassionate.

1. After several failed experiments, the team decided to take a more ______ approach to
solving the problem.
2. His ______ personality often made him the voice of reason during arguments.
3. The politician's ______ actions during his term left a lasting negative impact on his
reputation.
4. The ______ debate lasted for hours, leaving everyone exhausted.
5. The company managed to regain ______ after launching a new marketing campaign.

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