Close Test: Directions
Close Test: Directions
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B],
[C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening
the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)
①If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and
his production. ②He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately.
③He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus. ④He must use this
surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad
weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and
obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. ⑤He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and
improve his farm in other ways. ⑥If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . ⑦He must
either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. ⑧Naturally he will try to
borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. [139 words]
1.[A] other than [B] as well as [C] instead of [D] more than
2.[A] only if [B] much as [C] long before [D] ever since
3.[A] for [B] against [C] of [D] towards
4.[A] replace [B] purchase [C] supplement [D] dispose
5.[A] enhance [B] mix [C] feed [D] raise
6.[A] vessels [B] routes [C] paths [D] channels
7.[A] self-confident [B] self-sufficient
[C] self-satisfied [D]self-restrained
8.[A] search [B] save [C] offer [D] seek
9.[A] proportion [B] percentage [C] rate [D] ratio
10.[A] genuinely [B] obviously [C] presumably [D] frequently
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four
answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best
answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening
the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)
Passage 1
①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly
handled, it may become a driving force. ②When the United States entered just such a glowing
period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any
competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. ③Its scientists were the worlds
best; its workers the most skilled. ④(11)America and Americans were prosperous beyond the
dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
①It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer.
②Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. ③By the mid-1980s
Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. ④Some
huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of
foreign competition. ⑤By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.
⑥(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)
⑦ ( 12 ) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s
machine-tool industry was on the ropes. ⑧For a while it looked as though the making of
semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age,
was going to be the next casualty.
①All of this caused a crisis of confidence. ②Americans stopped taking prosperity for
granted. ③They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their
incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. ④The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after
another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. ⑤Their sometimes sensational findings
were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
①How things have changed! ②In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid
growth while Japan has been struggling. ③(14)Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious
causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. ④Self-doubt has yielded to blind
pride. ⑤“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more
quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of
Government. ⑥“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are
improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in
Washington, DC. ⑦And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people
will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”[429
words]
11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because.
[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before
[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the
fact that the American.
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
13. What can be inferred from the passage?
[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.
[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be
attributed to the.
[A] turning of the business cycle [B] restructuring of industry
[C] improved business management [D] success in education
Passage 2
① (15)
Being a man has always been dangerous. ②There are about 105 males born for every
100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70 -year-olds
there are twice as many women as men. ③But the great universal of male mortality is being
changed. ④Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. ⑤This means that, for the first
time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate.
⑥More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. ⑦Fifty years ago, the
chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too
light or too heavy meant almost certain death. ⑧Today it makes almost no difference. Since much
of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.
①There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children.
②Few people are as fertile as in the past. ③Except in some religious communities, very few
women have 15 children. ④Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become
average. ⑤Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. ⑥ ( 16 ) Again, differences
between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.
⑦India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and
poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. ⑧The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the
same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power
in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.
For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. ②Strangely, it has
involved little physical change. ③No other species fills so many places in nature. ④But in the past
100, 000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have
not. ⑤(17)We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. ⑥Darwin had a phrase to
describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as
at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”⑦No doubt we will remember a 20th century
way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be
at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.[406 words]
15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?
[A] A lack of mates. [B] A fierce competition.
[C] A lower survival rate. [D] A defective gene.
16. What does the example of India illustrate?
[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.
[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.
[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.
[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.
17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.
[A] life has been improved by technological advance
[B] the number of female babies has been declining
[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution
[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing
18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
[A] Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.
[B] Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution.
[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature.
[D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere.
Passage 3
① (20)
When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what
its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem
today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. ②With regard to
Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even
admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.
①This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been
conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed.
②Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change.
③ ( 21 ) This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. ④We must
speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. ⑤We must pour out a large
stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. ⑥Instead
of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type
and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.
①Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. ②But it is a little upsetting to read in
the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian
officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river —and then to find that the line consists of
the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five
kilograms.”
① ( 22 ) This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be
classed as Literature. ②All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition:
that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. ③The whole question is
really this: have we essentially changed?[334 words]
19. This passage is mainly.
[A] a survey of new approaches to art
[B] a review of Futurist poetry
[C] about merits of the Futurist movement
[D] about laws and requirements of literature
20. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.
[A] determine its purposes [B] ignore its flaws
[C] follow the new fashions [D] accept the principles
21. Futurists claim that we must.
[A] increase the production of literature
[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress
[C] develop new modes of expression
[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs
22. The author believes that Futurist poetry is.
[A] based on reasonable principles
[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people
[C] indicative of a basic change in human nature
[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literature
Passage 4
① Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social
(23)
harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. ②But increasingly the Japanese are seeing
a decline of the traditional work-moral values. ③Ten years ago young people were hardworking
and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its
economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.
①The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-
dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the
heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and
jobs. ②In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully
satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. ③In
addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their
counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
①While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends
to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. ② ( 25 )“ Those
things that do not show up in the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are
completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s
education committee. ③“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run
wild.” ④Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults
on teachers. ⑤Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar
emphasis on moral education. ⑥Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister,
raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation
authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”
① ( 26 ) But that may have more to do with Japanese life -styles. ②“In Japan,” says educator
Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how
much you can endure.” ③With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of
Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been
abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. ④Urban Japanese have long endured
lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group
and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. ⑤In the past decade, the Japanese
divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50
percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.[447 words]
23. In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was.
[A] under aimless development [B] a positive example
[C] a rival to the West [D] on the decline
24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of
Japanese society?
[A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited.
[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.
[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.
25. Which of the following is true according to the author?
[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.
[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that.
[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life
[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.
[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before
[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life
Passage 5
①(27)If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition —wealth, distinction, control
over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition ’s behalf. ②If the
tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly
regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. ③ (28) In an
odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal.
④What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition —if not always their own
then that of their parents and grandparents. ⑤There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of
closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them.
①Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly.
②Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may
change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years
ago.③ ( 29 ) What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and
openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. ④Instead, we are
treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic
of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who
takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all
phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. ⑤For such people and many
more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid
appearing ambitious.”
①The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are
few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. ②As a result, the support for
ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is
probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. ③This does not mean that ambition is at
an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly
honored, it is less openly professed. ④Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which
are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. ⑤Such, then, is the way things stand: on the
left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest
people trying to get on in life. [431 words]
27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.
[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices
[B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power
[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material
[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous
28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.
[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words
[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out
[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal
[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition
29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.
[A] they think of it as immoral
[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth
[C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits
[D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible
30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained.
[A] secretly and vigorously [B] openly and enthusiastically
[C] easily and momentarily [D] verbally and spiritually
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people
depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31 ) Under modern
conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized
scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 32)Furthermore, it is obvious that
the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and
industry, and that this in turn rests u pon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It
also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to
step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may
encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they
may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural
resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing
number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such
interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological
manpower of all kinds.
33)Owing to the remarkable development in mass -communications, people everywhere are
feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often
forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the
normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed
compared with the past. For example, 34 ) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the
process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—
was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same
process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions
within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.
35 ) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems
arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern
means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly
dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting
them into effect. [390 words]
36.Directions:
A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words.
B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:
1)Describe the pictures.
2)Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.
3)Suggest counter-measures.
2000 年英语试题答案
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C
6. D 7. B 8.D 9. C 10. D
Passage 1
11. C 12. D 13.B 14. A
Passage 2
15.C 16.B 17.A 18.D
Passage 3
19.B 20.A 21.C 22.D
Passage 4
23.B 24.D 25.C 26.A
Passage 5
27.A 28.C 29.D 30.B
31.在现代条件下,这需要程度不同的集中控制措施,从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。
32.再者,显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关,而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
33.大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求,不断接触到新的习俗和思想。由于上述原因,政府常常得推出更多的革新。
34.在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中,其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革,持续了大约一个世纪之久,而如今一个发展中
国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。
35.由于人口的猛增或人口的大量流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
36.见分析
试题精解
一、文章总体分析
本文是一篇短小的论证性文章,其主题是强调农民储存余粮的必要性。
文章①句提出论点:农民想成功,就必须努力保持消费和生产之间有较大的差距。②句对①句进行具体的解释:即他必须存储大量的粮食。
③④⑤从正面论述储存余粮的必要性:③句总说可以养家糊口;④⑤句具体说可以留作播种、应对恶劣天气影响及作为商品卖掉以满足农业再
生产等需要。⑥⑦⑧句论述没有余粮的危害:不能自给自足,从反面论证储存余粮的必要性。
二、试题具体解析
三、全文翻译
一个农民要想成功,就必须在消费和生产之间努力保持着较大的差距。他必须存储大量的粮食而不是立即把所有的粮食都消费掉。只有生产有
剩余,农民才能继续养活自己及家人。他必须用以下三种方式来使用这些余粮:留作种子,留作预防恶劣天气影响的保障措施,以及作为商品卖掉,
来更换旧农具和购买化肥给土壤施肥。他可能还需要钱来修建灌溉水渠,或在其他方面改善自己的农场。如果没有余粮,农民就不能自给自足,他就
只得变卖部分家产或通过贷款寻求额外的资金。自然,他会尽量争取低息贷款,但这种贷款不是经常能够得到的。
Passage 1
一、核心词汇注释
at a loss
困惑,不知所措 例:I’m at a loss what to do next. 我对下一步做什么心里没谱。
casualty
n. 1. [C] (事故或战斗中的)伤亡人员 *2. [C](某特定事件或情况造成的)受害者,损坏物 例:Small shops have
been a casualty of the recession. 小商店在经济萧条中深受其害。 3. [U] 急救室,急诊室
fade
vi. *1.to gradually disappear 逐渐消失 例:Her beauty has faded a little. 她的美貌已有点失色。 2. to
become weaker physically(身体)变得虚弱(尤指因此导致重病或死亡)
vt.&vi.(使)褪色;(使)失去光泽 例:The sun had faded the curtains. 太阳把窗帘晒得褪了色。
glowing
a. 1.发红光的,白热的 2.热烈赞扬的,热情洋溢的, 例:a glowing account/report 热情洋溢的叙述/报道 *3.光明的,辉煌
的;glow v. 发热,发光,发红 n. 光亮,光辉
handicap
vt. give or be a disadvantage to sb/sth 对(某人、某物)设置不利条件; 被施加不利条件 例:be handicapped
by a lack of education 因文化水平低而吃亏
n. [C] 1.(由于受到损坏而产生的身体或智力上的)残障,残疾 *2.障碍,不利条件 例:Illiteracy is a serious
handicap in life. 不能读写是生活中的严重障碍。 3.(比赛或竞赛中加给强手的)不利条件(以示公平) 例:She had a
handicap of 7 in golf. 她在高尔夫球比赛中让了 7 杆。
on the ropes
岌岌可危,即将灭亡,处于困境
predominance
n. 优势,主导地位;predominant a.占优势的;主要的;突出的(~over)
quick-witted
a. 机敏的,富于机智的;wit n. 智力,才智,智慧
retreat
n./vi. 1. [U](承诺的)撤回,(立场的)改变,放弃 例:a retreat from hard-line policies 放弃强硬政策 *2.
[C,U] a movement away from a place or an enemy because of danger or defeat 撤退,退却,撤离 例:
Napoleon’s retreat from Moscow 拿破仑从莫斯科的撤退 3. [C] (对某个环境的)逃避,躲避,隐退
shrink
vt.&vi. 1.(使)(衣物)缩水 *2.(使)(数量、体积或价值)变小,减少,缩小 例:The number of students has
shrunk from 120 to 70.学生人数已从 120 减至 70 人。
vi.(尤指因恐惧而)退缩,畏缩 例:I will not shrink from my duties.我不会逃避责任。
take for granted
1.take it for granted(that…)认为……是理所当然 *2.take sb/sth for granted(因习以为常)对……不重视,
(因视为当然而)不把……当回事 例:We take having an endless supply of clean water for granted. 我们想当然
地认为洁净水的供应无穷无尽而不予以珍惜。
think-tank
n. 智囊团,思想库
yield to
1. to stop resisting 屈服,让步例:He reluctantly yielded to their demands.他不情愿地屈从于他们的要求。*
2. to be replaced by 被……取代 例:Barges yielded to road vehicles for transporting goods.在货物运输方
面,驳船让位给了公路车辆。
二、句式结构分析
1.A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly
handled, it may become a driving force.
该句由 but 连接的两个转折关系的并列分句构成。But 与后一个分句之间插入 if 引导的条件状语从句。
2.When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second
World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries
unparalleled economies of scale.
句子主干是 ... it had a market ...。主语之前是 When 引导的时间状语从句;现在分词 giving 相当于 which gave...,为
结果状语。unparalleled 意为“无法比拟的,空前的”。
3.For a while it looked as though [ the making of semiconductors, which America had
invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty].
主句主语和谓语是 it looked;as though 引导的从句做 looked 的表语,其中在这个表语从句的主语 the making of
semiconductors 和谓语 was going to be...之间,又插入了两个并列的定语从句修饰 semiconductors。casualty 本意是
“伤亡人数,受害人”,这里指“被外国产品击败的美国本土产品”。
4.American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more
quick-witted.
这句话在文中是用暗喻的方法,把“企业精简机构提高效率”与“人通过适当节食促进身体健康”进行类比,达到形象生动的效果。我们可以反
过来形容人,如:Mr. Smith was advised by the doctor to lose weight. Now he has changed his body
structure, has gone on a diet, has learned to be more quick-moving.
三、文章结构分析
本文题材涉及美国经济。全文通过描述二战后到 90 年代美国经济发展所经历的“兴旺——衰退——复兴”三个阶段,论证了作者在文
章首句阐明的观点。考生应根据时间发展顺序这一论述主线来把握文章的脉络。
第一段首句:阐述作者的观点。第一段②句至段末:描述二战后美国毫不费力就取得了经济霸主地位及其原因。
第二至三段:描述 80 年代美国经济霸主地位的丧失及其影响。第二段使用举例论证法加以证明。第三段分析影响,即美国作出了反思和调整。
第四段:描述 90 年代美国经济的复苏及随之而来的盲目乐观情绪。该段最后引用一些专家的话来证明这种盲目乐观的存在。
四、试题具体分析
11.The U.S. achieved its predominance after 11.二战后美国取得霸主地位是由于。
World War Ⅱ because.
[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this [A] 它为实现这一目标付出了艰辛的努力
goal
[B] its domestic market was eight times larger [B] 其国内市场比以前大八倍
than before
[C] the war had destroyed the economies of [C] 战争摧毁了大多数潜在竞争对手的经济
most potential competitors
[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had [D] 空前规模的劳动力促进了其经济的发展
given an impetus to its economy
本题考核的知识点是:因果细节。正确率:67%
[快速解题] 根据题干时间关键词 after World War Ⅱ 定位到第一段②句。该段列举了美国取得霸主地位的多个原因。末句提到:美
国的国富民强是欧亚国家做梦都想不到的,因为战争摧毁了后者的经济。由此可推知[ C]正确。[A]中 painstaking efforts 与①句的
effortless success 相悖。[B]比较对象错误,文中指出美国的市场比竞争者大八倍,而[B]成了美国自身的前后比较。[D]出现了文
中未提的对象“空前规模的劳动力”,而原文谈及的是“空前的产业经济规模”。
[篇章分析] 第一段首句阐述了作者两个层次的观点:一,毫不不费力获得持久成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的障碍;二,若处理得当,则这
种障碍可以成为动力。随后三句构成的义群对首句的“毫不不费力获得持久成功的历史”进行具体阐述。②句的 such a glowing period 回
指①句的 A history of long and effortless success。这三句列举了二战后美国无可比拟的五个经济优势,也就是其获得经济霸主
地位的原因,从而说明二战后美国的经济繁荣时期是一段毫不费力获得成功的历史。所列举的五个原因中,前四个较明显,正面论述美国的经济优势
大市场、大规模的产业经济、最优秀的科学家、技术最娴熟的工人。最后一个间接论述美国的优势:其主要竞争对手的经济遭到战争破坏。
[正确项设置] 正确答案的信息隐含于第一段末句的定语从句中。末句的主句指出了美国的经济霸主地位:美国的国富民强令欧亚国家难以望
其项背,从句暗含了原因:战争摧毁了欧亚国家(美国的多数潜在竞争对手)的经济。[ C]是末句的改写,用 most potential
competitors 替换末句中的 the Europeans and Asians。
[干扰项设置] [A]根据首句中关键词 effortless 以及人们的常规思维——成功往往需要巨大的努力——设置反向干扰。
[B]、[D]偷梁换柱:[B]将②句中的比较对象“(U. S.) than any competitor”替换成“(then) than before”;[D]
将②句中的 unparalleled economies of scale 和③句中的 workers 糅合成 unparalleled size of its workforce。
12.The loss of US predominance in the world 12. 20 世纪 80 年代美国丧失了世界经济霸主地位,可以被事实证
economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact 明。
that the American.
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic [A] 电视产业已萎缩到国内市场
market
[B] semiconductor industry had been taken [B] 半导体行业已被外国公司接管
over by foreign enterprises
[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after [C] 机床制造业已自取灭亡了
suicidal actions
[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic [D] 汽车工业失去了部分国内市场
market
本题考核的知识点是:具体细节。正确率:46%
[快速解题] 根据题干时间关键词 1980s 先定位到第二段③句。由于备选项涉及了四个具体产业的事实细节,因此进一步定位到⑤至⑨
句,将原文与选项对比,判别事实真伪。[A]与⑤⑥句的事实不符——美国最后一家电视生产厂家都被外国公司收购(Now there is
none)。⑦句提到,“外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在大举进入国内市场”,言外之意,美国的这两个行业正在失去部分国内市场,因此[ D]正确。
⑧句提到美国机床工业岌岌可危(on the ropes),没有提到它“已经灭亡”或“有自杀性行动”,排除[C]。末句提到,半导体制造业似乎
将要成为下一个“受害者”,(即,与其他行业一样,也将失去国内市场)。但词组 looked as though 和 was going to 说明它只是一
种可能性,并未成为事实。[B]指出其已经被外国公司接管,不符合文意。
[篇章分析] 继第一段“美国战后轻而易举获得成功”之后,第二段开始转入对“80 年代美国丧失经济霸主地位”的描述,从而论证全文首
句中第一层次的观点:毫不不费力获得持久成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的障碍。该段前三句阐述“美国丧失经济霸主地位”的事实,通过同义表达的
复 现 ( primacy should have narrowed , retreat from predominance 和 fading industrial
competitiveness)实现了句子间的衔接。①句分析了原因:其他国家日益强盛,即竞争对手的竞争力增强;②③句指出了影响:令美国人
感到痛苦和不知所措。④句至段末列举美国多个产业(消费电子业、汽车业、纺织业、机床业、半导体业)的衰败证明其经济霸主地位已经丧失。
[正确项设置] [D]是⑦句的同义表达。第二段在提到汽车和纺织业时,是从“外国商品入侵美国国内市场”的角度间接地说明其衰败的。
[ 干 扰 项 设 置 ] [ A ] 、 [ B ] 偷 梁 换 柱 。 [ A ] 将 第 ⑤ ⑤ 句 隐 含 的 信 息 lost all its domestic market 偷 换 成
withdrawn to its domestic market。[B]将末句的将来时态 was going to be 替换成过去完成时 had been。[C]利
用考生对短语 on the ropes 的不熟悉,添加无关信息 collapsed after suicidal actions。
五、全文翻译
一段毫不费力就可以获得持久成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的障碍,但若处理得当,它也有可能转化为一种推动力。(句式 1)二战结束后,
美国恰好进入了这样的一段辉煌时期,当时,它拥有比任何竞争者大八倍的市场,使其产业经济达到了前所未有的规模。(句式 2)它已拥有世界上最
优秀的科学家和技术最娴熟的工人。美国的国富民强是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法想像的。
随着其他国家日益强盛,美国的这一领先优势逐渐缩小,这是不可避免的。领先优势的丧失同样不可避免地令人感到痛苦。到了 80 年代中期,
面对其日益衰退的产业竞争力,美国人感到不知所措。面对国外竞争,一些大型的美国产业,如消费电子业,已经萎缩或倒闭。到 1987 年,美国
只剩下 Zenith 这一家电视生产商(现在一家也没有了:Zenith 已于 7 月被韩国 LG 电器公司收购)。外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在大举进
入美国国内市场。美国的机床产业也岌岌可危。半导体是美国人发明的,并在计算机新时代处于核心地位,但有一段时间,半导体制造业似乎将要成
为下一个“受害者”。(句式 3)
所有这一切引发了一场信心危机。美国不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始相信自己的商业经营方式不灵了,也相信不久他们的收入会因此
而下降。80 年代中期,人们不断地探究美国产业衰退的原因。偶尔一些耸人听闻的发现中充满着对海外竞争压力日益增长的警告之词。
情况变化尤为神速!1995 年,当日本还在奋力挣扎的时候,美国却可以对五年的稳固发展作一回顾了。很少有美国人将此仅仅归因于美元
贬值或经济的周期循环这些显而易见的原因。于是,自我怀疑被盲目乐观所取代。用哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德 ·卡佛纳的话说就是:
“美国产业已经调整了其结构,进行了精简,反应也更敏捷了”。(句式 4)华盛顿特区的智囊团——卡托研究院的史蒂芬·莫尔也说:“我们的企
业正在提高生产率,作为一个美国人,我感到自豪。”哈佛商学院的威廉·萨尔曼相信人们回顾这段时期时,将把它视为“美国企业管理的黄金时代”。
Passage 2
一、核心词汇注释
agent
n. [C] 1.代理人,代理商,代理公司;(演员等的)经纪人 2.特工人员,情报员,间谍 *3.sb or sth that affects or
changes a situation or that exerts power or produces an effect 原 动 力 , 动 因 ; 作 用 者 ; 作 用 物 例 :
Technological advances are the chief agents of change. 技术进步是变革的主要原动力。
commit suicide
自杀;文中 commit evolutionary suicide 指的是“阻碍、扼杀进化”
excess
n.[U] *1.过分,过量 例:an excess of enthusiasm 过度热情 2. [C, U] 过多的量,超过的量 例:We cover
costs up to 600 and you pay the excess. 我们最多支付 600 英镑的费用,超过的部分由你承担。 3. [用复数] 过分的行为,
暴行,越轨的行为 例:to curb the excesses of the secret police 约束秘密警察的越轨行为
a. [仅用于名词前] 过多的,多余的,超额的 例:Cut any excess fat from the meat. 把多余的肥肉切掉。
fertile
a.1.(土地或土壤)肥沃的,富饶的 *2. 可繁殖的,能生育的 3.that produces good results; that encourages
activity 能产生好结果的,促进的 例:a fertile partnership 有成效的合伙关系
mortality
n. 1.必死性 例:man’s mortality 人总有一死 *2.死亡数,死亡率;mortal a. 必死的, 临死的,致命的
universal
a. 1.involving or understood by everyone in the world 普遍的,一般的 2.done by all the members
of a group 全体(做)的,一致的 例: universal agreement on this issue 在这个问题上的一致观点
n. *(存在于所有文化群落中的)普遍行为模式,普遍习俗(如家庭的存在);(特定社会成年人中)普遍具有的文化特征
二、句式结构分析
1.There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance
at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.
“出生时男女比例大约为 105∶100,但是到了成熟期,这种比例下降几乎达到平衡;在 70 岁的老人中女性比男性多一倍”。这句话是拿
男性和女性在不同时期的数量做比较,注意其中用了几种不同的表达法: There are about...M for every...F,this ratio drops
to near balance,among...there are twice as many F as M。这些结构在图表作文中可以使用。
2.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children.
该句写作手法诙谐,把少生孩子的这种行为夸大,称之为“进化自杀”。
3.Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take
advantage of it have diminished.
该句主干是 differences... and opportunity... have diminished。本句的难点在于 opportunity 后面的定语成分是
不定式结构 for...to take advantage of it,其中的关键又是代词 it,它回指前面的 differences,opportunity 及其定语成分的
意思是“自然选择利用这种差异的机会”。
4.The grand mediocrity of today-everyone being the same in survival and number of
offspring-means that [ natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India
compared to the tribes].
该句的主干是 The grand mediocrity of today... means that... 。主语 mediocrity 原意指“平庸,普通”,破折号
为该词的同位语,可以确定该词在这里的特定含义是“大家都活一样长,都生一样多的孩子”。 that 引导的宾语从句中,compared to the
tribes 为状语。
5.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived.
知识点补充:Utopia(乌托邦)指什么都很完美的地方或状态,例: Create a political Utopia 创造政治的乌托邦。
6.Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being
as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension”.
该句的主干是 Darwin had a phrase,不定式结构 to describe... 做 phrase 的后置定语。冒号后的部分是 phrase 的同位
语,对其进行解释说明。这个部分的结构为“A look at B just as C look at D”,句中这个比喻可以用来描述对某些事情一无所知的人。
句末为省略结构,即 as (a savage looks) at something wholly beyond his comprehension。
7.But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will
look just like us.
前半句是由 however 引导的让步状语从句,修饰提前的表语 amazed,主要意思是“无论我们的后代对……多么吃惊”。
however 引导让步从句时,相当于 no matter how,后面接形容词或副词,例: However carefully I explained, she
still didn’t understand. 无论我解释得多么详细,她还是没弄懂。
三、文章结构分析
本文是一篇关于人类进化的文章。先指出人类进化自然选择的因素已消失,进而说明人类身体已经停止进化并指出其社会原因。
第一段:指出自然选择的两个因素都已消失:男性死亡率和婴儿体重的差别。主要使用了(现在与过去)对比论证。
第二段:指出造成人类进化停止的另一个因素是:子女数目减少,并以印度为例进行说明。
第三段:总结全文,指出以上这些现象意味着人类进化已经结束,并分析其社会原因。
四、试题具体分析
15.What used to be the danger in being a man 15.按照文章第一段,过去身为男性面临的危险是什么?
according to the first paragraph?
[A] A lack of mates. [A] 缺乏配偶。
[B] A fierce competition. [B] 激烈的竞争。
[C] A lower survival rate. [C] 存活率低。
[D] A defective gene. [D] 基因缺陷。
本题考核的知识点是:具体细节。正确率:52%
[快速解题] 第一段①句指出过去存在的情况:作为男人充满危险。第二句用男女比例变化的数据予以说明:出生时男性比女性多,到成年
期男女数量达到平衡,到 70 岁时女性比男性多一倍。从这个变化过程可以推出过去男性存活率普遍低于女性。此外,紧跟着的③句指出“(过去)
男性死亡率普遍偏高的情况(the great universal of male mortality)正在改变”,因此[C]正确。从上述分析可知,到了成年期,
男女的比例基本持平,因此男性不存在[A] “缺乏配偶”的危险。[B]未在文中提到。本段只在最后一句提到“基因差异”(variation is
due to genes),并没有提到“基因缺陷”,排除[D]。
[篇章分析] 第一段指出自然选择的两个因素已消失。①至⑤句构成的意群指出,男女存活率的差异已经消失。①句用简洁概括的语言指
出,过去身为男性总是充满危险。②句用数据对这种“危险”予以说明:在整个生命过程中,男性的存活率低于女
性。...born...maturity...70-years-olds...构成的时间链串起了人的整个生命历程。③句为过渡句,指出这种情况已发生改变。is
being changed 说明这种变化是由于人为作用引起的。④⑤句指出现在的情况:男女的存活率已经几乎相同。⑥至⑩句构成的意群为“总
——分——总”结构。⑥句为过渡句兼意群主旨句,承接上文指出,自然选择的另一个(another)因素也已消失。⑦至⑨句通过对比现
在和过去的情况(Fifty years ago... Today)指出,体重几乎不再影响到婴儿的存活率。⑩句总结指出,这意味着又一个进化因素的消失。
[正确项设置] [C]是第一段②句的言外之意。
[干扰项设置] [A]对②句 105 males born for every 100 females 断章取义。但这种差异存在于“婴儿期”而不是
“成年期”。[B]无中生有。[D]偷梁换柱,将“基因差异”偷换为“基因缺陷”。
16.What does the example of India illustrate? 16.印度的例子说明了什么?
[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children [A] 富人往往比穷人的孩子少。
than poor people.
[B] Natural selection hardly works among the [B] 自然选择在穷人和富人中几乎都不起作用。
rich and the poor.
[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller [C] 中产阶级的人口比部落人口少 80%。
than that of the tribes.
[D] India is one of the countries with a very [D] 印度是出生率很高的国家之一。
high birth rate.
本题考核的知识点是:写作目的。正确率:60%
[快速解题] 第二段最后两句介绍了印度的情况:这个国家少数居住在大城市的人拥有财富,而其他部落民族却很贫穷。但如今,无论贫富,
每一个人都同样地生存并且拥有同样多的子女,这意味着自然选择对印度的富有阶层也不再起很大作用。而举例之前的观点论述(⑥句)是该例子要
说明的,即:人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会再一次减少。因此,[B]是举例所要说明的。[A]与第二段末句谈到的“极其显
著的平均化——每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同”事实不符。第二段末句提到 80%是为了说明中上阶层与部落在自然选择因素上的差异大大
缩小,不是具体说明它们人口数量的差异,[C]无从推知。[D]在文中未提及。
[篇章分析] 第二段和第一段为并列关系,指出造成人类进化停止的另一个因素。①句为段落主旨句,指出该因素是子女数目减少。②到
⑤句具体阐述这一因素的消失:相比过去,人们的子女数目减少;子女数目和寿命都趋于平均化。⑥句总结指出,人与人之间的差异和利用这种差
异进行自然选择的机会都减少。⑦到⑨句以印度为例论证前文观点。⑦句为过渡句,说明下文举例是为了论证上文观点。⑧⑨句之间存在对比关
系:(本来)财富差异使得印度的中上层具有绝对的优势,但随着子女数目和寿命的平均化,中上层失去了这种绝对优势( lost 80% of its
power)。
[正确项设置] ⑧⑨句关于印度的例子中存在多种比较,[B]是结合例子和所论证的观点(⑥句和⑨句)的阐述,对应⑨句中 has
lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes。
[ 干 扰 项 设 置 ] [ A ] 对 事 实 进 行 反 向 干 扰 , 对 应 第 二 段 末 句 中 everyone being the same in... number of
offspring。[C]偷换概念,将第二段末句中“自然选择影响力的比较”偷换成“人口数量的比较”。[D]利用常识设置无关干扰。
17.The author argues that our bodies have 17.作者认为我们的身体不再进化的原因是。
stopped evolving because.
[A] life has been improved by technological [A] 技术的进步改进了人的生活
advance
[B] the number of female babies has been [B] 女婴数量一直在减少
declining
[C] our species has reached the highest stage of [C] 我们这种物种已达到了进化的最高阶段
evolution
[D] the difference between wealth and poverty [D] 贫富差别正在逐渐消失
is disappearing
本题考核的知识点是:因果细节。正确率:82%
[快速解题] 根据题干关键词 our bodies have stopped evolving 定位到第三段④⑤句。④句指出事实,我们的身体在过
去 10 万年乃至 100 年中没有改变。⑤句指出原因:机器和社会代替我们进化了。即,技术的进步改善了人的生活,造成人身体进化的停止。
[A]正确。[B]与题干无关,而且也与第一段的事实不符。[C]是题干“我们不再进化”的换一种说法,而不是原因。文中只提到贫富者之间
在生育率方面不再有差别,而未一概而论所有差别都消失,排除[D]。
[篇章分析] 第三段指出人类进化已经停止。①句为过渡句,基于上文“多个进化因素的消失”的分析,指出人类进化已经结束。分号表示
解释说明。②至④句进一步指出人的身体已经停止进化。⑤句指出其原因:机器和社会代替我们进化了。⑥句借用达尔文的比喻说明“进化远远超
出人们的想像(savage looks at a ship,beyond his comprehension)”。⑦⑧句指出:(同样,)人类生活方式会进化
(未来回顾 20 世纪的生活方式,它是原始的、丑陋的),但人类身体不会再继续进化(our descendants will look just like
us)。
[正确项设置] [A]对应⑤句 machines and society did it for us。
[干扰项设置] [B]和[D]根据前两段介绍的“男女存活率差异的消失”和“贫富阶层的生育率的差异在消失”捏造干扰信息。[ C]是
第三段①句 the biological Utopia has arrived 的同义改写。
18.Which of the following would be the best 18.下面哪一个是文章最好的题目?
title for the passage?
[A] Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution. [A]人类进化过程中性别比例的改变。
[B] Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution. [B]延续人类进化的方法。
[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature. [C]自然进化的未来。
[D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere. [D]人的进化已穷尽。
本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨。正确率:69%
[快速解题] 通观全文,第一段指出,由于促使自然选择的因素一个一个地消失了,自然选择的规律无法再保证人类的优胜劣汰。第二段以印
度为例说明孩子数量的平均化这种“自杀性行为”导致自然选择的差异变小。最后一段中作者指出,人类进化已经结束。所以[D]是合适的标题。
[正确项设置] [D]是文章主题句(第三段①句)的改写,going nowhere 同义替换 is over。
[干扰项设置] 其他项都涉及文章关键词 evolution,增强了干扰。但[A]太窄,“性别比例的改变”只在第一段提到,不足以概括全
文内容;[B]离题甚远,既然进化已经结束,又何来延续;[C]的 nature 太泛,future 则和文中的时态不符。
五、全文翻译
身为男性总是有危险,男女出生时的比例大约是 105∶100,但到了成年期,这一比例几乎持平,而在 70 岁的老年人中女性是男性的两倍。
(句式 1)但是男性死亡率普遍偏高的情况正在改变。如今,男婴存活率几乎同女婴一样高。这就意味着到了男孩寻找伴侣的关键年龄,将首次出现
男孩过剩现象。更重要的是,自然选择的另一次机会也已不复存在了。 50 年前,婴儿(尤其是男婴)存活的机率取决于体重,轻一公斤或重一公斤
几乎意味着必死无疑。现在,体重几乎不起什么作用。因为大部分差异是由基因引起的,所以进化的又一个因素消失了。
进化自杀还有另一种方法:活着,但少生孩子。(句式 2)现在,没有几个人像过去那样具有旺盛的生育力。除了在一些宗教团体之外,几乎
没有妇女能够生育 15 个孩子。当今出生的人数同死亡年龄一样已趋于平均化,我们多数人的子女数量大致相同。而且,人与人之间的差异和利用这
种差异进行自然选择的机会都已经减少。(句式 3)印度可以说明正在发生的一切。这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富,而给其余的各部落民族以
贫困。今天这种极其显著的平均化——每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同——意味着与部落相比,自然选择在印度中、上阶层已经失去了
80%的效力。(句式 4)
对我们来说,这意味着进化已经结束;生物学上的乌托邦已经来临。(句式 5)奇怪的是,这一过程几乎丝毫没有牵涉到人身体上的变化。没
有其他哪种物种在自然界中占有这么大的空间。但在过去的 10 万年——甚至过去的 100 年中,我们的生活发生了变化,但我们的身体却没有改
变。我们没有进化。因为机器和社会代替我们进化了。达尔文曾用这样一句话描述那些对进化一无所知的人:他们“看有机的生命如同野人看船,好
像看着某种完全不能理解的东西”。(句式 6)毫无疑问,人类在回顾 20 世纪的生活方式时,会因其丑陋不堪而不能理解。但是,不管我们的子孙
后代对我们离乌托邦的理想境界还差很远感到多么惊讶,他们的样子会同我们差不了多少。(句式 7)
Passage 3
一、核心词汇注释
at will
whenever or wherever you like 任意,随意 例:They were able to come and go at will. 他们能够来去自
由。
class
vt. *[常用被动态] to think or decide that sb/sth is a particular type of person or thing 把……看作或
分类、归类(用~sb/sth as sth) 例:Immigrant workers were classed as aliens. 移民来的工人已归入侨民类。
n. 1. [C] 种类,类别,(质量)等级 例:It was good accommodation for a hotel of this class. 就这种档次
的旅馆来说,住宿条件算是不错了。/different classes of drugs 不同种类的毒品 2. [U] an elegant quality or a high
level of skill that is impressive 优雅,典雅,高超 例:She has class all right—she looks like a model. 她的
确风姿娴雅,看上去像模特儿一样。
a. [仅用于名词前] (技术、风格等)很好的,优秀的 例:a class player/performer 优秀的选手/表演者
consequently
ad. as a result; therefore 因此,所以;consequent a. 作为结果的, 随之发生的;consequence n. 结果,后果,影
响,重要性
corresponding
a. matching or connected with sth one has just mentioned 符合的,相应的,相关联的(后跟介词 to) 例:A
change in the money supply brings a corresponding change in expenditure. 货币供应量的改变随即引起支出
的相应改变。correspond v. 相一致,符合;类似于,相当于
farfetched
a. 牵强的 例:a farfetched analogy/excuse 牵强的相似/借口;类似的词还有:far-famed 驰名的, 威名远播的,
farsighted 有远见的
fulfill
vt. to do or achieve what was hoped for or expected 实 现 ( 希 望 等 ) 例 : to fulfill your
ambition/potential 实现抱负/发挥潜力 *2. to do or have what is required or necessary 履行,执行;符合,具备(要
求的或必备的条件) 例:to fulfill a duty/all the criteria 履行职责/符合所有标准 3.to make sb feel happy and
satisfied with what they are doing or have done(所做的事)使高兴,使满意(用~sb/oneself) 例:I need a job
that really fulfills me.我需要一份真正令我感到满足的工作。
proposition
n. [C] 1.a statement that consists of a carefully considered opinion or judgment 主张,观点,见解
例:Marx accepted several of the key propositions developed by Adam Smith.马克思采纳了亚当·史密阐述的
几个主要观点。2.an offer or suggestion(尤指商业、政治上的)提议,建议 例:We have a proposition to make.我们有
个建议要提。propose v. 提议,建议;提名,推荐;求婚;proposal n. 建议,提议;求婚
unhampered
a. 不受阻碍的,不受限制的;hamper v. 妨碍,阻碍,牵制
二、句式结构分析
1.When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its
advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem
today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.
该句的主干是 it is advisable to find out ..., for ... it is possible that...。句首 when 引导的是一个时间状语从句。
在表示原因的分句 for ... it is possible that...中插入 however 引导的让步状语从句“无论他们的准则在今天看来是多么牵强附会、多
么不可思议”。attains a certain fashion 意为“兴盛一时”。
2.With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist
poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be
classed as Literature.
该句的主干是...the case is difficult..., 前面 with 介词结构做状语,即“就未来派诗歌而言”;however 是插入语,单独使用
表明整个这句话和其上文存在转折关系。主句后接 for 引导的表示原因的并列分句 it can hardly be classed as Literature。该分句
中有两个表让步的状语成分:一个是 whatever 引导的从句;一个破折号之间的插入语,即 admitting 分词结构。分词结构中 on which
it is based 是修饰 the theory 的定语从句。with regard to sb/sth 意为“关于某人或某事,在这点/那点上”,例: I have
nothing to say with regard to your complaints. 对你的抱怨,我无话可说。
3.But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight
between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river— and
then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers:
“Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”
句子主干是 it is a little upsetting to read ... and then to find...,其中 it 是形式主语,指代的是 to read ... and
then to find...两个不定式结构;其中不定式结构中的动词 read 和 find 分别接有 that 引导的宾语从句做宾语,即:that a certain
line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge... 和 that the line
consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers... 。前一分句中 off which they both
fall into the river 是修饰 bridge 的定语从句。
三、文章结构分析
这是一篇关于未来派诗歌这种新文学形式的文学评论。文章介绍了未来派诗歌的观点,并对其进行批评,指出很难将其归入文学范畴。文章为
总-分-总的结构。
第一段:提出全文主旨:即使承认未来派诗歌的理论依据,也很难将它视为文学作品。
第二段:阐述未来派诗歌的观点。
第三段:以一首描写战斗的诗歌为例,指出未来派诗歌描写的杂乱无章。
第四段:呼应首段,再次重申未来派诗歌很难被归于文学作品这一主旨。
四、试题具体分析
19.This passage is mainly. 19.这篇文章主要是。
[A] a survey of new approaches to art [A] 对艺术新方法的概观
[B] a review of Futurist poetry [B] 对未来派诗歌的评论
[C] about merits of the Futurist movement [C] 有关未来派运动的优点
[D] about laws and requirements of literature [D] 有关文学的规则和要求
本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨。正确率:56%
[快速解题] 本题涉及全文主旨,可以作为最后一道题来解答。首段给出了作者对未来派诗歌的总体评价——即使承认其理论根据,也很
难将其视为文学作品。第二段介绍了未来派诗歌倡导者的观点,而其理论前提在全文最后受到了作者的质疑(The whole question is...)。
第三段首句评价未来派诗歌令人费解,并以一首诗为例说明。第四段作者再次评价未来派诗歌很难被归入文学。因此,[B]是全文论述的内容。
[正确/干扰项设置] [B]是文章主题的集中体现,futurist poetry 是贯穿全文的中心词汇。[A]、[D]都缺失了全文的关键词
futurist poetry,[A]太泛,缺乏针对性,[D]利用第四段首句中 the laws and requirements 设置无关干扰。[C]与作者
的否定态度相悖。
20.When a novel literary idea appears, people 20.当新的文学观点出现时,人们应该努力去。
should try to.
[A] determine its purposes [A] 确定其目的
[B] ignore its flaws [B] 忽视其缺陷
[C] follow the new fashions [C] 追随这些新风尚
[D] accept the principles [D] 接受其原则
本题考核的知识点是:具体细节。正确率:64%
[快速解题] 文章首句指出,当一场新的艺术运动形成某种风尚时,理应弄清其倡导者的目的所在……。[A]正确。
[篇章分析] 第一段从“普遍原理”到“特殊个例”,引出文章主旨。①句阐述普遍原理,为主题的出现作铺垫:只要弄清楚新艺术运动倡导
者的目的,那么无论他们的观念多么不可思议,将来都有可能被接受。②句介绍“特殊个例”,引出主旨:即使了解了未来派诗歌倡导者的目的,仍
然很难将其接受为文学作品。
[正确/干扰项设置] [A]和题干是①句前半部分(When a new movement... are aiming at)的同义改写,[A]对
应 文 中 find out what its advocates are aiming at 。 其 他 项 利 用 ① 句 中 的 个 别 词 汇
(unreasonable,fashion,principles)设置无关干扰。
21.Futurists claim that we must. 21.未来主义者宣称我们必须。
[A] increase the production of literature [A] 加大文学作品的创作数量
[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress [B] 用诗歌来减轻现代的压力
[C] develop new modes of expression [C] 形成新的表达方式
[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs [D] 避免使用形容词和动词
本题考核的知识点是:观点细节。正确率:87%
[快速解题] 根据题干关键词 futurist claim 定位到第二段。由③句“这种加速的生活节奏需要一种新的表达形式(a new form
of expression)”,可知[C]正确。④句中 speed up our literature 指“使文学的表现形式更富有速度感以诠释现代生活的节奏”,
与数量无关,排除[A]。该句也提到,未来派诗人主张用诗歌诠释(interpret)现代生活的压力,而不是减轻,排除[B]。第五句提到,诗
歌的表达不应受句号、修饰性形容词和限定动词的过多限制,但并非完全不能用形容词和动词,排除[D]。
[篇章分析] 第二段介绍了未来派诗歌倡导者的观点,即目的。①句指出,人类生活状况飞速变化,生活环境充斥着喧器、暴力和快节奏。
②句指出,人类的感情、思想和情绪也随之产生了快速的变化。③④句指出,加速的生活节奏需要新的表达形式,即加速的文学形式。⑤⑥句指
出这种文学形式的具体表现。
[正确/干扰项设置] [C]为③句 a new form of expression 的同义替换。[ A]是④句中 speed up our
literature 的曲解。[B]偷梁换柱,将④句中 express 偷换为 relieve。[D]是⑤句中 unhampered by... finite verbs
的曲解。
22.The author believes that Futurist poetry is. 22.作者认为未来主义流派诗歌是。
[A] based on reasonable principles [A] 基于合理的原则
[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people [B] 对普通人来说是新生的、可接受的事物
[ C ] indicative of a basic change in human [C] 显示出人性的根本变化
nature
[ D ] more of a transient phenomenon than [D] 与其说是文学,不如说是一种暂时的现象
literature
本题考核的知识点是:作者观点。正确率:59%
[快速解题] 通读全文,作者对未来派诗歌持完全否定的态度。第一段末句和最后一段首句都提到,即使承认其理论基础的合理性,也很难
将其归入文学。[D]符合此意。其他选项均有肯定成分,与全文基调不符,应排除。[ A]过于肯定,作者只是假设其理论合理。[B]与作者认
为它“很难作为新文学形式被人们接受”的观点相悖。[C]不是未来派提出的,他们只谈到生活环境和思想感情的变化。
[篇章分析] 第三段与上文构成转折,以一首描述战斗的诗歌说明:(虽然未来派诗歌倡导者的目的已经很明确,但是)诗歌的描述却令人费
解。
第四段①句评价以上这首诗很难被看作文学。②③句让步转折,先肯定未来派诗歌倡导者的基本观点,接着质疑其理论前提,从而更进一步
证明很难将其归入文学之列。
[正确/干扰项设置] [D]是贯穿全文的观点,另外,全文基调(对未来派诗歌的完全否定)也是判断[D]正确的重要依据。[A]将作
者的让步假设看做作者承认的事实。[B]根据文章首句中 new movement,be regarded as normal 设置干扰。[C]无中生有。
五、全文翻译
当一场新的艺术运动形成某种风尚时,明智的做法是弄清其倡导者的目的所在,因为无论他们的观念在今天看来是多么牵强附会、多么不可思
议,将来都有可能被视为是正常的。(句式 1)然而,就未来派诗歌而言,情况却比较复杂,因为无论未来派诗歌为何物,即使承认其理论根据可能正
确,也很难将它归入文学。(句式 2)
简而言之,未来派诗人这样宣称:一个世纪以来,过去的生活状况一直在有条件地飞速变化;现在,我们生活在一个充斥着喧器、暴力和快节
奏的世界之中。因此,我们的感情、思想和情绪都产生了相应的变化。未来派诗人声称,这种加速的生活节奏需要一种新的表达形式。如果我们想诠
释现代生活的压力,就必须加快文学发展的步伐。我们必须大量使用基本词汇,摆脱句号、修饰性形容词及限定动词的羁绊。我们不是要描绘声音,
而是必须造出模仿声音的词语;我们必须在同一张纸上使用不同型号的字体和不同颜色的墨水,任意缩短或加长词语。
毫无疑问,他们对战斗的描述会令人费解。但是读到一句描写战斗的诗行的注解时,则更令人生厌。注解中说该诗描写了一名土耳其军官和一
名保加利亚军官在一座桥上发生了搏斗,结果双双从桥上掉进河中——后来发现这一行诗文是由军官落水的声音和他们的体重组成的:“扑通!扑
通!一百八十五公斤。”(句式 3)
尽管这种写法符合未来派诗歌的规则和要求,但是却很难被归入文学之列。同样,任何一个有思想的人都不会拒绝接受他们的基本主张:情感
生活的巨大变化要求表达方式也随之变化。但实际问题是:我们发生了根本的变化吗?
Passage 4
一、核心词汇注释
assault
n./vt. *1. [C,U] sudden violent attack; the crime of attacking sb 殴打,侵犯人身(罪) 例:increases
in violent assaults over the past decade 近 10 年来暴力袭击事件的增加 2. [C] (军队等) 袭击,攻占(后跟介
词 on/upon) 例:make an assault on the enemy lines 突袭敌军阵线 3. [C] an attempt to achieve sth
difficult or dangerous 攻取(难关),(向困难或危险的事物发起的)冲击 例:a new assault on unemployment 向失业
发起的新的攻势 4. [C]猛烈的批评,抨击
baby boom
n.(尤指美国二战后从 1946 年至 1964 年间)生育高峰(期);baby boomer n. 生育高峰期时出生的人
basics
n. 1.the most important and necessary facts, ideas etc from which other things develop 基本因
素、原理、规律、原则等 例:the basics of computer programming 计算机编程概要 2.基础设施,基本需要
being
n. *1. [U] existence 存在,生存 例:come into being 形成,产生 2. [C] a living creature 生物 例:
human beings 人 3. [U] your mind and all your feelings 全部思想感情,身心 例:I hated him with my
whole being. 我从心底憎恨他。
humanity
n. 1. [U] 人(总称);人类 *2. [U] 人性,普通人具有的特性 例:We must never forget our common
humanity. 我们永远不要忘记我们共有的人性。3. [U] 仁慈,博爱,同情心 4.[用复数]人文学科(尤指文学、 语言、 历史和哲学)
in favor of
1.support and agree with sb/sth 赞同;支持 例: He argued in favour of a strike. 他据理力争主张罢工。
*2.if you replace one thing in favour of another, you think the second thing is better or you want it
more 看中;选择 例:He abandoned teaching in favour of a career as a musician. 他弃教从事音乐。
liberal
a. 1.心胸宽阔的,尊重别人想法、意见、感情的 2.supporting or allowing gradual political and social change
支持、主张渐进式变革的 例:a more liberal policy on issues of crime and punishment 对犯罪及量刑问题更加开明的政
策 *3.allowing people or organizations a lot of political or economic freedom, advocating
individual freedom 给予政治或经济方面很大自由的,自由主义的 例:liberal state/ reforms 自由的国家/自由主义改革 4.not
strict or literal 不拘一格的,不拘泥字面的 例:a liberal translation 意译 5.丰富的,充足的 例:a liberal supply of
drinks 饮料的充足供应 6.慷慨的,大方的 例:a liberal giver 出手大方的施主
n. [C] 1.开明人士 2.英国先前的自由党支持者;加拿大自由民主党支持者
outcry
n. [C,U]呐喊,怒吼,强烈的抗议(后跟介词 at/over/against) 例:an outcry over the proposed change 对
拟议的改革所发出的强烈抗议;本词的构词法:副词+动词=复合名词,类似的词还有:upturn (情势)的好转
tell
vi. to have an effect on sb/sth, esp a bad one 产生效果,发生影响(尤指负面的)(后跟介词 on) 例:The
strain was beginning to tell on the rescue team. 过度的疲劳开始让救援队吃不消了。
二、句式结构分析
1.Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason
for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don ’t know
where they should go next.
该句由 but 连接的两个并列分句构成。“十年前,年轻人工作努力,将工作看做是生存的首要动力。然而,目前日本在很大程度上已经满足
其经济发展的需要,年轻人反而不知道下一步的发展目标”。这种现象对中国亦有借鉴作用。例:More than thirty years ago, our
parent generation worked hard and saw revolutionary ideal as their primary reason for being, but
now China has largely developed its economy and improved its people’s living standards, and a
few of young people don’t know what they really strive for.三十多年前,我们的父辈努力工作,把革命理想看作他们生
存的首要原因,但是现在,中国经济有了长足的发展,人民生活也有了很大改善,一些年轻人却不明白为什么而奋斗。
2.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-
dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the
heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and
jobs.
该句很长,因为后置修饰成分很多。该句主干是 The coming...and an entry...limited the opportunities of
teenagers...。并列主语中的名词 age 和 entry 后都有 of 短语做定语,宾语中 teenagers 后跟着 who 引导的定语从句,从句中的名
词 sacrifices 后面跟着的过去分词 involved in... 做它的定语。
3.“Those things that do not show up in the test scores-personality, ability, courage or
humanity are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic
Party’s education committee.
“那些在考试分数中不能表现的东西——个性、能力、勇气和人性——被完全忽视了” ,这是执政的自由民主党教育委员会主席的话。他
的话也适用中国的国情:考试不能代表一切,还有很多更重要的东西。
三、文章结构分析
本文论述了日本传统道德价值观的沦落及其原因。文章先阐述现象,接着分析原因,使用的论证方法包括:说理、数据、引证、对比。
第一段:提出日本工作道德价值观沦落的现象。该段使用了对比论证方法。
第二段:说明这种现象的第一个原因,即日本年轻人因发展机遇有限,而对学习和工作产生质疑和不满。该段使用数据论证方法。
第三段:引用专家的话和数据说明这一现象的第二个原因,即日本教育存在的弊端。
第四段:说明该现象的第三个原因,即日本人生活方式的改变。本段使用了引证和数据论证。
四、试题具体分析
23.In the Westerners-eyes, the postwar Japan 23.在西方人看来,战后的日本。
was.
[A] under aimless development [A] 处于漫无目标的发展状态下
[B] a positive example [B] 是个正面的例子
[C] a rival to the West [C] 是西方国家的劲敌
[D] on the decline [D] 正在走下坡路
本题考核的知识点是:推理引申。正确率:48%
[快速解题] 根据题干关键词 postwar 定位到文章首句。该句指出,战后日本的生产力水平与社会的和谐程度为美国和欧洲所称羡(the
envy of 意为“羡慕的对象”),可见在西方人眼中,日本是一个成功的范例,因此正确选项为[B]。由 Aimlessness 和 hardly 两个
否定词可得出肯定结论:无目标性一直不是战后日本的典型特点(即:其发展目标明确)。排除[A]。文中只提到日本为西方国家所称羡,而未提
及[C]。[D]是当今日本的情况,不是战后的特点。
[篇章分析] 第一段提出全文讨论的现象。①②句先扬后抑,先指出战后日本的强盛(其目标明确、生产力增长迅速、社会和谐令西方人羡
慕),接着转折后引入话题:如今的日本传统工作道德价值观丧失。③句是②句的阐述,通过对比十年前日本人的工作态度(年轻人努力工作且视
工作为自身存在的主要理由)和现在的工作态度(年轻人不知何去何从),说明日本传统工作道德价值观的丧失。
[正确项设置] [B]为第一段①句内容的概括,体现了作者引入主题的方法。
[干扰项设置] [A]反向干扰,忽略了①句中的否定副词 hardly。[C]偷换概念,将①句中 the envy 偷换成 a rival。
[D]张冠李戴,把当今日本的情况说成是战后日本的特征。
24.According to the author, what may chiefly 24.作者认为,日本社会道德水平下降的主要原因是什么?
be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese
society?
[A] Women’s participation in social activities is [A] 妇女参加社会活动受到限制。
limited.
[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their [B] 更多的工人对自己的工作感到不满。
jobs.
[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the [C] 过多地注重基础教育。
basics.
[D] The life-style has been influenced by [D] 生活方式受西方价值观的影响。
Western values.
本题考核的知识点是:因果细节。正确率:44%
[快速解题] 文章第二至四段分析了日本道德水平下降的多种原因。第四段首句“(日本社会中道德观的弱化)更与生活方式的改变有关”说
明,[D]是主要原因。[A]与第二段首句指出的“女性进入过去男性主导的就业市场”不符。[B]在第二段末句提到,但“相比其他国家的工
人,更多日本工人对工作不满”应该是日本道德水平下降的表现而非原因。[C]错在 excessive。第三段首句只提到,日本重视基础教育的同时
忽视了创造力和自我表达的培养,并没有提及“对基础教育的重视过度”。
[篇章分析] 继第一段提出现象“日本传统道德价值观沦丧”之后,第二至四段层层深入,剖析了现象背后的原因。第二段分析社会原因:年
轻人因发展机遇有限而对学习和工作产生质疑(questioning)和不满(dissatisfaction)。第三段分析了教育方面的原因:日本“重视应试和
机械学习、忽略创造力和自我表现力的培养”的教育方式给青少年带来巨大压力和挫败感。第四段通过 but… more…这一转折递进结构,指出
造成该现象的主要原因:日本生活方式的改变使得日本人容忍力降低。
[正确项设置] [D]是第四段主旨的概括。
[干扰项设置] [A]偷梁换柱,将第二段①句中“青年人的社会机遇受到限制”改为“女性的社会活动受到限制”。[ B]答非所问,将
表现当作原因。[C]偷梁换柱,将第三段①句 emphasis on the basics 加上否定词 excessive。
25.Which of the following is true according to 25.按照作者的观点,下面哪一个是正确的?
the author?
[A] Japanese education is praised for helping [A] 日本的教育受到称赞,因为它有助于年轻人攀登社会阶梯。
the young climb the social ladder.
[B] Japanese education is characterized by [B] 日本教育以机械的学习和创造力为特征。
mechanical learning as well as creativity.
[C] More stress should be placed on the [C] 应该更多地强调创造力的培养。
cultivation of creativity.
[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against [D] 辍学导致了应试的挫败感。
test taking.
本题考核的知识点是:作者观点。正确率:57%
[快速解题] 作者在第三段评价日本教育时,先批评其强调应试和机械性学习而不强调创造力和自我表达的培养,接着引用教育委员会主席的
话指出,这导致了严重的不良后果:孩子们辍学,变得难以管教,校园暴力也很突出。由此可知,作者希望教育加强对学生的创造力和自我表达能力
的培养。[C]正确。同时可以排除[B]。第三段首句提到,日本教育受到表扬是因为它强调基础教育 , 排除[A]。[D]的因果关系颠倒了,
文中提到的是应试的挫败感导致孩子们辍学。
[篇章分析] 第三段从教育方面分析了日本道德价值观沦落的原因。①句指出了日本教育的特点:对“应试和机械学习”的强调胜过对“创造
性和自我表现”的培养。②③句引用教育委员会主席的话,指出这种教育特点存在的弊端及导致的严重后果:忽略了学生的个性、能力、勇气或人道
(而这些对人的价值观有重大影响);挫败感造成学生辍学、放荡不羁、暴力。④句用数据证明②③句的观点。⑤句指出日本保守的领导人针对
这种情况提出的建议——恢复到战前强调道德教育的状况。⑥句指出持此观点的理由——战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了日本人的道
德观。
[正确项设置] [C]为第三段①②句的深层含义。
[干扰项设置] [A]将 climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder(第二段首句)和 often praised for (第三段首句)
糅杂到一起形成干扰。[B]偷梁换柱,将“stress mechanical learning over creativity”改为“stress mechanical
learning and creativity”。[D]颠倒第三段③句中 Frustration … leads kids to drop out 的因果关系。
26.The change in Japanese life-style is revealed 26.日本生活方式的改变可以透过下列哪项事实表现出来?
in the fact that.
[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in [A] 年轻人更难以忍受生活中的困难
life
[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the [B] 日本人的离婚率超过了美国人
US
[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before [C] 日本人忍受的东西比以前更多了
[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life [D] 日本人欣赏他们目前的生活
本题考核的知识点是:具体细节。正确率:50%
[快速解题] 根据题干关键词 life-style 定位到第四段。该段④句指出,随着生活方式的改变,新一代的日本人不像从前那样愿意忍受生
活中的不适(the discomfort is beginning to tell,tell 意为“产生影响,显露出来”)。末句提到的离婚率和自杀率的上升就是不堪
忍受的表现。可见,[A]是日本生活方式改变的表现。[B]与末句中“日本人的离婚率仍然低于美国人”的事实不符。[C]在文中未提及,文
中只提到日本人的忍耐力减弱。[D]显然不对,否则就不会出现离婚率和自杀率的上升。
[篇章分析]第四段指出日本社会道德观沦丧的主要原因。①句为过渡句兼段落主旨句。承接前两段的原因分析,指出最主要的原因是日本生
活方式的改变。②句援引教育家的话指出承受力的重要性。③④句指出了日本生活方式发生的改变:城市居住的集中造成人们的容忍性降低。⑤
句指出了容忍性降低的表现:离婚率和自杀率上升。
[正确项设置] [A]是第四段④句 the discomfort is beginning to tell 的同义改写,对该句的理解需要结合上下文及段落
主旨。
[干扰项设置] 其他项反向干扰。[B]中 exceeds 对应⑤句中的 still well below。[C]将第四段提到的“容忍性降低”改为
“相比以前忍受更多”。[D]利用③句中 in favor of(看重,选择)设置干扰,但该句只客观介绍“大家庭被两代之家取而代之”。
五、全文翻译
毫无目标几乎不是战后日本的特色,相反,其生产率与社会的和谐程度为美国和欧洲所羡慕。但是,日本人正在经历传统工作道德价值观的日
益衰退。10 年前,日本年轻人工作勤奋,将工作视为他们存在的主要理由,但现在日本的经济需求已经大体上得到了满足,因此年轻人不知道他们
下一步何去何从。(句式 1)
战后生育高峰期的到来,以及女性进入由男性主导的就业市场,都限制了青少年的发展机遇,这些青少年已经开始质疑在为了进好学校,找好
工作,而攀登日本等级森严的社会阶梯的过程中所付出的沉重的个人代价是否值得。(句式 2)最近的一次调查发现,与 62.7%的美国学生相比较,
只有 24.5%的日本学生对学校生活完全满意。此外,与被调查的其他 10 个国家的工人相比,对自身工作表示不满的日本工人数量要多得多。
虽然日本重视基础教育而经常受到外国人的赞扬,但是它往往强调应试和机械的学习,而不重视创造性和自我表现的培养。“考分反映不出的
那些东西——个性、能力、勇气或人道——完全被忽视,”执政的自民党教育委员会主席 Toshiki Kaifu 说,(句式 3)“这种情况带来
的挫败感,致使孩子们辍学、放荡不羁。”去年日本发生了 2 125 起校园暴力事件,其中包括 929 起攻击老师事件。在一片抗议声中,许多保守
的领导人正在力图恢复战前强调道德教育的状况。去年,时任教育大臣的 Mitsuo Setoyama 就提出责难,他认为二战后美国占领当局引进的
自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德观”。
但是,这也许与日本人的生活方式关系更大。教育家 Yoko Muro 说,“在日本,你是否喜欢自己的工作和生活从来不是问题,问题仅仅
是你能承受多大的负荷。”随着经济的发展,居住集中化也接踵而至,在日本一亿一千九百万人当中,足有 76%的人生活在城市,社区和几世同堂
的大家庭已经成为过去,取而代之的是单门独户的两代之家。城市里的日本人长期忍受着漫长的上下班来回路程和拥挤不堪的居住条件,但是,随着
传统的群体和家庭价值观念的削弱,这种不舒适开始突显出来。在过去 10 年中,日本的离婚率,尽管仍远在美国之下,却也已经上升了 50%多,
而自杀率则上升了近 1/4。
Passage 5
一、核心词汇注释
acquisitive
a. wanting very much to buy or get new possessions 渴求获取财物的,贪婪的; acquire v. 获得,得到,取
得
angle
n. [ C ] 1. 角 , 角 度 *2. a position from which you look at sth or photograph it; a way of
considering a problem or situation 视角,(拍摄)角度;(看问题或情况的)角度,立场 例:We need to look at the
issue from a different angle 从一个不同的角度来看这个问题
vt. to present information, a report etc from a particular point of view or for a particular
audience 从某一特定角度提出,以某观点提供信息 例:a report which was angled in favour of the victim 从有利于受
害者的角度提出的报告
vi. 1. 钓 鱼 , 垂 钓 2.to try to get sth by making suggestions and remarks instead of asking
directly(以暗示等方法)猎取,谋求 例:angle for a pay rise 拐弯抹角地请求加薪
distinction
n. 1. [C] (相似事物之间的)差别,区别,不同 2. [U](事物或人按其质量、品质、等级等的)区分,区别对待 例:The
school makes no distinction between male and female students. 学校并没有对男女学生区别对待。 *3. [U]
the quality of being excellent and important 优秀,卓越,杰出 例:a writer of distinction 优秀作家 4. [C]荣
誉;殊荣 例:She had the great distinction of being invited to meet the Prime Minister.她获得极大的荣誉,受
邀与首相见面。
exceptional
a. *1.unusually good 非常好的,杰出的 例:exceptional talent as a musician 非凡的音乐才能 2.unusual
and likely not to happen often 罕见的,不寻常的 例:in exceptional circumstances 在特殊情况下
formulation
n.1.制定,规划,构想 例:the formulation of a policy 政策的制订 *2.明确的表达, 确切的阐述;formulate v. 制定,
规划,构想;确切地表达、阐述
get on in life
出人头地;get on 发迹,出人头地 例:He will get on in the world.他会在社会地位方面青云直上。
hypocrisy
n. [U] 伪善; 虚伪 例:It’s sheer hypocrisy for politicians to preach about family values when so
many of them are having affairs. 伪善的政客们口口声声宣扬家庭道德观,而他们中有很多人却大搞婚外恋。 hypocritical a.
虚伪的,伪善的
note
n. 1.[C]笔记,记录 2.[C] 单音,音调,音符*3.[用单数] a particular quality in sth, for example in sb’s
voice or the atmosphere at an event 特 征 , 口 气 , 调 子 , 气 氛 ( 后 跟 介 词 of ) 例 : There was a note of
amusement in his voice.听他的口气,是觉得很有意思。
odd
a.*1.奇特的,异常的,古怪的 例:an odd character 古怪的性格 2. not in a pair/set 单只的,不成对的 例:an odd
shoe 单只鞋 3.left over; extra; surplus 剩余的,多余的,多出的 例:thirty-odd years later 三十多年后 4.奇数的,单数
的(不能被 2 整除的) 例:odd number 奇数(even numbe 偶数) 5.not regular or fixed; occasional 不规则的,非固
定的,临时的 例:weed the garden at odd times 用零星时间给花园除草
profess
vt. 1.to claim that sth is true or correct, esp when it is not 妄称;伪称;声称 例: She still professes
her innocence. 她仍然声称自己无辜。 *2.宣称,公开表明 例:He professed his admiration for their work. 他表示钦
佩他们的工作。词根 fess 意为 to speak“说”,如:confess v.承认,坦白,professor n. 教授
pushing
a. 1.推的,推进的 *2.有进取心的,有事业心的,充满干劲的 3.莽撞的,一意孤行的
regard
vt.*1.to think about sb/sth in a particular way 将……认为;把……视为;看待 例:Her work is very
highly regarded.她的工作受到高度评价。 2.to look at sb/sth, esp in a particular way (尤指以某种方式)注视,凝视 例:
He regarded us suspiciously. 他以怀疑的眼光看着我们。
n. 1. [U] 注意,关注,关心(后跟介词 to/for) 例:to do sth with little/ no regard for sb/sth 做事几乎不/根本
不顾及某人/某事物。 2. [U] 尊重,尊敬(后跟介词 to/for) 例:He held her in high regard. 他对她非常尊重。 3. [用复数
] (用于信函的结尾或转达问候)致意;问候 例:With kind regards, Yours... 谨此致意,……敬上
二、句式结构分析
1.If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control
over one’s destiny-must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf.
此句主干是 If..., the rewards of ambition...must be deemed worthy of ...。其中 if 引导的是条件状语从句;破
折号中的 wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny 既是插入成分,又是 the rewards of ambition 的同位语,
起解释说明的作用;made on ambition’s behalf 是 sacrifices 的定语。worthy of 意思是“值得,不辜负”;on one’s
behalf 意思是“为了”。
2.If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially
must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among
them.
该句的主干是 If..., it must be... ; and it especially must be... by... 。分号前后是两个分句,前一个分句是含 if 条件
句的主从复合句,其主句为被动语态。后一个分句同样是被动语态,其中 who 引导的定语从句修饰 people,从句后是一个独立主格结构作补充
说明。regard sb/sth(with sth)意为“将某人、某事物视为,认为某事物是”,这里 highly regard 表示“很受重视”,例:your
work is highly regarded. 你的工作很受重视。
3.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly.
Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may
change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.
句子主干是 people do not...和...may change, but... do not。这两句话并不难理解,考生关键是要理解 do not seem
less interested in success and its signs now than formerly 和 do not seem less in demand today than
a decade or two years ago 这两个双重否定的比较级,意思是“丝毫不…,一点都不比…时候…”。
4.What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly
as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.
what 引导的名词从句做主语,that 引导的从句作表语,as...as...结构意为“像…一样”,修饰表语从句中的谓语 confess。lest
意为“惟恐、以免”,后面接的句子用虚拟语气(should)do,例:He ran away let he (should/might) be seen.(他跑开
了,以免被人看见)。think sb /sth+a.意为“认为某人或某事物怎样”,例:You must think me very silly.(你肯定认为我很
蠢)。
5.Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in
ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the
publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating
participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.
be treated to 的意思是“被款待,被招待”,spectacles 意为“壮观景象”,这里具有反讽意味。冒号后面三个并列名词性短语分别
由 with 引导的介词短语做定语,who 引导的定语从句做定语和 advocate 的现在分词形式做定语,语言形式富于变化,无累赘乏味之感。
三、文章结构分析
本文是一篇关于如何正确看待雄心壮志的文章。文章先是表达了对雄心壮志的正确看法,接着批判了一些人对雄心壮志所持有的虚伪态度,同
时也暗示雄心壮志是一种健康的追求,人们应该正确对待它。
第一段:抨击了一些受过教育的人对雄心壮志所持有的虚伪态度,主要使用说理和比喻论证方法。
第二段:指出人们的雄心壮志依然存在,只是人们不愿公开承认自己的梦想。该段使用举例论证。
第三段:指出由于人们支持较少,雄心壮志被迫转入地下的状况,并暗示人们应该正确看待雄心壮志。
四、试题具体分析
27.It is generally believed that ambition may be 27.人们普遍认为,雄心壮志可能受到好评,如果。
well regarded if.
[A] its returns well compensate for the [A] 其收益充分地补偿了所作出的牺牲
sacrifices
[B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power [B] 它以金钱、名誉和权力作为回报
[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material [C] 其目标是精神上的而不是物质上的
[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous [D] 它是富人和名人共享的
本题考核的知识点是:具体细节。正确率:55%
[快速解题] 文章开篇指出,若要雄心壮志被正确看待,那么它带来的回报——财富、声誉、对自己命运的掌控——应该被认为使人们
值得为实现抱负而做出牺牲。[A]正确。[B]只提了雄心壮志带来的回报,没有将它与“为实现抱负作出牺牲”联系起来,含义不完整。[ C]
与文意不符,雄心壮志的目标也包括物质,如:财富。[D]文中未提,该段②句只提到“人们应当广泛地拥有(widely shared)雄心壮志这
种传统”。
[篇章分析] 第一段①②句指出如何才能正确看待雄心壮志,两个句子使用平行结构:If ambition is to…If the tradition
of ambition is to …实现了句间的衔接。①句指出,必须把为了得到雄心壮志的回报而作出的各种牺牲看作是值得的。②句进而指出,雄
心壮志必须受到人们,尤其是包括受教育者在内的成功人士的广泛的推崇。该句采用 it must...it especially must... not least 的递进
结构引出了推广雄心壮志的关键人群:the educated,从而与下文更好地衔接。③④句转而指出了受教育人士相反的做法:虽然从雄心壮志中
受益匪浅却宣称已经放弃了雄心壮志。⑤句为全文主旨句,利用比喻的修辞手法揭示了受教育者这一行为的虚伪性。
[ 正 确 项 设 置 ] [ A ] 为 第 一 段 ① 句 的 同 义 改 写 , its returns 对 应 句 中 的 the rewards of ambition ; well
compensate for 对应 be deemed worthy of。
[干扰项设置] [B]只截取了①句的部分内容 the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over
one’s destiny。[C]曲解原意,将①句提到的“雄心壮志带来的物质和精神的回报”曲解为“目标只有精神上的”。[ D]利用②句中个别
词汇 shared 设置无关干扰。
28.The last sentence of the first paragraph most 28.第一段最后一句话最有可能暗示。
probably implies that it is.
[A] customary of the educated to discard [A] 受过教育的人习惯于口头上摈弃雄心壮志
ambition in words
[B] too late to check ambition once it has been [B] 雄心壮志一旦被释放出来,再想抑制则为时已晚
let out
[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the [C] 在目标实现后否认雄心壮志是不诚实的
fulfillment of the goal
[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy [D] 对受过教育者来说,享受雄心壮志带来的益处是不现实的
benefits from ambition
本题考核的知识点是:句意。正确率:39%
[快速解题] 首段末句先指出受教育者行为的虚伪性,接着以“马已经跑了再关上马厩的门”这一生动的比方揭露受教育者“从雄心壮志中收
益匪浅,却声称要放弃雄心壮志”的虚伪本质。二者相同之处在于均是虚伪的行为,其中, horses 代表 ambition,riding 代表
ambition 带来的好处。[C]概括了这种虚伪性。
[正确项设置] 第一段末句以打比方作为论据,[ C]是它要论证的观点。其中 dishonest 对应⑤句中 hypocrisy,deny
ambition after the fulfilment of the goal 是⑤句 this 所指代的内容,也是③④句内容的概括。
[干扰项设置] [A]只提及部分事实。遗漏了“受教育者从野心中获益匪浅”这个重要内容,不足以体现其虚伪性。[B]望文生义,由末
句 closing the barn door after the horses have escaped 联想到谚语 lock the barn door after the horse is
stolen(亡羊补牢,为时已晚),没有结合上下文来理解。[D]利用文中个别词汇 benefits, ambition 设置无关干扰。
29.Some people do not openly admit they have 29.有些人不公开承认他们有雄心壮志是因为。
ambition because.
[A] they think of it as immoral [A] 他们将此看作是不道德的
[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth [B] 他们追求的不是名誉和财富
[C] ambition is not closely related to material [C] 雄心壮志与物质利益没有密切的联系
benefits
[D] they do not want to appear greedy and [D] 他们不想显得贪婪与可鄙
contemptible
本题考核的知识点是:因果细节。正确率:77%
[快速解题] 第二段③句指出,人们不能像以前那样轻易地、公开地坦陈自己的梦想(即承认有雄心壮志),惟恐别人认为自己爱出风头、
贪得无厌、庸俗不堪(pushing, acquisitive and vulgar)。由此可知[D]正确。[A]文中未提及。第二段首句提到,“人们对成
功及其标志的兴趣丝毫未减”,可见,[B]、[C]与事实相反。
[篇章分析] 第二段进一步阐述第一段末提出的观点“受教育者宣称放弃雄心壮志的做法有着浓重的虚伪色彩”。①句首先否定了宣称放弃
雄心壮志是因为对成功及其标志的兴趣减少。②用人们依然在追求象征成功的物质的事实支持①句观点。③句进而指出他们不愿承认心怀雄心壮志
的真正原因:害怕被别人认为自己贪得无厌、庸俗不堪。④句列举了现实生活中的虚伪做法。⑤句揭露这些做法的虚伪性:一方面享受着雄心壮志
带来的成功,另一方面却避免表现出雄心壮志。
[正确项设置] 题干和正确项是第二段③句的同义改写。[D]将原句中的三个形容词替换为 greedy and contemptible,题干
用 openly admit they have ambition 同义替换句中 confess fully to their dreams easily and openly。
[干扰项设置] [A]偷换概念,将③句中“被别人认为爱出风头等”偷换成“自己认为是不道德的”。[ B]、[C]反向干扰,对应第
二段①句 people do not seem less interested in success and its signs 。由②句可知,its signs 主要指 fame
and wealth,因此,雄心壮志和物质利益密切相关,人们追求它们的热忱丝毫未减。
30.From the last paragraph the conclusion can 30.从最后一段可以推出的结论是,雄心壮志应该被保持。
be drawn that ambition should be maintained.
[A] secretly and vigorously [A] 秘密而精力充沛地
[B] openly and enthusiastically [B] 公开热情地
[C] easily and momentarily [C] 轻松而暂时地
[D] verbally and spiritually [D] 口头上和精神上地
本题考核的知识点是:推理引申。正确率:34%
[快速解题] 最后一段谈到人们对雄心壮志的攻击远多于对它的维护,因此本应是一种健康公开的品质却得不到很多支持。不公开表达雄心壮
志带来的后果是迫使雄心壮志转入地下,或暗藏于胸。由此我们可推知,人们不应该隐瞒自己的雄心壮志。此外,纵观全文,作者提倡的是正确看待
雄心壮志,坦言自己的抱负。[B]恰是此意。[A]secretly 是作者谴责的方式;[C]文中未提到;[D]没有涉及作者提倡的方式:公开
地、积极地。
[篇章分析]第三段①句承接上文介绍的对待雄心壮志的虚伪做法,指出雄心壮志受到的不公正对待:受到的攻击多;得到的维护少。②至
④句指出这种情况造成的后果。该部分运用 As a result,… This doesn’t mean that…but only that…Consequences
follow from this…这一正反交织的论证结构指出了目前的情况:雄心壮志虽依然起到激励人们的作用,但却得不到公开支持,而是被迫转入
地下。⑤句总结指出现在人们对待雄心壮志的三种态度。
[正确项设置] 正确项信息暗含于末段②至④句。一方面,作者指出人们不敢坦诚心怀雄心壮志( less openly,no longer
openly , underground 和 sly ) ; 另 一 方 面 , 作 者 又 对 雄 心 壮 志 高 度 赞 扬 ( a healthy impulse , a quality to be
admired,its stirrings and promptings)。[B]是作者观点的概括。
[干扰项设置] [A]反向干扰,secretly 对应④句中 sly,是作者反对的观点。[ C]无中生有。[D]利用文中词语
impulse,in the mind of,openly professed 设置无关干扰。
五、全文翻译
如果要正确看待雄心壮志的话,那么它带来的回报——财富、声誉、对自己命运的掌控——则应该被认为是值得人们为实现抱负而做出
牺牲的。(句式 1)如果雄心壮志的传统要继续保持活力,那么它就应该受到广泛的推崇,尤其应该受到那些受人仰慕的人们的高度重视,而那些受过
教育的人更应包括在内。(句式 2)然而,恰恰是那些受过教育的人却不可思议地声称他们已经放弃了雄心壮志壮志这一理想。奇怪的是他们或许已经
从雄心壮志壮志中获益匪浅——如果不总是他们自己的雄心壮志,那么就是他们父辈或祖父辈的雄心壮志。这其中有着浓厚的虚伪色彩,恰如马跑
后再关上马厩的门那样,而受过良好教育的人自己正骑在那些马背上。
当然,与过去相比,现在人们对成功及其标志的兴趣丝毫未减。避暑别墅,欧洲旅行、宝马轿车——位置、地名和品牌可能会改变,但现在
对这些东西的需求似乎并未比一二十年前有所减少。(句式 3)现在的情况是人们不能像以前那样轻易地、公开地坦陈自己的梦想,惟恐别人认为自己
爱出风头、贪得无厌、庸俗不堪。(句式 4)相反,我们似乎目睹了比以往任何时候都多的虚伪景象:美国实利主义的批评家在南安普顿拥有避暑别墅 ;
激进的出版商到三星级宾馆就餐;倡导终生共享民主制的新闻记者却把自己的子女送进私立学校。对于这样的人,及更多也许不这么出色的人而言,
最好的诠释是“不惜一切代价获得成功,但避免表现出雄心勃勃”。(句式 5)
对雄心壮志的攻击非常之多,且出自各种不同的角度;公开为之辩解的则少之又少,虽不能说这些辩解毫无吸引力可言,但却未能给人们留下
深刻印象。因此,在美国,雄心壮志作为一种健康的动力,一种应该令人称羡并扎根于青年人心灵的品质,它所得到的支持也许比以往任何时期都低
但这并不意味着雄心壮志已经穷途末路,人们再也感觉不到它的萌动和激励了,只是人们不再公开地以它为荣,更不愿公开地表白它了。当然由此产
生的后果中的一些就是雄心壮志被迫转入地下,或暗藏于胸。于是,情况就成了这样:左边是愤怒的批评家,右边是愚蠢的支持者,而居中的通常是
大多数认真而努力追求成功的人。
一、核心词汇注释
act on
*1.按……行动,奉行 例:act on principles 根据原则办事 2.对……起作用,影响 例:The music acted
stirringly on the emotions of the audience. 音乐使观众情绪激动。
build up
1.吹捧,赞扬,宣传 例:You have to build kids up—make them feel important. 你必须表扬孩子——让他
们觉得自己重要。 2.使(某人)逐步恢复体力(尤指病后) 例:Build your mother up with nourishing food. 让你母亲吃点
营养食品好逐步恢复体力。 *3.(使)增加,(使)增强,(使)扩大 例:build up one’s confidence/huge stockpiles of
arms 增强信心/大量增加武器贮备
compel
vt. *1.强迫,迫使某人做某事 例:reports that children were compelled to participate in bizarre rituals
关于孩子们被迫参加古怪仪式的报道 2.激起,使产生(某种感情、态度) 例:His courage compels universal admiration. 他
的勇气不禁令人肃然起敬。
rate
n. [C] *1.速度,速率 例:Children learn at different rates.儿童学东西有快有慢。 2.the number of times
sth happens or the number of examples of sth within a certain period 比 率 , 率 , 数 量 例 :
birth/unemployment/crime rate 出生/失业/离婚率(人数) 3.费用,价格 例:The sports centre has reduced
rates for students. 运动中心对学生实行优惠。
vt. 1.对……作评估,评价 例:She is generally rated as one of the best modern poet.她被公认为最杰出的现
代诗人之一。 2.值得,应得:They rate a big thankyou for all their hard work.他们的辛勤工作值得好好感谢。3.给(影
片)定级
vi. 被认为,被评价为(后跟介词 as) 例:Becker rates as one of the finest players of his generation.贝克尔
被认为是他那一代人当中最优秀的运动员之一。
step sth up
*1.使增加,使上升,使加快 例:step up one’s pace/their social position 加快步伐/提高他们的社会地位 2.晋升,获得
提升 例:You are going to be stepped up to manager. 你将被提升为经理。
unexploited
a. 未被利用的,未经开发的;exploit v. 剥削,榨取;利用,开发,开采
wastage
n. 耗费(量),损耗(量),(尤指)浪费;waste v. 浪费,滥用;(疾病)使消瘦、虚弱 n. 浪费;废料,废弃物 a. 废弃的,无用的;
盛装或运送废物的
二、文章结构分析
本文从两个方面论述了现代政府在实施职能方面越来越依靠各个科学领域中的专家人才。一是政府依赖经济学、运筹学等领域的专家来干预经
济,促进经济发展,从而增加人们的福利。二是由于人们产生新的需要、人口增长给改革增添了新的压力,从而使政府更加依赖生物学家和社会学家
的决策。
2000 年的翻译试题与往年相比较容易,考生的得分普遍较高。主要因为以下几个原因:(1)句子结构不太复杂,语法修饰关系比较清晰;
(2)难理解的词汇少;(3)文章的背景知识简单,不造成理解障碍。具体而言,该部分主要考查了以下几点:逻辑词的翻译来体现句子内部逻辑;
it is obvious that 结构;被动语态、时态的翻译;多个因果分句的译法;带破折号的句子的译法;状语从句的译法。但是尽管本年翻译难度不
大,依然有考生由于基础差的原因得分很低。因此考生在备考时,要着重从词汇和语法方面下手,加强基本功的练习。
三、试题具体解析
( 31 ) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and
hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
本题考核的知识点是:逻辑词的翻译。正确率:55%
[句子结构] 该句为简单句,其主干是:this requires varying measures and hence the help。谓语 require 带了
两个宾语 measures 和 the help。本句的难点是 hence 的译法,它在句中是承上启下起连接作用的逻辑词,表明上半句内容“这需要程度
不同的集中控制措施”导致了后半句话的内容“需要获得专家的协助”,即前因后果关系。因此 Hence 可译为“从而,从此”。
[词义确定] varying 意为“不同的”;operational research experts 直译是“研究操作过程的科学家”,用术语翻译就是
“运筹学专家”。
[标准译文] 在现代条件下,这需要程度不同的集中控制措施,从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。
(32)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up
with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of
scientists and technologists of all kinds.
本题考核的知识点是:it is obvious that 结构,代词指代,逻辑词的翻译。正确率:65%
[句子结构] 该句子由两个并列的主语从句构成,其主干是 it is obvious that..., and that...。it 为形式主语,真正主语是两个
由 and 连接的 that 引导的从句。it is obvious that...经常译作“很显然”或“显而易见”。第二个 that 从句中的代词 this 指代第一个
分句中的 efficiency of its agriculture and industry(工农业的高效率),在翻译的时候应点明一下;in turn 的英文释义为 as
a result of something,它表达的是一种递进关系,因此注意不能把两个从句只译成平行关系的句子,如:“两件事情很明显:一是…,二
是…”。
[词义确定] bound up with 的意为“与…密切相关”;in turn 意为“又,依次,转而”;rest upon 意为 to depend
upon(依靠)。
[标准译文] 再者,显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关,而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
(33)Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications, people everywhere are
feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often
forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
本题考核的知识点是:被动语态、时态的翻译、多个因果分句的译法。正确率:59%
[句子结构] 该句为复合句,其主干是 people are feeling wants...and are being exposed to,其中含有两个并列的
现在进行时态的谓语动词,英语中的现在进行时除了表示现在正在进行的动作之外,还可以表示一段时间内正在进行的动作,可用“不断…”来表示
这层意思。句首介词短语 owing to...(由于…)引导表原因的状语;主句后面 while 也引导伴随状语。翻译时关键要弄清三个分句的逻辑关
系,即第一分句“大众通讯的显著发展”表原因,第二分句“人们不断感到有新的需求”是结果,而第三分句“政府推出更多的革新”则是上面两分句
引起的结果。由于有两套因果关系,为避免两次出现“由于…”,原因状语 owing to...结构可译成“…使,造成了”。
[词义确定] mass communication 指报纸、电视、电台等具有广泛影响的大众传媒或通讯;want 做名词,意为“缺乏,需要”;
be exposed to 是被动语态,基本意思是“被暴露于…”,可灵活译成“接触到…”;introduce 在句中和 innovations 搭配,应译
作“实施,采取”,而不是“介绍、宣传”;further 虽可表示距离,但修饰“改革”时表示“更进一步,更多的”; for the reasons
given above 意为“由于上述的原因”。
[标准译文] 大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求,不断接触到新的习俗和思想。由于上述原因,政府常常得推出更多的革
新。
(34)in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all
the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century,
whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
本题考核的知识点是:带破折号的句子的译法。正确率:62%
[句子结构] 该句为复合句,其主干是:the process...was spread..., whereas...。句子中出现了两个破折号,英语中的破
折号大致相当于汉语中的括号,起一个补充的作用。理解的时候可以先把破折号中的部分略去不看,以便加强对此句的整体印象。翻译的时候看破折
号之间的内容是否与前后联系紧密,才能够决定译文中用不用破折号。第一个破折号后 with 介宾结构表示伴随,可以译成“随之而来的”;其中紧
跟在 social patterns 后的定语从句 that followed 修饰的是 changes,而不是 social patterns,因此 far-reaching
changes in social patterns that followed 应该译成“随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革”。whereas 表示转折,使前后形成
对比,可以译作“而、可是”;the same process 是指前面的 the process of industrialization(工业化进程)。
[词义确定] far-reaching 指“深远,深刻,广泛的”,spread over 意为“延续,持续”,undergo 意为“经历,完成”,or
so 意为“左右”。
[标准译文] 在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中,其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革,持续了大约一个世纪之久,而如今一
个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。
(35) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or
problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by
modern means of transport.
本题考核的知识点是:破折号的作用、additional 的译法和状语从句的译法。正确率:63%
[句子结构] 该句子的主干是 social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or
problems,because of 介词短语做原因状语。由于中文一般先说原因后说结果,因此翻译时可以把主句放在后面。arising from...修
饰 problems,意为“从…而起的问题”或“由于…而造成的问题”。破折号后 themselves 和过去分词 made relatively easy 一
起是一个独立主格结构,起补充说明的作用,themselves 指代前面的 mass migration movements(大量的人口流动)。
[词义确定] social stresses 指“社会压力”;occur 意为“发生”;mass 在这里指“大量的”。
[标准译文] 由于人口的猛增或人口的大量流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
四、参考译文
世界各国政府的行为都基于一个假设,即,本国人民的福利主要依赖于该国经济实力和社会财富。( 31)在现代条件下,这需要程度不同的
集中控制措施,从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。(32)再者,显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切
相关,而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。这也就意味着政府被迫越来越多地干预这些产业部门,以便提高生产率,确保产品的消费发挥
最佳效益。例如,政府可能利用各种方法鼓励研究工作,包括建立自己的研究中心;政府可以改变教育结构,或进行干预,以便减少自然资源的浪费
开发尚未利用的资源;或者在日益增多的跨国科学、经济和工业项目中直接进行合作。无论如何,一切干预都离不开科学家的建议和各种科技人才。
(33)大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求,不断接触到新的习俗和思想。由于上述原因,政府常常得推出更多的革新。
与此同时,与过去相比,世界各地社会变化的正常速度越来越快。例如,(34)在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中,其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种
深刻的社会结构变革,持续了大约一个世纪之久,而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。 这一切带来的后果就是,在社会内部营造
了异乎寻常的压力和紧张气氛,从而给有关政府带来了严重问题需要处理。(35)由于人口的猛增或人口的大量流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对
容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。目前,以上所有这些因素产生的后果就是,各国政府为了制定合理的计划并将之付诸实施,越来越多
地依靠生物学家和社会学家。
Section ⅣWriting(15 points)
一、审题谋篇
本题命题形式是图画式写作。该图片由上下两部分组成,展现的是对比关系。图片的主体是“船和鱼”,上部分的图片中,船有一艘,鱼则很
多;而下部分图片则完全相反,船变得特别多,鱼却只有一条。图片上的“ 1900”和“1995”表明两部分展现的是不同时间段的不同景象。图片
下面的标题“A history of world commercial fishing”揭示了图片所反映的现象的背景和原因。
分析图片后,接下来进行构思。根据题目要求,文章可以分为三部分写。第一部分对图片进行描写:因为两幅图形成的是一种鲜明的对比,描
写时可采用对比的句式,注意表对比、转折的连接词的选用。第二部分分析画者的意图:结合图片及标题可知画者在揭示大肆捕捞使得海洋鱼类资源
迅速减少的现象。进一步剖析,则可得出图片传达的深层含义是批判人类对自然资源的滥用,如果透过现象,分析原因,还可以得出:这一切破坏的
根源是商业利益的驱使。第三部分提出相应的解决方案,需要列出具体可行的措施和建议。具体建议可以从负责部门和普通个人的角度分别提出。需
要注意的是本文字数限制为 150 字左右,因此观点表达应力求简单明了。
二、参考范文
A big contrast is shown in the picture. In 1900 there was only one ship in the sea rich in fish,
while in 1995, there became only one fish in the sea crowded with ships. The caption
demonstrates that it was the ever-developing fishing industry that caused the devastating effects
on the fishing resource.
The picture conveys a deep concern about the ecological disaster which is being brought
about by the over-fishing driven by short-term commercial interests. It also implies a more
worrisome consequence. The profit-oriented behavior may penetrate into other fields, which
results in the abuse of more resources.
To solve this concern, we should spare no efforts in protecting natural resources. Laws
should be enforced to prohibit the actions of blind exploitation, such as over-fishing in this
picture. In addition, people should be educated to realize the value of these resources and
voluntarily protect them.
三、范文点评
文章结构:
文章以描写图片开篇,自然过渡到图片含义的阐释和引申,并在充分论证的基础上提出合理的建议。整篇文章自然连贯,层次清晰。
语言亮点:
1. 平行结构表示对比,增强语势;同义词的运用,避免重复
In 1900 there was only one ship in the sea rich in fish, while in 1995, there became only one
fish in the sea crowded with ships.
2. 强调句突显文章主题
It was the ever-developing fishing industry that...
3. 非限制性定语从句使语义紧凑、层次分明
The profit-oriented behavior may penetrate into other fields, which ...
4. 合成形容词
Ever-developing: ever+-ing 表示“一直,不断……”,该词的意思是“不断发展”。又如:ever-increasing(不断增
长)
Profit-oriented: 名词+oriented, 意思是“以…… 为中心”,该词的意思是“以利益为中心”。又如: exam-oriented
(以考试为中心)
Over-fishing: over+-ing/ +ed 表示“过度的……”,该词的意思是“过度捕捞”。又如 over-cooked(煮过了的)
5.词汇亮点
devastating:毁坏性的。一般修饰 impact, effect, consequence 等,如:Acid rain has a devastating
effect on the forest. 酸雨对森林有很大的破坏性
convey:表达,传达。如:I want to convey to children that reading is one of life’s happiest things.
我想告诉孩子,在人的一生中,阅读是一件最快乐的事情
imply:暗示;意味。如:I don’t imply that you are wrong. 我没有暗示你错了
penetrate:渗透到,深入到。如:Explorers penetrated deep into unknown regions. 探险家深入到未知地域。
spare no efforts: “不遗余力”。类似表达有:work very hard, put in great effort, use all one’s power
prohibit:禁止,阻止。搭配形式有 prohibit sb from doing sth,如:They are prohibited from revealing
details about the candidates. 严禁他们泄露候选人的具体信息
四、写作误区
篇章结构误区:
考生在主题把握上出现偏差,其原因如下:一,受惯有思维的影响。一些考生看到图片表现了鱼类资源减少,就想当然地把这一现象与
pollution 联系到了一起,从而大谈环境污染的坏处以及控制的措施。二,审题不全面。有些考生只看了图片的文字,通篇只写捕鱼业的历史。或
者忽视图片文字,只谈渔类资源减少,避而不谈捕鱼业在其中的影响。三,立意狭隘。部分考生停留在现象的表面,对图片仅进行了初步分析,而对
现象的来龙去脉以及其中蕴含的深刻的因果关系没有进行剖析。比如有些考生只得出“船多了鱼就少了”这种表面的联系,从而仅仅提出限制渔船数量
的建议。
语言表达错误:
1. 用词不当
Then people began to fish ( catch ) plenty of fishes in the ocean because they had bigger
boats.
Environmental education to children is one way(solution) to the problem of sea pollution.
2. 中式英语
In 1995, the fishing ships were many.(In 1995, there were many fishing ships.)
Ships were many more than in 1900.(There were many more ships in 1995 than in 1900.)
3. 文体不统一
Ok. That’s what I want to say. Do you agree with me?(I hope my article will help more and
more people realize the importance of protecting natural resources.)
4. 综合错误
The decrease of the number of fish in the sea is not a simple problem which has many
reasons.(The decrease of the number of fish, which is not a simple problem, has many reasons.)
五、相关链接
语法回顾:
1. 强调句
“It is (was) +被强调的部分+that+剩余部分”。如:It is only when one is ill that one realize the value of
health. It is this novel that they talked about last week.
2. 非限制性定语从句
修饰整个主句,使句意层次更清晰。如:She is always helping me, which touches me a lot.
表达补充:
1. 表对比转折关系的连接词
but, however, nevertheless, yet, while, on the contrary, in contrast with (to)
2. 表列举的过渡词
①for one thing,...for another... st... second... finally
③in the first place... in the second place irst of all... next
⑤to begin with... what’s more addition, besides, also, on top of that
3. 环境话题
①environmental degradation /be degraded(环境退化)
②The extinction rate of species (物种灭绝) collapse of fish stocks(鱼类储量锐减)
④ecological state of the world(世界生态环境的状态)
⑤threaten(v.)/threats to(威胁) used unsustainably( 非可持续性利用)
⑦pose serious risks for(构成严重危害)
... . has the potential to greatly enlarge the areas in which... . is a threat ( ……极有可能扩大……
所产生的威胁)
⑧The range of... . is also likely to increase/decline(……的范围也有可能扩大、缩小)
With the increases/decline in... , ...be also predicted(随着……,将会出现……)
...is dramatic, great, surprising, shocking, excessive(过度,极端的)