Chapter 3

3–1C Is iced water a pure substance? Why?

3–2C What is the difference between saturated liquid and compressed liquid?

3–3C What is the difference between saturated vapor and superheated vapor?

3–4C Is there any difference between the intensive properties of saturated vapor at a given
temperature and the vapor of a saturated mixture at the same temperature?

3–5C Is there any difference between the intensive properties of saturated liquid at a given
temperature and the liquid of a saturated mixture at the same temperature?

3–6C Is it true that water boils at higher temperatures at higher pressures? Explain.

3–7C If the pressure of a substance is increased during a boiling process, will the temperature
also increase or will it remain constant? Why?

3–8C Why are the temperature and pressure dependent properties in the saturated mixture
region?

3–9C What is the difference between the critical point and the triple point?

3–10C Is it possible to have water vapor at -10°C?

3–11C A househusband is cooking beef stew for his family in a pan that is (a) uncovered, (b)
covered with a light lid, and (c) covered with a heavy lid. For which case will the cooking time
be the shortest? Why?

3–12C How does the boiling process at supercritical pressures differ from the boiling process at
subcritical pressures?

3–13C In what kind of pot will a given volume of water boil at a higher temperature: a tall and
narrow one or a short and wide one? Explain.

3–14C A perfectly fitting pot and its lid often stick after cooking, and it becomes very difficult to
open the lid when the pot cools down. Explain why this happens and what you would do to open
the lid.
3–15C It is well known that warm air in a cooler environment rises. Now consider a warm
mixture of air and gasoline on top of an open gasoline can. Do you think this gas mixture will
rise in a cooler environment?

3–16C In 1775, Dr. William Cullen made ice in Scotland by evacuating the air in a water tank.
Explain how that device works, and discuss how the process can be made more efficient.

3–17C Does the amount of heat absorbed as 1 kg of saturated liquid water boils at 100°C have to
be equal to the amount of heat released as 1 kg of saturated water vapor condenses at 100°C?

3–18C Does the reference point selected for the properties of a substance have any effect on
thermodynamic analysis? Why?

3–19C What is the physical significance of hfg? Can it be obtained from a knowledge of hf and
hg? How?

3–20C Is it true that it takes more energy to vaporize 1 kg of saturated liquid water at 100°C than
it would at 120°C?

3–21C What is quality? Does it have any meaning in the superheated vapor region?

3–22C Which process requires more energy: completely vaporizing 1 kg of saturated liquid
water at 1 atm pressure or completely vaporizing 1 kg of saturated liquid water at 8 atm
pressure?

3–23C Does hfg change with pressure? How?

3–24C Can quality be expressed as the ratio of the volume occupied by the vapor phase to the
total volume? Explain.

3–25C In the absence of compressed liquid tables, how is the specific volume of a compressed
liquid at a given P and T determined?
3–36 A 1.8-m3 rigid tank contains steam at 220°C. One third of the volume is in the liquid phase
and the rest is in the vapor form. Determine (a) the pressure of the steam, (b) the quality of the
saturated mixture, and (c) the density of the mixture.

3–51 A rigid tank with a volume of 2.5 m3 contains 15 kg of saturated liquid–vapor mixture of
water at 75°C. Now the water is slowly heated. Determine the temperature at which the liquid in
the tank is completely vaporized. Also, show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to
saturation lines. Answer: 187.0°C

3–55 A piston–cylinder device contains 0.1 m3 of liquid water and 0.9 m3 of water vapor in
equilibrium at 800 kPa. Heat is transferred at constant pressure until the temperature reaches
350°C.

(a) What is the initial temperature of the water?

(b) Determine the total mass of the water.

(c) Calculate the final volume.

(d) Show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.

3–59 A piston–cylinder device initially contains 50 L of liquid water at 40°C and 200 kPa. Heat
is transferred to the water at constant pressure until the entire liquid is vaporized.

(a) What is the mass of the water?

(b) What is the final temperature?

(c) Determine the total enthalpy change.

(d) Show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines. Answers: (a) 49.61 kg,
(b) 120.21°C, (c) 125,943 kJ

3–60 A 0.3-m3 rigid vessel initially contains saturated liquid– vapor mixture of water at 150°C.
The water is now heated until it reaches the critical state. Determine the mass of the liquid water
and the volume occupied by the liquid at the initial state. Answers: 96.10 kg, 0.105 m3
3–61 Determine the specific volume, internal energy, and enthalpy of compressed liquid water at
100°C and 15 MPa using the saturated liquid approximation. Compare these values to the ones
obtained from the compressed liquid tables.

3–64 A piston–cylinder device contains 0.8 kg of steam at 300°C and 1 MPa. Steam is cooled at
constant pressure until one-half of the mass condenses.

(a) Show the process on a T-v diagram.

(b) Find the final temperature.
(c) Determine the volume change.

3–65 A rigid tank contains water vapor at 250°C and an unknown pressure. When the tank is
cooled to 150°C, the vapor starts condensing. Estimate the initial pressure in the tank. Answer:
0.60 MPa

3–66 Water is boiled in a pan covered with a poorly fitting lid at a specified location. Heat is
supplied to the pan by a 2-kW resistance heater. The amount of water in the pan is observed to
decrease by 1.19 kg in 30 minutes. If it is estimated that 75 percent of electricity consumed by
the heater is transferred to the water as heat, determine the local atmospheric pressure in that
location. Answer: 85.4 kPa.

3–67 A rigid tank initially contains 1.4-kg saturated liquid water at 200°C. At this state, 25
percent of the volume is occupied by water and the rest by air. Now heat is supplied to the water
until the tank contains saturated vapor only. Determine

(a) the volume of the tank,

(b) the final temperature and pressure,

(c) the internal energy change of the water.

3–68 A piston–cylinder device initially contains steam at 3.5 MPa, superheated by 5°C. Now,
steam loses heat to the surroundings and the piston moves down hitting a set of stops at which
point the cylinder contains saturated liquid water. The cooling continues until the cylinder
contains water at 200°C. Determine

(a) the initial temperature,

(b) the enthalpy change per unit mass of the steam by the time the piston first hits the stops,

(c) the final pressure and the quality (if mixture).