Preparation of project proposal for funding

In an academic setting, funding for M.Tech./ Ph.D. students in India generally refers to financial support
provided by various agencies, institutions, or industries to help students cover costs related to their research,
projects, and studies. This funding is crucial as it helps students to focus on academic pursuits without the
burden
of financial stress.
Here’s a breakdown of funding sources and their relevance for M.Tech./ Ph.D. students in India:
•Government Scholarships and Fellowships:
∙ GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering): M.Tech./ Ph.D. students who qualify for GATE receive a
monthly stipend from the Government of India through the Ministry of Human Resource Development
(MHRD). The stipend is generally around ₹12,400 per month.
∙ CSIR/UGC Fellowships: These are targeted more towards research-oriented programs (like Ph.D.), but
certain programs at the M.Tech./ Ph.D. level may benefit from these fellowships, especially those involved
in cutting-edge research.
∙ AICTE PG (Post Graduate) Scholarship: For M.Tech./ Ph.D. students who have valid GATE or GPAT scores,
AICTE provides stipends and contingency grants.
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2. Institutional Funding:
Many premier institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and National Institutes of Technology
(NITs) offer internal scholarships or assistantship programs. This can be in the form of:
∙ Teaching or Research Assistantships: Students are paid a stipend in exchange for assisting in teaching or

research work.
∙ Project Funding: Students may work on funded projects led by faculty members, which covers not only
their
research expenses but also provides stipends.
• Industry Sponsorships:
Companies in sectors like IT, engineering, and manufacturing may sponsor M.Tech./ Ph.D. students, especially if
their thesis or research aligns with the company’s R&D interests. Examples include:
∙ Industry-Academia Collaborations: Companies like Tata, Siemens, and Mahindra sometimes collaborate
with institutions to sponsor students working on specific industrial projects.
∙ Internships and Sponsored Projects: Some industries offer funding through internships or partnerships for
specific research projects.
∙ Inlaks Shivdasani Foundation Scholarship
∙ ONGC Scholarship for SC/ST students
∙ L&T Build India Scholarship: L&T sponsors students to pursue M.Tech./ Ph.D. in construction technology.

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4. Research Grants:
Funding can also come from research grants awarded to faculty members. Students working under these
projects are funded via:
∙ DST (Department of Science and Technology) Grants: Projects funded by DST allow M.Tech./ Ph.D.
students to receive financial assistance for their research.
∙ DRDO, ISRO, and other Government Agencies: Defense and space research organizations also fund
advanced technology-related research, benefiting M.Tech./ Ph.D. students working on projects aligned with
these sectors.

Granting Agencies and Schemes for M.Tech./ Ph.D. Students In Tamil Nadu:

1. Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology (TNSCST):

o Student Project Scheme: Provides financial assistance to M.Tech./ Ph.D. and other students to undertake
innovative research projects.

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o Young Scientists Fellowship Scheme: M.Tech./ Ph.D. students can benefit from faculty applying
under this scheme, which promotes advanced research.
• Anna University:
o Centre for Research at Anna University provides internal research funding for students working
under faculty members.
• Department of Biotechnology, Government of Tamil Nadu:
o Funds research in technology areas like biotechnology, which can be applied by faculty working with
M.Tech./ Ph.D. students.
National Level Funding Agencies in India:
• Department of Science and Technology (DST):
o INSPIRE Fellowship: While primarily for PhD students, it offers a pathway for M.Tech./ Ph.D.
students progressing to research in innovation-based fields.
o SERB (Science and Engineering Research Board): Supports various projects that M.Tech./ Ph.D.
students can work on, under faculty supervision.

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o TARE (Teachers Associateship for Research Excellence): Faculty apply for grants, and M.Tech./
Ph.D. students assist in research.
• Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR):
o CSIR Junior/Senior Research Fellowship (JRF & SRF): Available for students pursuing research during
M.Tech./ Ph.D., specifically in science and engineering fields. Faculty must support the application.
• AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education):
o PG Scholarship Scheme for GATE qualified students: M.Tech./ Ph.D. students get stipends directly
based on GATE qualification.
o AICTE Research Promotion Scheme (RPS): Faculty-led research projects that involve M.Tech./ Ph.D.
students.
• University Grants Commission (UGC):
o NET-JRF: Supports M.Tech./ Ph.D. students moving towards a PhD through research fellowships,
with funding directly going to students.

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 5. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE):
o Research and Development in Renewable Energy: Funds research in areas like solar, wind, and
bioenergy, applicable to M.Tech./ Ph.D. projects, typically through institutional applications.
International Funding Agencies
•DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) – Germany
∙ DAAD Scholarship for Indian Students: DAAD provides various scholarships for Indian students, including
those pursuing M.Tech./ Ph.D. degrees. These scholarships often include research stays in Germany,
covering tuition fees, living costs, and travel expenses.
∙ RISE Worldwide: Research Internships in Science and Engineering, where students can participate in
research projects in Germany.
Website: DAAD India
•Chevening Scholarships – United Kingdom
∙ These scholarships are for postgraduate students, including M.Tech./ Ph.D. students, who wish to study
in the UK. They provide full financial support, including tuition, travel, and living expenses.

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∙ It is a prestigious and competitive scholarship program that helps students further their careers by
attending top UK universities.
Website: Chevening Scholarships
• Commonwealth Scholarships – Commonwealth Nations
∙ Commonwealth Master's Scholarships: Available to Indian students wishing to study in the UK or other
Commonwealth countries for a Master’s degree (including M.Tech./ Ph.D.). The scholarship covers tuition,
airfare, living expenses, and study-related costs.
Website: Commonwealth Scholarships
• Eiffel Excellence Scholarship Program – France
∙ Offered by the French Ministry

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 Identification of funding agencies
Selecting appropriate ones according to research area and expected outcomes of the funding
agency. Agency
Funding Objectives/Aims URL
Science and Engineering Provides grants for research projects in science and engineering, https://www.serb.gov.in
Research Board (SERB) fostering innovation and technological development.

Department of Science and Supports research projects and technological development https://www.dst.gov.in
Technology (DST) across various scientific and engineering fields.
Council of Scientific and Funds research and development projects in science and https://www.csir.res.in
Industrial Research (CSIR) industry, with a focus on enhancing technological advancement.
University Grants Offers funding for research projects in higher education https://www.ugc.ac.in
Commission (UGC) institutions, including engineering colleges.
All India Council for Technical Supports research projects in technical education, including https://www.aicte-
Education (AICTE) engineering and technology. india.org

Here’s a sample grant opportunity from the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), specifically
tailored for M.Tech./ Ph.D. students and research fellows:
SERB Early Career Research Award (ECRA)
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Objective: The SERB Early Career Research Award is designed to provide financial support to young
researchers, including those pursuing an M.Tech./ Ph.D. degree, who have recently embarked on their
research career. The aim is to support innovative research projects that have potential for significant impact in
their respective fields.
Eligibility:
∙The applicant must be an Indian citizen.
∙The applicant should have completed an M.Tech./ Ph.D. degree or equivalent and be in the early stages of
their research career.
∙The applicant should have a proven track record of research, including publications in reputed journals.
Funding:
∙Grants up to ₹50 lakhs are available for a duration of 3 years.
∙Thegrant covers research expenses, including equipment, consumables, and travel for fieldwork or
conferences.
Application Process:
∙Submit a detailed research proposal outlining the objectives, methodology, expected outcomes, and relevance
of the project.
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∙ Include a budget estimate for the project.
∙ Provide CVs of the applicant and any research fellows involved.
How to Apply:
∙ Applications must be submitted online through the SERB portal.
∙ Detailed guidelines and application forms are available on the SERB website.
URL for More Information and Application: https://www.serb.gov.in
This grant provides an excellent opportunity for M.Tech./ Ph.D. students and early-career researchers to
advance their research projects with substantial financial support. Make sure to review the specific
eligibility criteria and application guidelines on the SERB website.

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 https://www.aicte-india.org/schemes/students-development-schemes
https://www.aicte-india.org/sites/default/files/SSPCA_Guidelines.pdf

https://www.aicte-india.org/sites/default/files/AICTE%20AURA%202024%20SCHEME_GUIDELINES.pdf

https://whttps://www.aicte-india.org/sites/default/files/stdc/Mitacs%20Scheme%20Guid
elines.pdf

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 Project proposal structure:

1.Cover Page
∙ Title of the Project
∙ Name of the Principal Investigator (Student/Faculty)
∙ Department and Institution Name
∙ Email and Contact Information
∙ Date of Submission
∙ Signatures of the Principal Investigator and Head of
Department

•Table of Contents
∙ List all sections and sub-sections with page numbers.

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3. Abstract
∙ A brief summary of the project, including objectives, methodology, expected outcomes, and the
significance of the project. (Around 300 words)

• Introduction
∙ Background and Motivation: Define the problem or gap in knowledge that the project addresses.
∙ Scope of the Project: Describe the boundaries and limitations of the project.
∙ Research Questions: Specific questions or hypotheses that the project will explore.
∙ Relevance to National Priorities: Align the project with governmental priorities or current research trends.

• Objectives
∙ Define clear, concise objectives that the project aims to achieve.
∙ For M.Tech./ Ph.D. projects, these can include both research and developmental outcomes.

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6. Literature Review
∙ Discuss existing research and work done in the area of study.
∙ Identify gaps that your project will address.
∙ Provide a critical analysis of previous solutions.

7. Methodology
∙ Research Design: Describe how the research will be carried out.
∙ Data Collection: Explain the data you will collect (if applicable), tools, and techniques.
∙ Experimental Design: Detailed description of lab experiments, simulations, or models.
∙ Tools/Software: Specify any specialized software, hardware, or technology required.
∙ Milestones and Work Plan: Breakdown of work in stages with a timeline for
completion.

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8. Expected Outcomes
∙ Clearly outline the anticipated results of the project.
8. Describe the impact of the outcomes on industry, academia, and society.
∙ If possible, provide quantifiable deliverables (e.g., patents, publications,
prototypes).

• Budget Estimate
∙ Break down the project cost under various heads, such as:
oEquipment/Hardware o Software/License Fees o Consumables

oTravel (for fieldwork or conferences)

8.Manpower (if hiring additional researchers or technicians)
oMiscellaneous/Contingency

∙ Justify each cost briefly.

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10. Timelines and Deliverables
∙ Phase-wise timeline: Provide a Gantt chart or a phase-wise breakdown.
∙ Major Deliverables: Mention key deliverables like thesis submission, reports, patents, or
publications.
• Team Composition
10. Principal Investigator (PI): Provide details about the student or faculty leading the project, their
qualifications, and relevant experience.
11. Co-Investigators/Collaborators (if any): Include their roles and responsibilities.
12. External Collaborations: Mention any tie-ups with industry or other academic institutions.

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12. Feasibility and Risk Analysis
∙ Discuss the feasibility of the project in terms of technical, financial, and time-related constraints.
12. Provide a brief risk analysis and mitigation plan for project delays or challenges.
• References
∙ List all books, journal articles, and other academic resources referenced in the proposal.
12. Follow the appropriate citation format (APA, IEEE, etc.)
13. Annexures
12. Student/Faculty Bio-data: Attach the detailed CVs of the principal investigator and co-investigators.
∙ Relevant Publications: Attach any previous publications related to the topic.
∙ Letter of Endorsement: A signed letter from the institution’s head or department head, endorsing
the project.

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 Research report writing;
A typical research report for a completed M.Tech./ Ph.D. project or any research project should have a clear,
structured format that presents the research findings, methodologies, and implications concisely. Below is a
detailed outline of what should be included in such a research report:

Research Report Structure for a Completed MTech./ Ph.D. Project

•Title Page
∙ Title of the Research Project
∙ Name of the Principal Investigator (Student/Faculty)
∙ Department and Institution Name
∙ Supervisor's Name (if applicable)
∙ Submission Date
•Declaration and Certificate (if required)
∙ A declaration from the researcher affirming that the work is original and has not been submitted
elsewhere.

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∙ Certificate from the supervisor or head of the department (optional, but often required in academic
settings).
• Acknowledgements
∙ A section where the researcher thanks individuals, organizations, or institutions that helped during
the research process.
• Abstract
∙ A summary of the research work, including objectives, methods, key findings, and significance.
(Usually around 300-500 words)
∙ Should give a snapshot of the entire report.
• Table of Contents
∙ A list of all sections and sub-sections with page numbers.
• List of Figures and Tables
∙ List all figures and tables with their respective page numbers.

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7. Abbreviations
∙ List all abbreviations used in the report.
8. Introduction
∙ Background of the Study: Context and reasons why the research was undertaken.
∙ Research Problem: Clearly state the research question or problem.
∙ Objectives of the Research: List the key objectives that were set at the start of the project.
∙ Scope of the Study: Outline the boundaries or focus areas of the research.
7. Relevance and Significance: Why the project is important to the field and how it can contribute to
academic or industry needs.
• Literature Review
∙ Theoretical Framework: Provide an overview of the theories, models, and frameworks relevant to the
research topic.
∙ Current Research Status: Discuss existing studies, experiments, or models related to the project.

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∙ Research Gaps: Identify what has not been addressed in the literature and how your research fills these
gaps.
• Research Methodology
∙ Research Design: Description of the design, whether it’s experimental, simulation-based, or qualitative.
∙ Materials and Equipment: List the materials, equipment, and software used for the research.
∙ Data Collection Techniques: Describe how the data was collected (e.g., experiments, field tests,
surveys).
∙ Experimental Setup/Design: Provide diagrams, charts, or figures that illustrate how the experiment or
research was conducted.
∙ Data Analysis Methods: Explain the tools, techniques, or software used for analyzing data.
∙ Justification of Methods: Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate for answering the research
questions.
• Results
∙ Data Presentation: Present raw or processed data in the form of tables, charts, and graphs.
∙ Findings: Describe what the data reveals in relation to the research questions or objectives.
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∙ Patterns and Trends: Identify and explain any patterns or trends observed in the results.
∙ Statistical Analysis: Provide statistical results (if applicable) and their interpretations.
• Discussion
∙ Interpretation of Results: Explain what the results mean and how they relate to the original objectives.
∙ Comparison with Previous Work: Compare your results with the existing literature or studies you
discussed in the literature review.
∙ Implications: Discuss the broader implications of the research findings, both theoretical and practical.
∙ Limitations: Acknowledge any limitations in the study, such as sample size, equipment, or experimental
conditions.
∙ Unexpected Results: If any unexpected findings emerged, explain them and speculate on possible causes.
• Conclusion
∙ Summary of Findings: Recap the key findings of the research.
∙ Contribution to the Field: How your research advances the understanding of the problem.
∙ Future Research: Suggest areas for further research or how the study can be expanded.

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∙ Practical Applications: Mention any practical uses or applications of the research findings in industry,
academia, or society.
• Recommendations
∙ Provide actionable recommendations based on the findings of the study, whether for policymakers,
engineers, industries, or further research.
• References/Bibliography
∙ List all sources cited in the report using a standard citation format (APA, MLA, IEEE, etc.).
∙ This should include books, journal articles, conference papers, websites, and any other resources used.
• Appendices
∙ Raw Data: Include large data sets, calculation sheets, or other material too extensive for the main text.
∙ Supplementary Information: Include supplementary figures, diagrams, or detailed explanations that
support the report but are not essential to understanding the main findings.
∙ Code/Algorithms: If programming or algorithms were used, include a well-documented version in this
section.

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Formatting Guidelines (Suggested)
∙ Font: Times New Roman, 12 pt (Main text), 14 pt (Headings)
∙ Spacing: 1.5 line spacing
∙ Margins: 1-inch margins on all sides
∙ Headings: Numbered headings and subheadings (e.g., 1.1, 1.2)
∙ Alignment: Justified text alignment for the main body
∙ Page Numbering: At the bottom of each page

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 Data visualization;
Data visualization plays a crucial role in funded research projects, helping to communicate findings, insights, and
progress to various stakeholders, including funding agencies, collaborators, and the research team itself. In a
funded project, especially in engineering, technology, and scientific domains, the ability to visually represent
data
allows for better understanding, interpretation, and decision-making.
Below is a detailed explanation of the importance, tools, techniques, and best practices for data visualization
within the context of a funded project:
•Importance of Data Visualization
• Communication to Stakeholders
∙ Publications and Dissemination: Clear visuals are essential when publishing research papers, presenting in
conferences, or sharing results with broader audiences.
• Tracking Project Progress
∙ Visual tools, such as Gantt charts and performance graphs, are frequently used to track milestones and
progress against deliverables, which is critical for funded projects with predefined timelines and outcomes.
• Analyzing and Interpreting Data
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 ∙ Large volumes of data generated during research projects can be challenging to analyze. Visualizations like
heat maps, scatter plots, or histograms allow researchers to identify trends, outliers, and patterns that
might not be visible through raw data alone.

• Types of Data Visualizations Used in Funded Projects

• Quantitative Data Visualization
∙ Line Charts: Ideal for tracking variables over time or showing trends in data. For instance, in an M.Tech./
Ph.D. project funded by AICTE, a line chart can represent how the efficiency of an experimental design
evolves over multiple iterations.
∙ Bar Charts: Used to compare discrete categories of data, such as comparing experimental results across
different materials or designs.
∙ Histograms: Useful for showing the frequency distribution of data points, particularly in experimental or
simulation-based research.
∙ Scatter Plots: Essential for identifying correlations or relationships between two continuous variables, e.g.,
comparing stress vs. strain in a materials science project.

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2. Qualitative Data Visualization
∙ Word Clouds: In projects involving surveys or qualitative research, word clouds are effective in
summarizing key themes or responses.
∙ Flowcharts and Diagrams: Flowcharts can illustrate research methodologies, algorithms, or processes, and
are especially useful in proposals and final reports.
2. Concept Maps: Can be used to represent conceptual relationships between different aspects of the
research.
• 3D and Multidimensional Visualization
2. 3D Surface Plots: These are highly useful in engineering research where multiple variables affect
outcomes. For example, in mechanical engineering projects, a 3D plot might show how temperature,
pressure, and material type influence system efficiency.
∙ Heat Maps: Helpful for identifying regions of interest in multidimensional data (e.g., areas of high stress or
strain in a component design).
3. Project Progress Visualization
∙ Gantt Charts: Widely used to represent project timelines, milestones, and progress against deadlines.

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∙ Pie Charts: Suitable for showing resource allocation, budget breakdowns, or completion percentages of
project deliverables.

Audience analysis;
Audience analysis refers to the process of understanding and assessing the characteristics, needs,
expectations,
and interests of the target audience to whom a message or communication is directed. In the context of
research, audience analysis is essential for tailoring the presentation of data, results, or proposals to meet
the specific needs of different stakeholders, ensuring effective communication and understanding.

Why Audience Analysis is Required in Research

• Effective Communication: Research findings can be complex, and different stakeholders may have varying
levels of expertise. Audience analysis helps in customizing the presentation of information, ensuring clarity
and relevance. For instance, communicating technical data to fellow researchers requires a different
approach than presenting the same data to policymakers or the general public.
• Tailored Content: Not all audiences are interested in the same aspects of a research project. Audience
analysis allows researchers to focus on the most relevant information for each audience. For example, 30
 funders might be more interested in the project's impact and feasibility, while fellow researchers would be
more focused on methodology and data.
•Improved Persuasiveness: By understanding the expectations and values of the audience, researchers can
craft their message to be more persuasive. A well-analyzed audience is more likely to be convinced by
arguments and proposals that align with their priorities.
•Ethical and Cultural Considerations: Audience analysis also helps in ensuring that the research
communication is culturally sensitive and respects the ethical expectations of the audience. In international
or interdisciplinary collaborations, this is particularly critical.

How Audience Analysis is Conducted in Research

•Identify the Audience
∙ Primary Audience: Those who will directly interact with the research, such as peer reviewers, supervisors,
or fellow researchers.
∙ Secondary Audience: Individuals or groups indirectly influenced by the research, including policymakers,
funders, or the public.

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∙ Tertiary Audience: Broader stakeholders like educators, industry professionals, or media who might use or
disseminate the findings.
• Assess Audience Characteristics
∙ Demographics: Age, profession, education level, and cultural background can influence how information is
processed.
∙ Expertise and Knowledge Level: Assessing the audience's familiarity with the subject matter helps in
deciding the complexity and depth of the content.
∙ Values, Interests, and Priorities: Understanding the goals and concerns of the audience helps in aligning
the research message with their interests. For example, policymakers may prioritize practical applications,
while fellow researchers are focused on academic rigor.
• Analyze Audience Expectations
∙ Purpose of the Communication: Are you presenting results, requesting funding, or defending a
hypothesis? Each situation will require a different emphasis.
∙ Preferred Communication Channels: Some audiences may prefer detailed written reports, while others
might respond better to visuals, graphs, or presentations.

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∙ Desired Outcomes: Understanding what the audience hopes to achieve from your communication ensures
that the research presentation meets their needs.
• Segment the Audience
∙ Sub-groups: If the research involves multiple types of audiences, segmenting them into smaller groups
allows for a more tailored approach. For instance, funders and peer reviewers might require separate
presentations or reports.
∙ Customized Messages: Based on segmentation, you can create specific communication strategies for each
group. For example, technical jargon may be acceptable for an expert audience but should be avoided
when addressing a broader, non-technical audience.
• Test and Refine Communication
∙ Feedback Mechanisms: After presenting findings or proposals, gathering feedback from the audience can
help refine future communications. In research conferences or presentations, questions and comments
from the audience serve as valuable input for improving clarity and focus.

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 Differences in Audience Expectations and Interactions
1.Knowledge Level
∙ Primary Audience: Has advanced knowledge in the subject matter and expects in-depth technical details,
complex data analysis, and sophisticated arguments.
o Interaction Example: Peer reviewers will critically analyze data, methods, and conclusions for
scientific rigor and accuracy.
∙ Secondary Audience: Requires less technical detail but focuses on the implications and applications of the
research.
o Interaction Example: Policymakers may ask about the social, economic, or legal impacts of the
research findings, rather than the methodology used to obtain them.
∙ Tertiary Audience: Needs simplified content that highlights the broader relevance or impact.
o Interaction Example: The public might engage through easily digestible formats, like press releases or
media interviews, which translate the technical details into accessible language.
•Communication Style

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∙ Primary Audience: Communication is formal and detailed, using academic or technical jargon, extensive
references, and specific data points.
o Interaction Example: During a research presentation at a conference, the primary audience might
engage by asking questions about the methodology or data collection process.
∙ Secondary Audience: Communication is practical and outcome-focused, using less technical language but
maintaining some level of detail to explain potential impacts and applications.
o Interaction Example: In a briefing for policymakers, the researcher might highlight how the findings
can influence legislation or industry standards, using a more straightforward presentation.
∙ Tertiary Audience: Communication is simplified and generalized, often using non-technical language,
visuals, and storytelling to make the content engaging and understandable.
o Interaction Example: The public might engage through social media posts or short news segments
that focus on the benefits of the research for society, with little focus on the underlying methods.

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 Identification of suitable journal;
Selecting the right journal for publishing your research or review is crucial for ensuring that your work reaches
the
appropriate audience and gains recognition. The following steps can help identify the most suitable journal:
•Match the Scope and Aim of the Journal
∙ Read the Journal’s Aims and Scope: Each journal has a section outlining its scope and the types of papers it
publishes. Ensure your research aligns with the journal’s focus (e.g., a clinical journal won’t accept
theoretical papers).
∙ Identify the Target Audience: Determine who reads the journal. If it primarily caters to specialists in your
field, your paper should contain detailed, field-specific content.
•Journal Reputation and Impact Factor
∙ Impact Factor: Journals with higher impact factors generally have a broader readership and higher citation
rates. However, they may have tougher submission criteria.
∙ Reputation in the Field: Check if the journal is well-regarded in your field. Peer recommendations and
citations of the journal in other papers are good indicators.

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∙ Check Journal Rankings: Many fields have ranked lists of journals. For example, SCImago Journal Rank (SJR)
provides rankings based on citation data.
• Review Previous Publications
∙ Review the Journal’s Articles: Analyze recently published papers to see if your research fits. Look for
similarities in topic, structure, and methodology.
∙ Cited Articles: Check if the journal frequently publishes articles that you have cited in your paper,
suggesting alignment with your topic.
• Type of Manuscripts Accepted
∙ Research Articles: Full-length, in-depth research papers that include a comprehensive study, methodology,
and analysis.
∙ Review Articles: Critical, comprehensive analysis of existing literature in a specific field. These articles
synthesize and analyze a large body of work.
∙ Short Communications: Shorter research papers that report significant but preliminary or concise findings.
These are typically faster to publish but may have length and scope restrictions.
• Submission and Peer-Review Process

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∙ Publication Timelines: Some journals have faster peer-review and publication processes than others. If
timely publication is important, choose journals known for shorter turnaround times.
∙ Review Process: Ensure the journal follows a rigorous peer-review process for credibility. Some journals
may follow a single-blind or double-blind review system.
• Open Access vs. Subscription-Based Journals
∙ Open Access Journals: These journals make articles freely available to the public, often requiring an
Article Processing Charge (APC) from the author. They have the benefit of increasing your paper’s
visibility and access globally.
∙ Subscription-Based Journals: Only subscribers or institutions with access can read the articles. These
often do not require an APC from the author but may limit the article's exposure to a smaller audience.
• Indexing and Database Presence
∙ Indexed Journals: Ensure the journal is indexed in major databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of
Science, or IEEE Xplore. Indexing ensures your work will be more discoverable.
∙ Digital Object Identifier (DOI): Check if the journal assigns DOIs to published articles, which facilitates
easy referencing and access.

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8. Author Guidelines and Formatting
∙ Manuscript Requirements: Review the journal’s submission guidelines for formatting, citation styles,
and article structure. Make sure your paper adheres to these requirements.
8. Word Limit and Structure: Some journals have specific word count restrictions, especially for short
communications, so adjust your manuscript accordingly.
• Ethical Standards
∙ Plagiarism Policy: Ensure the journal has strict policies against plagiarism, including self-plagiarism.
8. Conflict of Interest: Be clear about any potential conflicts of interest and check the journal’s policies on
disclosing funding sources.
• Journal Metrics
∙ Citations per Paper: Journals often publish metrics indicating how often their articles are cited. More
citations typically mean more exposure.
8. Acceptance Rate: This gives you an idea of how competitive it is to publish in that journal.

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 Types of Research Publications
1.Full-Length Research Articles
∙ Description: These are comprehensive papers presenting new and original research. They include detailed
sections on the introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion.
1. Purpose: To contribute significant new findings to the field.
2. Length: Typically longer, around 8,000-10,000 words or more.
•Review Articles
1. Description: These articles synthesize and summarize the existing literature on a particular topic. They do
not present new research but offer a comprehensive analysis of published work.
∙ Purpose: To provide an overview of the current state of knowledge and identify gaps or directions for
future research.
∙ Length: Can be longer than research articles, sometimes up to 12,000 words.
2.Short Communications (Brief Reports)

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∙ Description: These are concise reports of new findings or preliminary results. They are shorter in length
compared to full research papers and are often used to quickly communicate findings that do not require
extensive analysis.
∙ Purpose: To present significant but early-stage findings or to report a novel discovery in a succinct
manner.
∙ Length: Typically around 1,500-3,000 words.
∙ Example: Reporting a new method or initial findings that might lead to more in-depth research later.
• Case Studies
∙ Description: These articles provide a detailed analysis of a specific case or phenomenon, often used in
medical, legal, business, or social science research.
∙ Purpose: To explore a real-life example in depth, providing insights into a particular phenomenon, issue,
or condition.
∙ Length: Usually around 3,000-5,000 words.
• Letters to the Editor
∙ Description: These are short letters discussing previously published articles, providing opinions, or
contributing brief data.
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∙ Purpose: To engage with ongoing academic discussions or critique published work.
∙ Length: Very brief, typically under 1,000 words.
• Editorials
∙ Description: These are opinion pieces written by editors or invited authors to discuss recent
developments in the field or to introduce new concepts.
∙ Purpose: To offer perspectives or commentary on topical issues in the research field.
∙ Length: Usually short, 1,000-2,000 words.
• Open Access Publications
∙ Description: Journals or articles that are freely accessible to the public without subscription fees. Authors
often pay a fee (Article Processing Charge) to make their work open access.
∙ Purpose: To maximize the dissemination of research by allowing free and unrestricted access.
∙ Benefits: Increased visibility and citation potential since anyone can access the content.
• Preprints

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∙ Description: Manuscripts shared publicly before they undergo peer review. Platforms like arXiv or
bioRxiv host these papers.
∙ Purpose: To rapidly disseminate findings and solicit feedback from the research community.
∙ Limitations: Preprints are not peer-reviewed, so they may lack the credibility of published articles.
• Conference Papers
∙ Description: These are papers presented at academic conferences, often later published in conference
proceedings.
∙ Purpose: To present research findings to a community of peers and receive feedback.
∙ Length: Shorter than journal articles, around 2,000-4,000 words.

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 Conference presentation types:
Conference presentations typically fall into several categories, each designed to suit different types of research
and presentation styles. Below are the common types of conference presentations:
•Oral Presentations
Oral presentations are formal sessions where researchers present their work to an audience, typically using
slides (e.g., PowerPoint). They are often followed by a question-and-answer session.
∙ Duration: Typically 10-20 minutes for the presentation, followed by a 5-10 minute Q&A session.
∙ Purpose: To share significant research findings or provide a detailed overview of ongoing work.
∙ Format: Presenters stand in front of the audience and present using slides or other visual aids.
∙ Best For: In-depth research findings, conceptual/theoretical frameworks, and comprehensive studies.
∙ Examples: Academic conferences in fields like science, technology, and the humanities often have oral
sessions.
•Poster Presentations
Poster sessions involve displaying research in a visual format on a large poster. Presenters stand by their poster
to discuss their work with passersby in a more informal setting.
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∙ Duration: Continuous throughout the session, typically lasting 1-2 hours.
∙ Purpose: To present findings succinctly and allow for more personal interaction and discussion.
∙ Format: A visual poster with sections like abstract, introduction, methods, results, and conclusion. The
presenter interacts with attendees one-on-one or in small groups.
∙ Best For: Preliminary findings, exploratory research, or when seeking feedback from peers.
∙ Examples: Common in scientific, medical, and engineering conferences.
• Panel Discussions
Panel presentations involve a group of experts discussing a particular topic or theme, moderated by a
session chair. Each panelist presents a short talk on their perspective, followed by a group discussion.
∙ Duration: 60-90 minutes, depending on the number of panelists.
∙ Purpose: To provide multiple viewpoints on a single topic and foster dialogue among experts.
∙ Format: Panelists provide brief individual presentations, and the moderator leads a discussion, often
including audience questions.
∙ Best For: Collaborative research, emerging trends, policy discussions, or interdisciplinary topics.

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∙ Examples: Panels discussing global trends, policy implications, or cutting-edge research in a specific
field.
• Workshops
Workshops are interactive sessions where participants actively engage in learning or problem-solving
activities guided by facilitators. These sessions usually focus on skill development or practical
application of concepts.
∙ Duration: 1-3 hours, or sometimes even full-day workshops.
∙ Purpose: To teach new methods, tools, or skills through hands-on activities and group discussions.
∙ Format: Typically includes short presentations, followed by group exercises or interactive activities.
∙ Best For: Professional development, training on new tools or techniques, and collaborative learning.
∙ Examples: Workshops on data analysis, new research methodologies, or collaborative problem-solving.
• Symposiums
A symposium is a collection of related presentations organized around a common theme or research
question. Each presentation is usually shorter, and the symposium is often chaired by a senior expert in
the field.
∙ Duration: 60-90 minutes.
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∙ Purpose: To provide a comprehensive view of a particular topic through several short talks, often leading to
an integrated discussion.
∙ Format: Each presenter delivers a short talk (e.g., 10-15 minutes), followed by a collective discussion,
usually moderated by the symposium chair.
∙ Best For: Presenting related but distinct pieces of research that contribute to a broader topic.
∙ Examples: Symposiums in psychology, sociology, and interdisciplinary fields.
• Lightning Talks
Lightning talks are short, timed presentations that provide a brief overview of a topic. Each talk typically lasts
5-7 minutes.
∙ Duration: 5-7 minutes per presenter.
∙ Purpose: To quickly communicate the key points of research or to introduce a concept.
∙ Format: Presenters deliver concise, high-impact talks, usually without time for Q&A after each
presentation.
∙ Best For: Sharing early-stage research, new ideas, or succinctly presenting a small piece of a larger project.
∙ Examples: Often used in technology, engineering, and entrepreneurial conferences.
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7. Roundtable Discussions
Roundtable presentations are interactive sessions where participants discuss a topic in a small, informal setting.
These discussions are often led by one or more facilitators but are highly participatory.
∙ Duration: Typically 60-90 minutes.
7. Purpose: To foster in-depth discussions and exchange of ideas among participants.
∙ Format: One or more facilitators introduce a topic, followed by a collaborative discussion. The group is
small, allowing for everyone’s active participation.
7. Best For: Collaborative idea generation, networking, and interactive discussion.
8. Examples: Frequently seen in education, social sciences, and policy-focused conferences.
• Invited/Keynote Presentations
These are presentations by prominent experts or researchers, often invited by the conference organizers.
Keynotes are meant to set the tone for the conference and cover important or emerging topics in the field.
∙ Duration: Typically 30-60 minutes.

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∙ Purpose: To inspire and inform the audience about cutting-edge research, trends, or major challenges in
the field.
∙ Format: A single speaker presents, often followed by a Q&A session.
∙ Best For: High-level overviews of the state of the field or visionary talks.
∙ Examples: Keynote speeches at large academic or industry conferences.
• Video or Virtual Presentations
Especially after the rise of online and hybrid conferences, video or virtual presentations allow presenters to
share pre-recorded talks or deliver live presentations remotely.
∙ Duration: Typically 10-20 minutes, similar to oral presentations.
∙ Purpose: To allow remote participation and accessibility for attendees who can’t be physically present.
∙ Format: A pre-recorded video or a live-streamed presentation followed by virtual interaction (e.g., Q&A via
chat or video).
∙ Best For: International participation, distance learning, or global conferences.

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 Guidelines for effective presentation;
Creating and delivering an effective presentation requires a combination of clear content, structured
organization,
engaging visuals, and confident delivery. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you prepare a strong presentation:

•Know Your Audience

Understanding who you are presenting to is crucial for tailoring your content and delivery style.
∙ Audience Demographics: Consider the background, knowledge level, and interests of your audience. Are
they experts in the field, generalists, or students?
∙ Expectations: Understand what the audience expects to gain from your presentation. Do they want
detailed technical information, practical insights, or high-level overviews?
∙ Engagement Level: Anticipate how interactive the audience will be. Some may prefer detailed Q&A
sessions, while others may engage through informal discussions or visual aids.

•Define Your Purpose and Key Message

Before you start, be clear about what you want to achieve and what the audience should take away. 50
∙ Purpose: Is the goal to inform, persuade, inspire, or entertain?
∙ Key Message: Identify the one or two main points you want your audience to remember. Everything in your
presentation should support these points.
∙ Call to Action: If relevant, include a specific call to action at the end of the presentation (e.g., implement a
solution, adopt a method, or consider future research directions).

• Structure Your Presentation

A clear and logical structure ensures that your audience can follow your message easily.
Introduction (10-15% of total time)
∙ Attention Grabber: Start with an engaging opener—a question, a statistic, a story, or a provocative
statement.
∙ Introduce Yourself: Provide a brief introduction about who you are and why you’re qualified to speak on
this topic.
∙ State Purpose and Overview: Clearly state the purpose of your presentation and outline the main points
you will cover.

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 Main Content (70-80% of total time)
∙ LogicalFlow: Organize your main points in a clear, logical order (e.g., chronologically, by topic, or problem-
solution format).
∙ Support with Evidence: Use data, examples, case studies, and references to back up your points.
∙ Chunk Information: Break your information into digestible “chunks.” Aim for no more than 3-5 key points per
slide or section.
∙ Transitions:
Use transitions between sections to keep the flow smooth (e.g., “Now that we’ve discussed X, let’s
move on to Y”).

•Design Effective Visuals

Your visuals should support and enhance your message, not overwhelm or distract from it.
∙ Slide Layout: Keep your slides simple and clean. Use bullet points or short sentences rather than
paragraphs of text.
∙ Visual Hierarchy: Emphasize important elements using different font sizes, colors, or bold formatting.

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∙ Images and Graphics: Use high-quality images, charts, and infographics to illustrate your points. Make
sure visuals are directly relevant to your message.
∙ Limit Text: Use minimal text on each slide. Aim for one main idea per slide.
∙ Consistent Style: Ensure a consistent design theme (colors, fonts, and layout) throughout the
presentation.
∙ Readable Fonts: Use large, clear fonts (18-24 pt or larger) so that even people at the back of the room can
read the slides.

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5. Practice Your Delivery
The way you deliver your presentation is just as important as the content itself.
5. Rehearse Out Loud: Practice your presentation multiple times, speaking aloud as you would during the
actual event. This helps with timing and finding natural pauses.
6. Use a Timer: Make sure your presentation fits within the allotted time. Be prepared to shorten or expand
certain sections if needed.
∙ Engage with Eye Contact: Make eye contact with your audience to establish connection and credibility.
∙ Vary Your Voice: Use vocal variety—adjust your volume, pace, and tone to maintain interest. Avoid
speaking in a monotone.
∙ Body Language: Use open, confident body language. Stand tall, use gestures naturally, and avoid pacing or
fidgeting.
∙ Pause and Breathe: Don’t rush. Use pauses to emphasize key points and give your audience time to absorb
information.

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6. Encourage Audience Interaction
Involving your audience can make your presentation more engaging and memorable.
∙ Ask Questions: Pose rhetorical or direct questions to get the audience thinking.
6. Invite Participation: Depending on the setting, you can invite audience members to contribute ideas,
share experiences, or ask questions.
7. Q&A Sessions: Leave time for a Q&A at the end of your presentation. Be ready to address both simple
and complex questions.

7. Handle Questions Effectively

∙ Listen Carefully: Give the question your full attention before answering.
∙ Clarify if Necessary: If you didn’t fully understand the question, ask the person to clarify.
6. Be Honest: If you don’t know the answer, admit it rather than guessing. Offer to follow up after the
presentation if needed.
∙ Stay Calm: If faced with a difficult or confrontational question, remain calm and composed. Don’t get
defensive or argumentative.

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 Extended abstract –
An extended abstract is a concise yet detailed summary of a research project, intended to provide a
comprehensive overview of the study while allowing the reader to grasp its significance, methodology, results,
and conclusions. It serves as a bridge between a regular abstract and a full-length paper, providing more
information than an abstract but less detail than a full research article.

•Nature of an Extended Abstract

An extended abstract typically includes a condensed version of the research's key components, including an
introduction, methods, results, and conclusion. It is usually around 2-4 pages long, unlike regular abstracts,
which are typically 150-300 words. It is often used in conference proceedings, where space for full papers is
limited, but the research needs to be communicated effectively to reviewers and attendees.
Key Features:
∙ Length: Usually 1000-2000 words (around 2-4 pages).
∙ Depth: Provides a more detailed overview than a standard abstract but still remains a summary, avoiding
the full depth of a research paper.

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 ∙ Content: Includes all critical sections of a research article, including introduction, methodology, results, and
discussion.
∙ Use: Commonly submitted for academic conferences, proceedings, or when a full paper is not required.

• Purpose of an Extended Abstract

The extended abstract serves several purposes, including:
• Communicate Key Findings
∙ The primary purpose is to communicate the main findings of a study or project in a concise and readable
format, ensuring the essential information is presented without the need for a full-length paper.
• Facilitate Peer Review
∙ For conference submissions, extended abstracts allow reviewers to assess the quality, relevance, and
novelty of the research in a more detailed way than a typical abstract.
• Attract Audience Interest

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∙ An extended abstract help attract interest from conference attendees, funding agencies, and other
researchers, giving them a preview of the research to determine whether they should engage with the full
paper or presentation.
• Provide a Summary for Conference Proceedings
∙ In some academic conferences, the extended abstract is published in the conference proceedings. This
provides a record of the research without requiring the submission of the entire paper.

• Format of an Extended Abstract

The structure of an extended abstract is a condensed version of a full research paper, containing most of the
same elements. Below is a typical format:
• Title and Author Information
∙ The title should be clear, informative, and concise, reflecting the main focus of the research.
∙ Author names and affiliations should be listed, including contact details for the corresponding author.
• Introduction

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∙ Briefly introduce the research topic, problem, or question being addressed.
∙ Provide context for why the research is significant.
∙ Clearly state the objectives or research questions.
• Literature Review (Optional)
∙ Summarize the relevant literature that informs the research. This section can be included in the
introduction, but in some cases, a brief stand-alone literature review might be necessary.
∙ Indicate the gap in knowledge or innovation that the current research aims to address.
• Methodology
∙ Outline the research methods used, whether qualitative, quantitative, or mixed.
∙ Include information on experimental setup, data collection methods, and analytical tools used.
∙ Keep this section concise but ensure that enough information is given to allow the reader to understand
how the research was conducted.

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e. Results
∙ Present the key findings of the study. You don’t need to include all the details, but ensure the primary
outcomes are discussed.
∙ Use figures, tables, or graphs if they help communicate the results effectively.
• Discussion
∙ Provide a brief interpretation of the results, explaining their relevance to the research objectives.
∙ Discuss the implications of the findings and their potential applications or consequences.
∙ If necessary, mention limitations that affected the study.
• Conclusion
∙ Summarize the key points from the research and its contributions to the field.
∙ Include suggestions for future research or potential applications of the findings.
• References
∙ Include a brief list of key references used in your research. Typically, only the most relevant or
significant sources are included in an extended abstract.

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i. Keywords
∙ List 4-6 keywords that represent the key topics or themes of your research. This helps index the work
for searchability in databases or proceedings.
j. Figures and Tables (If Allowed)
∙ Some extended abstracts allow the inclusion of figures, tables, or charts. If included, these should be
concise, clearly labeled, and directly related to the key findings.

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 Graphical and video abstract –
Graphical and Video Abstracts: Nature, Purpose, Requirements, Format, and Limitations
Graphical and video abstracts have become popular as supplementary content to traditional research papers and
articles. They provide a visual and engaging way to summarize and communicate research findings to a broader
audience, particularly in an era where visual content is highly favored.

•Graphical Abstract
• Nature
A graphical abstract is a concise, visual representation of the main findings or concepts of a research paper. It
typically includes diagrams, illustrations, or simple infographics that encapsulate the core message of the
research in a single image or figure.
• Purpose
The primary purpose of a graphical abstract is to help readers quickly understand the key aspects of the research
without having to read the entire paper. It aims to:
∙ Convey the essence of the research visually.

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∙ Make the article more appealing and accessible to a broader audience.
∙ Serve as a tool for attracting attention on social media, conference presentations, and academic
platforms like ResearchGate or journal homepages.
• Limitations
∙ Limited Detail: Due to space constraints, graphical abstracts cannot convey all the complexities of the
research.
∙ Audience Understanding: Some readers may not fully understand the abstract if they lack the
background knowledge needed to interpret the visuals.
∙ Design Skills: Creating an effective graphical abstract often requires good design skills or software
proficiency, which may be a limitation for researchers not experienced in graphic design.

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2. Video Abstract
a. Nature
A video abstract is a short video (typically 1-3 minutes) that provides an overview of the research. It combines
spoken words, visuals, and sometimes animations to explain the significance, methodology, and key findings of
a study. It is a more dynamic and engaging format compared to textual or graphical abstracts.
• Purpose
The purpose of a video abstract is to:
∙ Engage a wider audience, including non-experts, by making the research more accessible.
∙ Provide a dynamic and visual summary of the research findings.
∙ Increase the visibility of the research through sharing on digital platforms, social media, and academic
networking sites.
∙ Help researchers stand out in a crowded field of published papers by using video content to capture
interest.

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c. Limitations
∙ Time-Consuming: Producing a well-edited and professional video abstract can be time-consuming,
requiring specialized skills in video production and editing.
∙ Limited Depth: Due to the short duration, it is impossible to cover all aspects of the research
comprehensively.
∙ Accessibility: While video abstracts increase visibility, they may not be as accessible to audiences in
environments with limited internet bandwidth or those who prefer written communication.
∙ Production Costs: High-quality videos may require professional help, adding to the cost, especially for
researchers with limited resources.

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 3. Comparison: Graphical Abstract vs. Video Abstract
Aspect Graphical Abstract Video Abstract

Nature A static image summarizing research A short video explaining the research

Purpose Provide a quick visual overview Engage viewers with a dynamic, engaging format

Length One image or figure 1-3 minutes

Content Key finding, concept, or method Overview of the research, with narration and visuals

Format JPEG, PNG (image format) MP4, AVI, MOV (video format)

Audience Primarily academic readers General audience, researchers, non-experts

Advantages Quick to grasp, widely used More engaging, allows for detailed explanation

Disadvantages Limited information, needs design skills Time-consuming, needs video production skills

Common Use Journal articles, research databases Journal websites, YouTube, social media

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 Short communications;
Short Communications: Nature, Purpose, and Format
Short communications are brief reports that quickly communicate significant findings or results in scientific
research. These are generally shorter than full research articles but still present new and valuable
information that is relevant to the scientific community.

•Nature of Short Communications

Short communications, also known as brief reports, are designed to convey research findings that are:
∙ Preliminary but noteworthy, offering immediate impact or significance.
∙ Concise and to the point, avoiding extensive background or exhaustive details.
∙ Typically focused on a specific aspect of research rather than a full study or complex project.
They offer a faster route to publication, which is particularly useful for researchers looking to share new
discoveries promptly.

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 Key Features:
∙Concise, often 1500-3000 words.
∙Limited figures, tables, and references.
∙Specific to one aspect of the research.
∙Timely, allowing for fast dissemination of results.

•Purpose of Short Communications

The main purpose of short communications is to:
∙ Quickly disseminate significant findings to the scientific community, especially when the research is
urgent or time-sensitive.
∙ Present preliminary results that may lead to future, more comprehensive studies.
∙ Report novel findings or methodological innovations that do not yet justify a full-length paper but are still
valuable to share.
∙ Share negative results or unexpected findings that may not require a full paper but contribute important
insights.

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 Referencing – style –
Referencing and Referencing Styles
Referencing is the process of acknowledging the sources you have used in your research, writing, or
presentation. It is an essential aspect of academic writing, as it allows you to give credit to the original authors,
avoid plagiarism, and provide a pathway for readers to locate the sources you used. Proper referencing helps to
demonstrate the depth of your research and supports your arguments with credible evidence.

•Importance of Referencing
∙ Credibility and Evidence: References back up your claims and arguments, showing that your work is based
on credible research.
∙ Avoiding Plagiarism: Giving credit to original authors prevents intellectual theft and plagiarism.
∙ Reader Guidance: It allows readers to trace the original sources of the information, helping them find more
detailed explanations or further research on the topic.
∙ Contribution to Academic Integrity: It is a key part of maintaining academic honesty and integrity in
research and writing.

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2. Components of a Reference
A typical reference includes:
∙ Author(s): The name(s) of the person(s) or organization(s) who created the work.
2. Title: The title of the article, book, or other source.
3. Publication Date: The year of publication.
4. Publisher or Journal: The organization that published the work, whether it's a book publisher or a journal.
5. Other details: Depending on the type of source, this can include page numbers, volume and issue
numbers, DOI (Digital Object Identifier), and more.

• Common Referencing Styles

Different academic disciplines and journals require specific referencing styles. Each style has its own format and
rules for citing sources, both in the text and in the bibliography. Below are some of the most widely used
referencing styles:

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a. APA (American Psychological Association) Style
∙ Discipline: Common in psychology, education, and social sciences.
a. In-text citation: Uses author-date format, e.g., (Smith, 2020).
b. Reference list: Includes the author's name, publication year, title of the work, and publication
details.
Example (Book):
Smith, J. (2020). Understanding psychology. Random House.
Example (Journal article):
Smith, J., & Doe, A. (2020). The role of memory in learning. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 45(2),
100-115. https://doi.org/10.1000/jcp.2020.0123

• MLA (Modern Language Association) Style

a. Discipline: Common in literature, humanities, and arts.
b. In-text citation: Uses the author-page format, e.g., (Smith 50).
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∙ Works Cited: The list of references at the end of the paper is titled “Works Cited” and includes detailed
citation information.
Example (Book):
Smith, John. Understanding Shakespeare. Penguin Books, 2020.
Example (Journal article):
Smith, John, and Adam Doe. “Shakespeare's Influence on Modern Drama.” Journal of Literary Studies, vol. 45,
no. 2, 2020, pp. 100-115.

• Chicago Style
∙ Discipline: Common in history, business, and fine arts.
∙ Two systems:
o Notes and Bibliography (commonly used in history): Uses footnotes or endnotes.
o Author-Date (similar to APA): Uses in-text citations like (Smith 2020).
∙ Footnote/Endnote example:

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 1. John Smith, History of Europe (Oxford University Press, 2020), 75.
Bibliography Example (Book):
Smith, John. History of Europe. Oxford University Press, 2020.
Example (Journal article):
Smith, John. “The Impact of the Renaissance on Modern Europe.” Journal of European Studies 45, no. 2
(2020): 100-115.

•Harvard Style
∙ Discipline: Common in social sciences, particularly in the UK and Australia.
∙ In-text citation: Author-date format, e.g., (Smith 2020).
∙ Reference list: Follows similar formatting to APA but has slight differences in punctuation and order.
Example (Book):
Smith, J. (2020) Understanding society. Cambridge University Press.

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 Example (Journal article):
Smith, J., & Doe, A. (2020) ‘Societal trends and their impact on public policy,’ Journal of Social Policy, 45(2), pp.
100-115.

•IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Style

∙ Discipline: Common in engineering, computer science, and electronics.
∙ In-text citation: Uses numbered citations, e.g., [1], which correspond to the reference list.
∙ Reference list: Items are numbered in the order they appear in the text.
Example (Book):
[1] J. Smith, Understanding circuits, 3rd ed. New York: IEEE Press, 2020.
Example (Journal article):
[2] J. Smith and A. Doe, “A new algorithm for data analysis,” IEEE Transactions on Data Science, vol. 45, no. 2,
pp. 100-115, 2020.

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4. How to Choose the Appropriate Referencing Style
∙ Field of study: Different academic disciplines favor different referencing styles.
∙ Journal requirements: If submitting to a journal, check its author guidelines for the required referencing
style.
∙ Institution guidelines: Universities and institutions often specify a preferred style for theses or
dissertations.

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 Synopsis –
A synopsis is a concise summary of a larger body of work, such as a research project, thesis, dissertation, or
academic article. Its purpose is to provide a clear and brief overview of the main points, objectives, and structure
of the work. A well-written synopsis helps readers understand the essence of the research or work without
having
to go through the entire document.

•Nature of a Synopsis
∙ Concise Summary: A synopsis provides a brief but comprehensive summary of the main content, focusing
on key objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.
∙ Preliminary Overview: It is often written before the main research or project is completed, providing a
roadmap of what the project will cover.
∙ Organized and Clear: The synopsis is structured in a logical and clear manner, giving the reader a quick
understanding of the scope and direction of the work.

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2. Purpose of a Synopsis
∙ Presenting Research Objectives: The synopsis outlines the research problem, objectives, and the main
hypothesis or question.
2. Planning and Approval: For academic purposes, synopses are often submitted to supervisors, committees,
or funding agencies for approval. It serves as a proposal for the research or project.
∙ Guiding the Research Process: It helps the researcher stay focused on the objectives and follow a
structured approach throughout the project.
2. Communication Tool: It communicates the essential points of a research project to an audience who may
not have the time or need to read the entire document.

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3. Format of a Synopsis
The specific format of a synopsis may vary depending on institutional or organizational requirements, but
the general structure typically includes the following sections:

3. Title Page
∙ Title: A concise and informative title that clearly reflects the topic of the project or research.
∙ Author’s Name: The name of the researcher or student.
∙ Supervisor’s Name (if applicable): The name of the supervisor or guide overseeing the project.
3. Institutional Information: The name of the university, department, or research center.
4. Date: The date of submission.

5. Introduction
3. Context: Briefly introduce the topic, providing background information and the broader context of the
research.

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∙ Problem Statement: Clearly define the research problem or question that the study aims to address.
∙ Rationale: Explain why this research is important, relevant, or innovative.

• Objectives or Hypothesis
∙ Research Objectives: List the specific goals or objectives the research aims to achieve.
∙ Hypothesis: If applicable, state the hypothesis that will be tested during the study.

• Review of Literature (Brief)

∙ Summary of Key Literature: Provide a brief overview of previous studies or research related to the topic.
This section should identify gaps in the existing research that your project aims to address.

• Methodology
∙ Research Design: Describe the design of the study, including whether it is qualitative, quantitative, or
mixed methods.

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∙ Data Collection Methods: Outline how the data will be collected (e.g., surveys, experiments, interviews, or
case studies).
∙ Data Analysis: Mention the methods or tools that will be used to analyze the collected data.
∙ Sample and Population: If applicable, describe the sample size, population, and sampling methods.

• Expected Results or Outcome

∙ Expected Findings: Summarize the possible or anticipated results of the study. This section indicates what
you hope to achieve or discover through the research.
∙ Impact: Briefly discuss the potential impact of the research, including its contribution to the field or
practical applications.

• Timeline
∙ Work Plan: Include a timeline or schedule of the research project, outlining the key stages and milestones.

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h. References
∙ Citations: Provide a list of references cited in the synopsis, using a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA,
Harvard, or Chicago).

Optional Sections
Depending on the requirements, some synopses may also include additional sections, such as:
∙ Limitations of the Study: Outline potential challenges or limitations that could affect the research.
∙ Budget: If the synopsis is part of a funding proposal, a budget section detailing the expected costs may
be included.

• Example of Synopsis Format Title Page

∙ Title of the research

∙ Name of the researcher

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∙ Name of the supervisor
∙ Institution/Department
∙ Date
1. Introduction
∙ Background and context
∙ Problem statement
∙ Rationale of the study
• Objectives
∙ Main objectives
∙ Specific research questions
• Review of Literature
∙ Summary of relevant research
∙ Identification of gaps in the
literature

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4. Methodology
∙ Research design and approach
∙ Data collection methods
∙ Data analysis techniques
4. Population and sample (if applicable)
• Expected Results
∙ Anticipated outcomes
∙ Potential contribution to the field
• Timeline
∙ Detailed schedule for the research
project
• References
∙ List of all references cited in the synopsis

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 Thesis –
Thesis: Nature, Purpose, and Format
A thesis is a comprehensive academic document that presents the author's research and findings on a
particular topic. It is typically required for obtaining a master's or doctoral degree and demonstrates the
author's ability to conduct original research and contribute to their field of study.

•Nature of a Thesis
∙ In-Depth Research: A thesis involves detailed and extensive research on a specific topic, contributing new
knowledge or insights to the field.
∙ Original Work: It should present original findings or interpretations, demonstrating the author's
independent work and critical thinking.
∙ Academic Rigor: The thesis adheres to strict academic standards, including rigorous analysis, thorough
literature review, and systematic presentation of results.

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2. Purpose of a Thesis
∙ Demonstrate Mastery: To show that the author has mastered the subject matter and can conduct
research independently.
∙ Contribute to Knowledge: To contribute new knowledge or perspectives to the academic field.
∙ Fulfill Degree Requirements: To fulfill the requirements for obtaining a master's or doctoral degree.
∙ Showcase Research Skills: To exhibit the author's research, analytical, and writing skills.

3. Format of a Thesis
The format of a thesis generally follows a structured approach, which may vary slightly depending on
institutional guidelines. Below is a typical format for a thesis:

• Title Page
2. Title: The title of the thesis, clearly reflecting the research topic.
3. Author’s Name: Full name of the researcher.

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∙ Institution: Name of the university or institution.
∙ Degree: The degree for which the thesis is submitted (e.g., Master of Science, Doctor of Philosophy).
∙ Date: Date of submission.
∙ Supervisor’s Name: Name of the supervisor or advisor (if applicable).

• Abstract
∙ Summary: A brief summary (usually 250-300 words) of the research, including the problem
statement, methodology, key findings, and conclusions.
∙ Keywords: A list of relevant keywords for indexing and searching purposes.

• Table of Contents
∙ Listing: A detailed list of all chapters, sections, and subsections with corresponding page numbers.

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d. List of Figures and Tables
∙ Figures: A list of all figures included in the thesis, with corresponding page
numbers.
d. Tables: A list of all tables included in the thesis, with corresponding page numbers.

f. List of Abbreviations and Symbols

∙ Abbreviations: A list of abbreviations used in the thesis.
∙ Symbols: A list of symbols and their meanings (if applicable).

• Introduction
∙ Background: An introduction to the research topic and its significance.
d. Problem Statement: A clear statement of the research problem or question.
e. Objectives: The main objectives of the research.
f. Research Hypotheses: (If applicable) The hypotheses being tested.

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∙ Scope and Limitations: The scope of the research and any limitations.

• Literature Review
∙ Review of Existing Research: A comprehensive review of the existing literature related to the research
topic.
∙ Theoretical Framework: Discussion of theories or models relevant to the research.
∙ Gaps in Literature: Identification of gaps in the existing research that the thesis aims to address.

• Methodology
∙ Research Design: Description of the research design and approach (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed
methods).
∙ Data Collection: Methods used for data collection (e.g., surveys, experiments, interviews).
∙ Data Analysis: Techniques used for analyzing the collected data.
∙ Sample and Population: Description of the sample size and population (if applicable).

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i. Results
∙ Findings: Presentation of the research findings, often including tables, charts, and graphs.
∙ Analysis: Interpretation of the results in relation to the research questions or hypotheses.

• Discussion
∙ Interpretation: Detailed interpretation of the results, discussing their implications and
significance.
∙ Comparison: Comparison of findings with previous research.
∙ Limitations: Discussion of any limitations of the study and how they may affect the results.

• Conclusions and Recommendations

∙ Conclusions: Summary of the main conclusions drawn from the research findings.
∙ Recommendations: Suggestions for future research or practical applications based on the study.

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 l. References
∙ Citation List: A comprehensive list of all sources cited in the thesis, formatted according to a specific
citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).

m. Appendices
∙ Supplementary Material: Includes additional material that supports the thesis but is too lengthy to include
in the main text, such as raw data, detailed tables, or questionnaires.

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 Thesis writing: structure – preliminary pages, main body, references; Evaluation of Thesis – examiner
reports –

Evaluation of a Thesis
Evaluating a thesis involves assessing its quality, originality, and contribution to the field of study. The evaluation
process is typically carried out by a committee of experts or examiners and can vary based on institutional
requirements and academic disciplines. Below is a detailed guide on the key aspects of thesis evaluation:

•Criteria for Evaluation

• Originality and Contribution
∙ Innovation: Evaluate whether the thesis presents original research, new theories, or novel insights.
∙ Contribution: Assess the extent to which the thesis contributes to the field, addressing gaps identified in
the literature.
• Research Objectives and Hypotheses

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∙ Clarity: Determine if the research objectives and hypotheses are clearly defined and relevant to the
research problem.
∙ Relevance: Check if the research questions align with the stated objectives and contribute to resolving the
problem.
• Literature Review
∙ Comprehensiveness: Review the depth and breadth of the literature review. It should cover relevant and
recent research, highlighting existing knowledge and identifying gaps.
∙ Integration: Assess how well the literature review integrates with the research objectives and framework.
• Methodology
∙ Appropriateness: Evaluate whether the research design and methodology are suitable for addressing the
research questions.
∙ Implementation: Review the execution of data collection and analysis methods for accuracy and rigor.
∙ Justification: Check if the choice of methodology is well-justified and aligned with the research objectives.
• Results and Analysis

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∙ Presentation: Examine the clarity and organization of the results. Results should be presented logically with
appropriate use of tables, graphs, and charts.
∙ Interpretation: Evaluate the analysis of results. It should be thorough, accurate, and relevant to the
research questions.
∙ Consistency: Check if the results are consistent with the research objectives and hypotheses.
• Discussion and Conclusions
∙ Interpretation: Assess the depth of the discussion regarding the implications of the findings. It should
reflect on how the results address the research questions and their significance.
∙ Recommendations: Review any recommendations made for future research or practical applications. They
should be based on the findings and relevant to the field.
∙ Limitations: Evaluate the acknowledgment of limitations and how they are addressed in the discussion.
• Structure and Organization
∙ Clarity: Assess the overall structure of the thesis, including the logical flow of sections and clarity of writing.
∙ Consistency: Ensure consistency in formatting, style, and adherence to institutional guidelines.

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h. Referencing and Citations
∙ Accuracy: Check the accuracy and consistency of references and citations throughout the thesis.
∙ Completeness: Verify that all cited sources are included in the reference list and formatted according to
the required citation style.
• Presentation
∙ Formatting: Evaluate the adherence to formatting guidelines provided by the institution, including
margins, font size, and pagination.
∙ Visuals: Assess the quality and relevance of visual aids (e.g., figures, tables, charts) used in the thesis.

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2. Evaluation Process
a. Submission
∙ Submission Guidelines: Ensure the thesis is submitted according to the institution's guidelines and
deadlines.
• Review by Committee
∙ Initial Review: The thesis is typically reviewed by a committee of experts who read and assess the
document based on the criteria outlined.
2. Feedback: The committee may provide feedback for revisions or improvements, which the author is usually
required to address.
• Defense or Viva Voce
∙ Oral Examination: The author may be required to defend their thesis in an oral examination (viva voce),
where they present their research and answer questions from the committee.
2. Assessment: The committee assesses the author’s understanding of the research, ability to articulate and
justify their work, and responsiveness to questions.
• Final Decision

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∙ Evaluation Report: After reviewing the thesis and the defense, the committee submits an evaluation report
recommending approval, revisions, or rejection.
∙ Degree Award: Based on the committee's recommendations, the institution decides whether to award the
degree.

Oral defence.
Oral Defense (Viva Voce): Overview and Preparation
The oral defense, also known as the viva voce, is a critical component of the thesis evaluation process. It is an
oral examination where the candidate presents their research findings and responds to questions from a
panel of experts. This examination assesses the candidate's understanding of their research, their ability to
articulate and justify their work, and their overall knowledge of the subject.

• Purpose of the Oral Defense

∙ Assess Understanding: Evaluate the candidate’s understanding of their research, including its methodology,
results, and implications.

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 ∙ Test Communication Skills: Assess the candidate’s ability to effectively communicate their research and
defend their conclusions.
∙ Clarify Questions: Provide an opportunity to clarify any ambiguities or questions that arose during the
review of the written thesis.
∙ Evaluate Originality: Ensure that the research presented is original and reflects the candidate’s own work.

• Structure of the Oral Defense

• Presentation
∙ Opening Statement: The candidate typically starts with a brief presentation summarizing the key aspects
of their research, including the problem statement, methodology, results, and conclusions.
∙ Duration: The presentation usually lasts between 15 to 30 minutes, depending on institutional guidelines
and the complexity of the research.
• Question and Answer Session

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∙ Panel Questions: After the presentation, the examination panel asks questions related to the thesis.
Questions may cover various aspects, including methodology, data analysis, theoretical frameworks, and
the implications of the research.
∙ Discussion: The panel may engage in a discussion with the candidate to explore specific points in more
depth.
• Evaluation and Feedback
∙ Panel Deliberation: After the question and answer session, the panel deliberates in private to evaluate the
candidate’s performance.
∙ Feedback: The panel provides feedback on the strengths and weaknesses of the thesis and the candidate’s
defense.
• Final Decision
∙ Outcome: The panel decides whether to approve the thesis, approve it with revisions, or reject it. The
decision is based on the quality of the thesis and the candidate’s performance in the oral defense.

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