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16 views14 pages

Shifter

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匡政
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© © All Rights Reserved
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EECS 427

Lecture 11: Shifters / CAD5


Reading: 11.5

EECS 427 W07 Lecture 11 1


Shift types
• Logical
– Shift in 0s
– left shifts pretty much always logical
– Left shift is multiplication by 2n
• Rotate
– Useful in some coding and crypto applications
– Shift in the bits that were shifted out
– Data preserving
– Shifts can be rotates followed by bitwise mask

EECS 427 W07 Lecture 11 2


More shift types
• Arithmetic
– Shift “in” the high bit
– Sometimes use the carry control bit instead
– Useful for lots of things besides the obvious divide
by 2n (and round down)
– In particular, conditional generation of masks
based on sign of value
– Absolute value:
• rb = ra sra ra 15
• ra = ra xor rb
• ra = ra - rb

EECS 427 W07 Lecture 11 3


Shift Examples
• Arithmetic vs. logical shift (Start with 1101)
– Logical shift (baseline op for us)
• Logical shift right by 1: 0110 Shift in 0s for logical
• Logical shift right by 2: 0011 right shifts
• Logical shift left by 1: 1010
Shift in 0s for left shifts
• Logical shift left by 2: 0100
– Arithmetic shift (not baseline)
• Arithmetic left shifts same as logical
• Arithmetic right shift by 1: 1110 Repeat sign of MSB for
• Arithmetic right shift by 2: 1111 arithmetic right shifts

EECS 427 W07 Lecture 11 4


Barrel Shifter
A3
B3

Sh1
A2
B2

Sh2 : Data Wire


A1
B1 : Control Wire

Sh3
A0
B0

Requires decoding of
Sh0 Sh1 Sh2 Sh3
shift amount given in
Area Dominated by Wiring instruction word
EECS 427 W07 Lecture 11 5
4x4 barrel shifter
A3

A2

A1

A0

Sh0 Sh 1 S h2 Sh3
Only 1 shift B uffer
bit high at Widthbarrel ~ 2 pm N
any time
N is max shift width (15 for us), pm is metal pitch
EECS 427 W07 Lecture 11 6
Barrel Considerations
• Buffer should really have weak feedback (for
full swing)
• Shown choices for horiz / diagonal / vertical
lines not the only ones
• How to implement shifts in both directions?
– This turns out to be nice for barrel because one
direction only requires a triangle, and the two
triangles can be fit together to form a square
• Fast for A through, but B goes through
decoder
• Size becomes a problem at more bits

EECS 427 W07 Lecture 11 7


The Binary Shifter Concept
rgt nop left

Ai Ai Ai-1 rgt nop left Bi Bi-1


Bi
A1 A0 0 1 0 A1 A0

A1 A0 1 0 0 0 A1

A1 A0 0 0 1 A0 0

Ai-1 Bi-1

EECS 427 W07 Lecture 11 8


Thanks to: Irwin/Narayanan
Logarithmic Shifter
Sh1 Sh1 Sh2 Sh2 Sh4 Sh4

A3 B3

A2 B2

A1 B1

A0 B0

EECS 427 W07 Lecture 11 9


0-7 bit Logarithmic Shifter
1 2 4

A
3 Out3

A
2 Out2

A
1 Out1

A
0 Out0

K = log2N
EECS 427 W07 Lecture 11 10
Log Shifter Considerations
• Wiring pattern looks very similar to kogge-
stone adder
• No decoding needed
• How to handle both directions?
– Use binary shifters with connections in both
directions?
– Some way to avoid that?
• How to implement those small muxes?
– Use pass transistors like barrel shifter?

EECS 427 W07 Lecture 11 11


Other Spins on Shifters
• Log4 instead of log2 (cross between barrel / log)
– Advantage: Fewer stages of pass transistors
– Disadvantage: must re-encode the control bits
– Ex: 16 bits Æ 4 stages for log2 vs. only 2 stages for log4
• Rotate instruction – could be an ISA addition
– 11010101 Æ rotate right by 5 bits Æ 10101110
– Both shift directions can be rotations with appropriate
masking
• Reverse order shifters – do the big shifts first
– Helpful because the big shifts have larger wire capacitances
– Elmore delay is reduced by having large caps charged
through the least resistance (fewest pass transistors)

EECS 427 W07 Lecture 11 12


CAD5
• Logical “left shift” is only required instruction
• Shift amount could be negative though which
means right shift is hidden in there too.
• Log shifter is harder. Much less uniform, and
shifting in both directions is hard
• Size should be dominated by wiring, and will
“want” to be narrower than your bitslice width.
• Don’t give in! Keep to your bitslice width.

EECS 427 W07 Lecture 11 13


Shifter Summary
• Barrel shifters are area-intensive (though at
16 bits are probably no bigger) but have only
1 pass transistor per path
– Lots of junction capacitance though
• Log shifters are more versatile for wider data
• Lots of variations: log base, reverse order,
pass transistor vs. T-gate
• Don’t forget data dependent shifts and
dealing with shifts in both directions
EECS 427 W07 Lecture 11 14

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